Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
'Nano', a Greek word that means 'dwarf’.
The word 'nano' is used to refer to 10-9 or a billionth part of one meter.
The term 'Nanotechnology' was first defined by Taniguchi of the Tokyo Science University in 1974.
It is generally used for materials of size between 1 to 100 nm.• They are also referred to as Nanoparticles.
In Nanotechnology, a particle is a small object that behaves as a unit with respect to its transport and properties.
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Nanotechnology and Its Applications which are related to the field of engineering and mainly bio-nanotechnology, electronics and green nanotechnology in India.
here you can find the most rare topics in detail
all fields of chemistry are deeply understood here for presenting the lectures
stay blessed and keep supporting
Nano Material
Introduction and Synthesis
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometres (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual definition of nanoscale[1]).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanomaterials are slowly becoming commercialized[2] and beginning to emerge as commodities.[3]
'Nano', a Greek word that means 'dwarf’.
The word 'nano' is used to refer to 10-9 or a billionth part of one meter.
The term 'Nanotechnology' was first defined by Taniguchi of the Tokyo Science University in 1974.
It is generally used for materials of size between 1 to 100 nm.• They are also referred to as Nanoparticles.
In Nanotechnology, a particle is a small object that behaves as a unit with respect to its transport and properties.
Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Nanotechnology and Its Applications which are related to the field of engineering and mainly bio-nanotechnology, electronics and green nanotechnology in India.
here you can find the most rare topics in detail
all fields of chemistry are deeply understood here for presenting the lectures
stay blessed and keep supporting
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), RESOLVING POWER, Scanning Electron Microscope, PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF SEM, SEM SAMPLE PREPARATION, Limitations of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SEM, APPLICATIONS OF SEM, PRINCIPLE, AND WORKING OF TEM, SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR TEM, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF TEM, APPLICATIONS OF TEM, Differences between SEM and TEM.
A brief overview of the processes involved in nanolithography & nanopatterning. It mainly discusses the steps, mechanism & instrumentation of the electron beam lithography in detail. It also gives a small view on other technologies as well.
Electron microscope, principle and applicationKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Resolution &Magnification of
Electron microscope
Types of electron microscope
1) Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- Structural parts of TEM
- Principle & Working of TEM
- Sample preparation for TEM
- Advantages & disadvantages of TEM
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
- Structural parts of SEM
- Principle & Working of SEM
- Sample preparation for SEM
- Advantages & disadvantages of SEM
3) Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)
Applications of electron microscope
Conclusion
References
It is technique used to identify more clear picture of small organelles which are not able to distinguished by normal microscopy techniques. Its too expensive to perform that's why not used commonly.
Electron Microscopy - Scanning electron microscope, Transmission Electron Mic...Sumer Pankaj
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. A transmission electron microscope can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas most light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.
Electron microscopes are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, electron microscopes are often used for quality control and failure analysis. Modern electron microscopes produce electron micrographs using specialized digital cameras and frame grabbers to capture the image.
Different types of Nanolithography technique.
Types: Electron beam lithography, Photolithography, electron-beam writing, ion- lithography, X-ray lithography, and related images, concepts and graphical views.
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In cathodoluminescence imaging, an electron beam is used to excite nanostructures and the cathodoluminescence detector is subsequently used to detect the produced light.
Cathodoluminescence emission can be used to explore many fundamental properties of matter. It can be used to study light transport, scattering, electronic structure of a material, resonant phenomena and much more. It thus presents a valuable source of information for fundamental research as well as applied research with a direct link to industry.
The SPARC is a high-performance cathodoluminescence detection system that is designed and produced by Delmic. With this system, Delmic offers a unique solution for cathodoluminescence imaging.
In this presentation, we share the knowledge about the cathodoluminescence technique and point out the key advantages of using cathodoluminescence imaging in different areas.
For questions about cathodoluminescence and the SPARC, please leave a comment below or visit www.delmic.com and send us a message.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Nanoscale Science and Technology
1. M. Meyyappan
Director, Center for Nanotechnology
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, CA 94035
email: meyya@orbit.arc.nasa.gov
web: http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov
Guest Lecturer: Dr. Geetha Dholakia
Nanoscale Imaging Tools
2. Overview of microscopy
• Optical Microscope
• Electron Microscopes
Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope
• Scanning probe microscopes
Scanning tunneling microscope
Atomic force microscope
NOTE: This talk has been put together from material available
in books, various websites, and from data obtained by NASA
nanotech group. I have given acknowledgements where ever
possible.
4. Important parameters
• Magnification: Image size/Object size
• Resolution: Minimum distance between two
objects that can still be distinguished by the
microscope.
5. Schematic of a simple optical microscope
Total visual magnification
MOBJ X MEYE
www.microscopy.fsu.edu
6. Rayleigh criterion for resolution
x ~ 0.2Δ μ
www.microscopy.fsu.edu ; www.imb-jena.de
Please check the first web site to watch a Java Applet on the dependence of Rayleigh criterion on λ of incident
radiation and on the numerical aperture.
7. THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
de Broglie : = h / mvλ
: wavelength associated with the particleλ
h: Plank’s constant 6.63 10^-34 J.s;
mv: momentum of the particle
m_e: 9.1 10^-31 kg; e 1.6 10^-19 coloumb
P.E eV = mv2
/2 => λ = 12.3/√VÅ
V of 60kV, λ= 0.05 Å => x ~ 2.5Δ Å
Microscopes using electrons as illuminating radiation
TEM & SEM
8.
9. Components of the TEM
1. Electron Gun: Filament, Anode/Cathode
2. Condenser lens system and its apertures
3. Specimen chamber
4. Objective lens and apertures
5. Projective lens system and apertures
6. Correctional facilities (Chromatic, Spherical, Astigmatism)
7. Desk consol with CRTs and camera
Transformers: 20-100 kV; Vacuum pumps: 10-6
– 10-10
Torr
10. Schematic of E Gun & EM lens
Magnification: 10,000 – 100,000; Resolution: 1 nm-0.2 nm
www.udel.edu
14. Electron scattering from specimen
• Resolution depends on spot size
• Typically a few nanometers
• Topographic scan range: order of mm X mm
• X rays: elemental analysis
www.unl.edu
15. Some SEM images
CNT in an array
Blood
platelet
Dia: 7µ
CNT: NASA nanotech group; Blood
cell: www. uq.edu. au
16. Scanning probe microscopy
• 1982 Binning & Rohrer, IBM
Zurich.
• STM, AFM & Family.
• Resolution:
Height: 0.01nm, XY: 0.1nm
• Local tip-sample interaction:
Tunneling (electronic
structure), Van der Waal’s
force, Electric/Magnetic fields.
• Advantages: atomic resolution,
non destructive imaging, UHV,
ambient/liquids, temperatures.
• Diverse fields: materials
science, biology, chemistry,
tribology.
www.spm.phy.bris.ac.uk
18. Operational modes and requirements
• Topography (conducting
surfaces and biological
samples).
• ST Spectroscopy (from IV
obtain the DOS).
• STP(spatial variation of
potential in a current carrying
film).
• BEEM (Interfacial properties,
Schottky barriers).
• Vibration isolation: 0.001nm
• Reliable tip - sample
positioning
• Electrical and acoustic noise
isolation
• Stability against thermal drift
• Good tips
• STM Mechanical stability
19. Electronics
• Current to voltage converter: Gain 108
-1010
• Bias Circuit
• Feedback Electronics: Error amplifier, PID
controller, few filters.
• Scan Electronics: +X -X +Y -Y ramp signals
(generated by the DA card).
• HV Circuit amplifies the scan voltages and the
feedback signal to ± 100 V from ± 10 V.
• Data acquisition and image display
22. More pictures
• 2.6 nm X 2.6 nm self
assembled organic
film. Molecular
resolution.
NASA nano group
• Quantum corral
Fe on Cu(111)
Courtesy: Eigler, IBM Almaden
23. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
• dI/dV α DOS of sample
• J.C. Davis Group, Berkeley.
• Effect of Zn impurity on a
high Tc superconductor
• T: 250mK.
28. Acronyms galore!
• MFM: Magnetic force microscopy
• EFM: Electrostatic force microscopy
• TSM: Thermal scanning microscopy
• NSOM: Near field scanning optical
microscope
29. • Top-down techniques take a bulk material, machine it, modify it into the
desired shape and product
- classic example is manufacturing of integrated circuits
using a sequence of steps sush as crystal growth, lithography, deposition,
etching, CMP, ion implantation…
⇑
(Fundamentals of Microfabrication: The Science of
Miniaturization, Marc J. Madou, CRC Press, 2002)
⇓
• Bottom-up techniques build something from basic materials
- assembling from the atoms/molecules up
- not completely proven in manufacturing yet
Examples:
Self-assembly
Sol-gel technology
Deposition (old but is used to obtain nanotubes, nanowires, nanoscale films…)
Manipulators (AFM, STM,….)
3-D printers (http://web.mit.edu/tdp/www)
31. • Thermal evaporation
- Old technique for thin film dep.
- Sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a
vacuum
chamber
- Molecular flux = N0 exp
= activation energy
- heat sources for evaporation (resistance, e-beam, rf, laser)
• Sputtering
- The material to be deposited is in the form of a disk (target)
- The target, biased negatively, is bombarded by positive ions
(inert gas ions such as Ar+
) in a high vacuum chamber
- The ejected target atoms are directed toward the substrate
#
cm
2
.s
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠ −φe /kT( )
φe
32.
33. • Versatile process for making ceramic and glass materials (powders, coatings,
fibers… variety of forms).
• Involves converting from a liquid ‘solution’ to a solid ‘gel’
• Start with inorganic metal salts or metal alkoxides (called precursors); series of
hydrolysis and polymerization reactions to prepare a colloidal suspension (sol).
• Next step involves an effort to get the desirable form
- thin film by spin or dip coating
- casting into a mold
• Further drying/heat treatment, wet gel is converted into desirable final product
• Aerogel: highly porous, low density material obtained by removing the liquid in
a wet gel under supercritical conditions
34. • Ceramic fibers can be drawn from the gel by adjusting the
viscosity
• Powders can be made by precipitation, or spray pyrolysis
• Examples
- Piezoelectric materials such as lead-zircomium-titanate (PZT)
- Thick films consisting of nano TiO2 particles for solar cells
- Optical fibers
- Anti-reflection coatings (automotive)
- Aerogels as filler layer to replace air in double-pane structures
35. • Check http://www.mit.edu/tdp/www
• Solid freeform fabrication, currently working only at sub-mm
level, is amenable for nanoscale prototyping
• Works by building parts in layers. Starts with a CAD model for
the structure
• Each layer begins with a thin distribution of powder spread over
the surface of a powder bed
• Technology similar to ink-jet printing
• A binder material selectively joins particles where the object
formation is desired
• A piston is lowered that leads to spreading the next layer
• Layer-by-layer process is repeated
• Final heat treatment removes unbound powder
• Allows control of composition, microstructure, surface structure