The document summarizes a senior project to experimentally test a nanofluid heat pipe. It begins with an introduction to heat pipes, describing their operation and applications. It then discusses using nanofluids as the working fluid to potentially improve heat transfer. The project will select a copper heat pipe, aluminum oxide nanofluid, and experimentally test the theoretical model. The experiment will measure temperatures along the heat pipe and compare results to theoretical predictions. The goal is to better understand how nanofluids impact heat pipe performance.
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change ...Ali Al-Waeli
The presentation is derived from my PhD viva presentation which focuses on the topic of Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material.
Presented by: Dr. Ali Hussein A. Alwaeli
This file contains slides on One-dimensional, steady state heat conduction without heat generation. The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students.
Topics covered: Plane slab - composite slabs – contact resistance – cylindrical Systems – composite cylinders - spherical systems – composite spheres - critical thickness of insulation – optimum thickness – systems with variable thermal conductivity
EFFECT OF (AL2 O3) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR CIRCULAR FI...IAEME Publication
In the present work Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement in double tube heat exchanger and circular finned double tube heat exchanger. Experimental work included to design heat exchanger and manufacture eight circular fins made of copper of (66mm) outer diameter, (22mm) inner diameter, (1mm) thickness and (111.11mm) distance between fins.
Principle and mechanism for generating cooling effect using the magnet..
For any other enquiry u can contact me on +919540278218....
and can join my Page www.facebook.com/engineeringindia
In this work a sample problem for shell and tube heat exchanger is analytically solved to size the heat exchanger and thereafter perform cfd validation study .
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change ...Ali Al-Waeli
The presentation is derived from my PhD viva presentation which focuses on the topic of Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material.
Presented by: Dr. Ali Hussein A. Alwaeli
This file contains slides on One-dimensional, steady state heat conduction without heat generation. The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students.
Topics covered: Plane slab - composite slabs – contact resistance – cylindrical Systems – composite cylinders - spherical systems – composite spheres - critical thickness of insulation – optimum thickness – systems with variable thermal conductivity
EFFECT OF (AL2 O3) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR CIRCULAR FI...IAEME Publication
In the present work Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement in double tube heat exchanger and circular finned double tube heat exchanger. Experimental work included to design heat exchanger and manufacture eight circular fins made of copper of (66mm) outer diameter, (22mm) inner diameter, (1mm) thickness and (111.11mm) distance between fins.
Principle and mechanism for generating cooling effect using the magnet..
For any other enquiry u can contact me on +919540278218....
and can join my Page www.facebook.com/engineeringindia
In this work a sample problem for shell and tube heat exchanger is analytically solved to size the heat exchanger and thereafter perform cfd validation study .
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification.
Visualize the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers.
Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows, and gain an understanding of the mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent flow.
Derive the differential equations that govern convection on the basis of mass, momentum, and energy balances, and solve these equations for some simple cases such as laminar flow over a flat plate.
Non dimensionalize the convection equations and obtain the functional forms of friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Use analogies between momentum and heat transfer, and determine heat transfer coefficient from knowledge of friction coefficient.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
• Types of heat exchangers
• Classification of heat exchangers
• components of heat exchanger
• Materials of heat exchanger
• troubleshooting of heat exchanger
The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity and to investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction and we proved that K is inversely proportional with ΔT, and we have many errors in our experiment that made the result not clear.
Peltier Effect- when a voltage or DC current is applied
to two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that
allows for continuous heat transport between the
conductor’s junctions. The Seebeck Effect- is the reverse
of the Peltier Effect. By applying heat to two different
conductors a current can be generated
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HELICAL TUBE IN COIL TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERhemantnehete
Heat exchangers are the important engineering systems with wide variety of applications including power plants, nuclear reactors, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, heat recovery systems, chemical processing and food industries. Helical coil configuration is very effective for heat exchangers and chemical reactors because they can accommodate a large heat transfer area in a small space, with high heat transfer coefficients. This project focus on an increase in the effectiveness of a heat exchanger and analysis of various parameters that affect the effectiveness of a heat exchanger and also deals with the performance analysis of heat exchanger by varying various parameters like number of coils, flow rate and temperature. The results of the helical tube heat exchanger are compared with the straight tube heat exchanger in both parallel and counter flow by varying parameters like temperature, flow rate of cold water and number of turns of helical coil.
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification.
Visualize the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers.
Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows, and gain an understanding of the mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent flow.
Derive the differential equations that govern convection on the basis of mass, momentum, and energy balances, and solve these equations for some simple cases such as laminar flow over a flat plate.
Non dimensionalize the convection equations and obtain the functional forms of friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Use analogies between momentum and heat transfer, and determine heat transfer coefficient from knowledge of friction coefficient.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
• Types of heat exchangers
• Classification of heat exchangers
• components of heat exchanger
• Materials of heat exchanger
• troubleshooting of heat exchanger
The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity and to investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction and we proved that K is inversely proportional with ΔT, and we have many errors in our experiment that made the result not clear.
Peltier Effect- when a voltage or DC current is applied
to two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that
allows for continuous heat transport between the
conductor’s junctions. The Seebeck Effect- is the reverse
of the Peltier Effect. By applying heat to two different
conductors a current can be generated
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HELICAL TUBE IN COIL TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERhemantnehete
Heat exchangers are the important engineering systems with wide variety of applications including power plants, nuclear reactors, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, heat recovery systems, chemical processing and food industries. Helical coil configuration is very effective for heat exchangers and chemical reactors because they can accommodate a large heat transfer area in a small space, with high heat transfer coefficients. This project focus on an increase in the effectiveness of a heat exchanger and analysis of various parameters that affect the effectiveness of a heat exchanger and also deals with the performance analysis of heat exchanger by varying various parameters like number of coils, flow rate and temperature. The results of the helical tube heat exchanger are compared with the straight tube heat exchanger in both parallel and counter flow by varying parameters like temperature, flow rate of cold water and number of turns of helical coil.
In the present study the temperature distribution and the energy transfer from the electronics of a home appliance to an air-cooled heat sink via heat pipes is studied. The main objective of the research work is to ensure that the operation of electronic instruments is maintained under suitable working conditions. SINDA/FLUINT®, comprehensive software based on lumped parameter methods, specially focused in heat transfer and fluid flow modelling in complex systems, is used to create a model representing the cooling of an electronic board by transferring the dissipated energy to a heat sink via heat pipes.
A heat pipe is a heat-transfer device that combines the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently manage the transfer of heat between two solid interfaces.
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER IN SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER USING NANO FLUIDS Vineeth Sundar
Nano fluid is a new engineering fluid which could improve the performance of heat exchanger.
The aim of this paper is to study the effect of different particle shapes (cylindrical, bricks, blades, and platelets) on the overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate and entropy generation of shell and tube heat exchanger with different baffle angles and segmental baffle.
NATURAL CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER BY Al2O3 &PbO NANOFLUIDSAlagappapandian M
In this presentation related about natural convective heat transfer incresed by using different nano particles. in this fluid is called nanofluids. Nanofluids improve the heat transfer rate of base fluid.
Sure, I'd be happy to help you write a project description.
A project description is a document that outlines the goals, objectives, and scope of a particular project. It should provide a clear and concise summary of what the project entails, what its deliverables are, and how it will be executed. A good project description should include the following elements:
1. Project Title: Give your project a clear and concise title that summarizes the project's objective.
2. Project Overview: Describe the project's purpose, goals, and objectives. What problem does the project aim to solve or what opportunity does it aim to capture? Who will benefit from the project, and what are the expected outcomes?
3. Project Scope: Define the scope of the project, including its boundaries and limitations. What is included in the project, and what is not included? What resources are available for the project, and what constraints must be considered?
4. Project Deliverables: Describe the specific deliverables that the project will produce. These may include reports, software, hardware, or other tangible products.
5. Project Timeline: Provide a timeline for the project, including key milestones and deadlines. When will the project start and end? What are the major phases of the project, and when will they be completed?
6. Project Budget: Provide an estimate of the project's budget, including costs for personnel, materials, equipment, and other expenses.
7. Project Management: Describe the project management structure and processes, including who will be responsible for overseeing the project, how communication will be managed, and how risks will be identified and mitigated.
8. Project Team: List the members of the project team, including their roles and responsibilities.
9. Project Risks: Identify any potential risks associated with the project and describe how they will be managed and mitigated.
10. Conclusion: Summarize the key points of the project description and emphasize the benefits of the project.
Overall, a well-written project description should provide a clear and concise overview of the project and help stakeholders understand the project's purpose, goals, and objectives.
Influence of Different Parameters on Heat Pipe PerformanceIJERA Editor
In electrical and electronic industry due to miniaturization of electronic components heat density increases
which, in turns increases the heat flux inside it. Scientist and many researchers are doing lot of work in this field
for thermal management of devices. Heat pipe is a device that is used in electronic circuit (micro and power
electronics), spacecraft & electrical components for cooling purpose. It is based on the principle of evaporation
and condensation of working fluid. Heat pipe made up of three main parts are evaporator, adiabatic and
condenser sections. In this working fluid vaporise at evaporator and transfers heat to condenser by adiabatic
section where heat release to surrounding. Vapour flows possible from evaporator to condenser section due to
vapour pressure difference exist between them. Use of heat pipe material, type of working fluid & its property,
wick structure, orientation, filled ratio, operating condition, dimensions of pipe has a prominent effect on heat
pipe performance. Variation of these parameters for minimum thermal resistance gives better performance.
Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow
An experimental study of heat transfer in plane circular tube fitted with the V-Shaped Aluminum
turbulators is performed for plane circular tube. The objective of this Project work is to analyses heat transfer
coefficient and friction characteristics in a plane circular tube fitted with the V-Shaped Aluminum turbulators.
The experimentations are firstly carried out on the plane circular pipe and heat transfer augmentation were
recorded and then the v-shaped Aluminum turbulators are fitted in the same plane pipe and then again the heat
transfer augmentation is recorded and then both of them is compared. Experimental investigations have been
carried out to study the effects of the V-Shaped Aluminum turbulators on heat transfer, friction and
enhancement efficiency, in a circular tube. We used the V-Shaped aluminum turbulators with the turbulator
element length of 200mm, 160mm and 120mm.We found the heat transfer argumentation.The mean heat
transfer rates obtained from using the V-Aluminum turbulators are 198%, 213% and 241% for turbulator
element Length of 200mm, 160mm and 120 mm respectively. All of the experiments are carried out at the
same inlet conditions with the Reynolds number, based on the tube diameter (Re), in a range of 3000 to
10000
Performance Evaluation of U-Tube Pulsating Heat Pipe with Water-Based Nanofl...Adib Bin Rashid
The safety and efficiency of electronic equipment are becoming increasingly
critical as modern technologies progress significantly. The size of electronic
equipment is shrinking as it becomes more integrated. Hence, the heat load per
unit area increases, and the standard heat dissipation method may not fulfill their
requirements. Therefore, Pulsating Heat Pipe plays an essential role in efficiently
removing heat from congested surfaces to satisfy the requirement. To find
optimized parameters for a PHP, various investigations are conducted in this work
to help performance up-gradation of PHP. As the equipment gets smaller by size
and more heat has to be removed from smaller surfaces, nanoparticles can
significantly increase heat transfer performance. Furthermore, they can augment
the heat transfer ability of fluids inside the PHP by providing capillary wicking,
increased thermal effusivity, hydrodynamic instabilities, and structural disjoining
pressure. In this work, various experiment is carried out with water-based
Aluminum Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and Graphene Oxide Nanofluids. This work will help
upgrade PHP's performance and thus help enhance heat transfer performance
from smaller surfaces like Processor of Computers.
Critical heat flux enhancement in pool boiling with al2 o3 water nanofluideSAT Journals
Abstract Boiling is an important phase change phenomena as it plays a crucial role in the design of high heat flux system like boilers, heat exchangers, microscopic heat transfer devices. However boiling phenomenon is limited by critical heat flux. At critical heat flux material of heated surface suffers physical damage due to lower heat transfer resulting from thin film formed over the surface. Now a days Nanofluid which is colloidal suspension of nanoparticle in base fluid is highlighted as innovative techniques to enhance critical heat flux. In the present study Al2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by using SEM and XRD analysis. From SEM images it was seen that nanoparticle has spherical morphology, and from XRD analysis average nanoparticle size determined was 29.48 nm. Five different nanofluids of concentration range from 3 gram/liter to 15 gram/liter were prepared. Critical heat flux (CHF) of each Al2O3-water nanofluid in pool boiling is determined on NiCr wire of SWG 28. The minimum critical heat flux enhancement is 30.53% at 3 gram/liter nanofluid compared to critical heat flux of distilled water. The highest critical heat flux enhancement is 72.70 % at 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Critical heat flux of nanofluid increases with increase in concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticle in distilled water up to 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Surface roughness of bare wire was 0.126 μm. Surface roughness of wire sample used in pool boiling of 3 gram/liter nanofluid is 0.299μm and highest surface roughness was 0.715 μm of heater used in pool boiling of 12 gram/liter nanofluid. The Surface roughness measurement results show the evidence of nanoparticle deposition on wire surface and its effect on Critical Heat Flux enhancement. Keywords: Critical heat flux, Nanoparticle, Nanofluid, Concentration, Surface roughness.
Abstract: Heat pipe are high-efficient heat transfer devices and have been widely applied in various thermal systems. Since heat pipe utilize the phase change of the working fluid to transport the heat, the selection of working fluid is of essential importance to promote the thermal performance of heat pipe. Owing to the heat transfer enhancement effect of nanofluid in the single phase and phase change heat transfer, some researchers have applied various nanofluids in heat pipe as the working fluids to enhance their heat transfer performance.
Similar to Nanofluid Heat Pipes 2015 Symposium.pptx (20)
1. The Design and Experimentation on
Nanofluid Heat Pipes
CALIFORNIA STATE
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY,
POMONA
Mechanical Engineering Department
Arash Babazadeh
Sandy Bevans
Ali Borna
Syukrirashiduhakim Subandi
Faculty Advisor
Maryam Shafahi
CPP Senior Symposium 2015
2. Problem Statement
❖ Given
❖ Computer generated model of nanofluid heat pipe
❖ Theoretical results of experiment
❖ Objective
❖ Select heat pipe, working fluid, and type of wick
❖ Finalize configuration and prepare schematics for running the
heat pipe experiment
3. What is a Heat Pipe
❖ High capacity heat transfer devices that use evaporation, insulation
and condensation as means to remove heat [1].
❖ Uses a wick, as a porous media, to pump the condensed liquid
working fluid to evaporation section [2-7].
4. Kinematics of Heat Pipe
[8]
1. Evaporation section: Working fluid is heat up. Vaporized fluid creates a pressure gradient to
force the vapor move towards the condenser section.
2. Adiabatic section: Vapor travels. Hollow and vacuum.
3. Condenser section: Heat exits. Vaporized working fluid condense and release its latent heat.
The condensed working fluid drawn back to evaporator section through wick.
[9]
5. Applications of Heat Pipes[10-12]
• Space applications
– Transport from inside to outside of
shuttles, satellites, etc
– Does not require gravitational force
• Technological systems - ones
that require large heat flux
with small space
– Computers
– Cell Phones
6. Wick
❖ Porous medium
❖ Empty space (capillary action)
created in between the particles
arrangement - enables fluids to
move through it.
❖ Pumping condensed working fluid
from condenser section to the
evaporation section.
❖ Types of wick.
❖ Screens
❖ Sintered metal powders
❖ Woven fiberglass or grooves
❖Sintered copper powder wick;
packed with spherical particles of felt
metal fibers or powders.
[13]
7. Using Nanofluids as a Working Fluid[15]
❖ Nanofluids have significantly higher thermal conductivities compared
to traditional fluids
❖ Although better performance, imposing nanoparticles increases
density and viscosity; hinders the performance of the heat pipe
8. Nanoparticle Selection
Al2O3
❖ Design for[15]:
❖ High thermal conductivity
❖ Optimal nanofluid mass concentration
❖ Small particle size
❖ Aluminum Oxide is a workable fluid
as long as:
❖ Range of specific heat flux at the desired
temperature range [16-17]
❖ Compatibility with the pipe and the wick [1]
9. Schematics of Experiment
❖ The experiment setup consists of resistance heater, watt meter, and variable voltage
transformer.
❖ Data acquisition part consists of temperature data logger and PC to record the
thermocouple readings at different positions of the heat pipe.
Heat Pipe setupFull experiment setup
[18]
11. Our Current Selections
• Copper heat pipe with sintered copper powder wick
• Aluminum Oxide nanofluid solution
• Equipment to set up experiment
12. Coming Soon
• Achieve desired conditions for heat pipe
• Conduct the experiment
• Record experimental results
• Extrapolate data and explain any deviations
13. Conclusion
• Heat transfer device that dissipates heat by the use
of a working fluid, wick, evaporator, and condenser
• Used in space applications and small technological
devices
• Nanofluids increase thermal conductivity of working
fluid, enhances thermal performance
❖ Purpose of Senior Project -
Test the theoretical model,
compare results, and report
any deviations
14. [1] T. Yousefi, S.A. Mousavi, B. Farahbakhsh, M.Z. Saghir. Experimental investigation on the performance of CPU coolers: Effect of heat
pipe inclination angle and the use of nanofluids. Microelectronics Reliability. Elsevier 2013.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026271413001649
[2] X. Yang, Y.Y. Yan, D. Mullen. Recent developments of lightweight, high performance heat pipes. Applied Thermal Engineering. Elsevier
2011.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431111004868
[3] R. Saidur, K.Y. Leong, H.A. Mohammad. A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews. Elsevier, 2011.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004041
[4] Gabriela Huminic, Angel Huminic. Application of nanofluids in heat exchangers: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
Elsevier, 2012.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032112003577
[5] R. Sureshkumar, S. TharvesMohideen, N. Nethaji. Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in heat pipes: A review. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier, 2013.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032112006582
[6] Ravi Mahajan, Chia-Pin Chiu, Greg Chrysler. Cooling a Microprocessor Chip. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 1476-86, 2006.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1705137
[7] S.H. Moon, G. Hwang, H.G. Yun, T.G. Choy, Y. II Kang. Improving thermal performance of miniature heat pipe for notebook PC cooling.
Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 135-140, 2002.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026271401002268
[8w] Medical instrument based on a heat pipe for local cavity hypothermia, Vasil’ev, Zhuravlyov, Molodkin, Khrolenok, Zhdanov, Vasil’ev,
Adamov, Tyurin, Journal Of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics, Vol 69, Nov 3 1996.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02606949#page-1
References
15. References
[9w] Scott D. Garner,PE “ Heat Pipes For Electronics Cooling Application”, (1996).
http://www.ht.energy.lth.se/fileadmin/ht/Kurser/MVK160/2012/Per_Wallin.pdf
[10] Korn, Fabian. "Heat Pipes and Its Applications." Heat Pipes and Its Applications (2008): n. pag. Web. 20 May 2015.
http://www.lth.se/fileadmin/ht/Kurser/MVK160/Project_08/Fabian_Korn.pdf
[13] Guan-Wei Wu, Sih-Li Chen, Wen-Pin Shih. Lamination and characterization of a polyethylene-terephthalate flexible micro heat pipe.
Frontiers in Heat Pipes 2012; 3: 023003.
http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/journals/index.php/Heat_Pipes/article/view/248/281
[14] Wallin, Per. "Heat Pipe, Selection of Working Fluid." (2012): n. pag. 2015. Web. 20 May 2015.
http://www.ht.energy.lth.se/fileadmin/ht/Kurser/MVK160/2012/Per_Wallin.pdf
[15] Xuan, Yimin, and Qiang Li. "International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Volume 21 Issue 1: Heat Transfer
Enhancement of Nanofluids." Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids. N.p., 2000. Web. 20 May 2015.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142727X99000673
[16] D. Somasundaram, A. Mani, M. Kamaraj. Numerical Analysis of Thermal Performance of Flat Heat Pipe. International Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning Conference 2012; 1247.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/1247/
[17] R. Senthilkumar, S. Vaidyanathan, B. Sivaraman. Experimental analysis of cylindrical heat pipe using copper nanofluid with an
aqueous solution of n-hexanol. Frontiers in Heat Pipes 2011; 2: 033004.
http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/journals/index.php/Heat_Pipes/article/view/188
[18] A.B Solomon, K.N Shukla, B.C Pillai and MohammadIbrahim, Thermal Performance of cylindrical Heat Pipeusing Nanofluids,
Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 4 - 7 January 2010, Orlando, Florida
[19] Saied, Widah. "Fundamentals of Heat Pipes with Applications to Electronics Cooling." N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015.
