ppt on characterization and synthesis of nanofluid with base fluid water

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
NANOFLUID WITH BASE FLUID WATER
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SESSION 2017-18
Submitted to; submitted by;
Er. Rahul shukla abhay nath tiwari
Asst. professor abhinay rai
IET BU Jhansi abhishek singh
awadesh kumar
shiv pratap singh
pravej alam

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Nanofluid and nonotechnology
 Types of nanoparticle
 Types of nanofluid
 Cerium oxide nanoparticle
 Synthesis of nanofluid
 Experimentation
 Environmental aspects and human safety
 Result and discussion
 Conclusion
 Future aspects of nanofluid
 References

NANOFLUID AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nano word is originated from Latin word, which means dwarf.
• 'Nano' is a prefix used to describe 'one billionth’.
• Nano fluid is derived from two words that is,
NANOFLUIDS = NANOPARTICLE + BASEFLUID
• Nano fluid is the colloidal suspension solution of nanoparticle
and base fluid.
• Nano fluid has greater thermal properties in comparison to
base fluid.
• In 1974, Norio Taniguchi invented the term 'nanotechnology'
to describe extra-high precision and ultra-fine dimensions.
• Concept behind it, thermo fluids in heat exchangers
for enhancement of heat transfer coefficient.

TPYES OF NANOPARTICLES
At present nanoparticles are classified into three groups;
• One Dimension (1D) nanoparticles
One dimensional system (thin film or manufactured surfaces)
has been used in the field of solar cells offering.
• Two Dimensional (2D) nanoparticles
Carbon nanotubes
• Three Dimensional (3D) nanoparticles
Fullerenes (Carbon 60)

TYPES OF NANOFLUID
Nano fluids may be classified on the basis
of the nano particles suspended and the base fluid
used.
1 – on the basis of nano particle –
(a)– metallic nano fluid (e.g. Al, Cu, Ni)
(b)- Non – metallic nano fluid (e.g. Ceo2 , CuO)
2- on the basis of fluid used –
(a)- ethylene glycol
(b) - Water

CERIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLE
Cerium(iv) oxide, also known as ceric oxide or ceria is an oxide of the rare earth metal
cerium.
• It is a pale yellow white powder with the chemical formula CeO2.
• The cerium oxide nanoparticles are of an average size -10-30nm.
• It is insoluble in water and its crystal structure is cubic (fluorite).
• It has density of magnitude 7215 kg/m³.
• Its boiling and melting point 3500 and 2400 °C

SYNTHESIS OF NANOFLUID
Synthesis of nanofluids carried out by mixing nanoparticles with fluids, There are
fundamental methods to obtain nanofluids -:
• Single step method
• Double step method
• Gas condensation
• Ion Implementation
• Ball mill dispersion
• Chemical vapour condensation

• Single step method
Used makes and disperses the nanoparticles straight into a conventional base fluid
best for metallic nanofluids. The preliminary materials tried for nanofluids were
oxide particles, primarily because they were easy to produce and chemically
stable in solution.
• Double step method
Two-step technique is the most cost-effective method to generate nanofluids in big
scale. Nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanofibers and other non material’s used in
this technique are first formed as dry powders by physical and chemical
methods.
• Gas Condensation
Used to make nanoparticles from metals with low melting points. In this method
the solid along with the liquid is fed into a colloidal mill.
• Ion Implementation
Used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in
materials science research. Ion implantation cause also chemical and physical
changes when the ions impinge on the target at high energy.

• Ball Mill Dispersion
It is a way of modifying the conditions in which chemical reactions usually take
place either by changing the reactivity. The ball milling was per from for two hours
at constant milling speed of 250 rpm under controlled atmosphere. The
characterization is ferformed analyzer for mapping elemental and line
analysis.
• Chemical Vapour Condensation
Used to deposit thin solid films on surfaces. This method has tremendous
flexibility in producing a wide range of materials, The precursors can be solid,
liquid or gas at ambient conditions, but are delivered to the reactor as a
vapour.

EXPERIMENTATION
• Nanoparticles are used as additives to modify heat transfer fluids to improve
their performance.
• Thermal Conductivity is the property of a material with the purpose of indicates
its capacity to conduct heat.
• Thermal conductivity of CeO2/water nanofluid was measured by using a KD2
Pro thermal property analyzer.
 Thermal conductivity measurement assumes;
1. long heat basis can be treated as an infinitely long heat source.
2. the medium is both homogeneous and isotropic, and at standardized initial
temperature.
• Prepared nanofluids give the better thermal conductivity value of 0.681W/m K
at 0.3% as compared to base fluid.

Steps:
• The KD2’s sensor needle contains both a heating ingredient and a thermistor.
• To measure the thermal conductivity of fluids, sensor needle can be used in the
range of 0.2–2 W/m K with an accuracy of ±5%. Each measurement cycle consists
of 90s. During the first 30s, the instrument will equilibrate which is then followed by
heating and cooling of sensor needle for 30s each.
• The calibration of the sensor needle was carried out thermal conductivity of
CeO2/Water.
• The standard values for distilled water is 0.58 W/m K. The calibration of the KD2
Pro sensor needle was carried out at room temperature (32◦C)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN SAFETY ASPECTS
In recent years, due to the increased human capacity to make synthetic nanoparticles,
much attention has been focused on this type of material.
• Application of nanoparticles
Inorganic nanoparticles also are absorbed by the cells, e.g., zinc oxide can enter
bacteria. CeO2 nanoparticles can be absorbed by the cell wall of E. coli bacteria. The cell
walls of bacteria have adapted physiologically to the presence of fullerenes.
• Organic Colloids
The colloidal materials in natural waters include particles and macromolecules that
range in size from 1 nm to 1 µm. their exact composition and functions are still unclear.
• Soot
The processes of natural and artificial combustion that occur in mobile or fixed sources
emit particles with a wide range of sizes. all the carbon black particles in the range of
nanoparticles are specified by the term “soot.”

• fullerenes and carbon nanotubes
fullerenes and carbon nanotubes are considered to be engineered nanoparticles, natural
fullerenes and carbon nanotubes also exist in the environment.
• Natural and unintentionally-produced inorganic Nanoparticles (NP)
Mineral nanoparticles exist everywhere in the soil and in geological systems. Aerosols
that are present in the atmosphere also are considered to be nanoparticle.
• Engineered fullerenes and CNTs
Most fullerenes are used in polymeric composites, such as thin membranes, and in
electro-optical devices and biological applications.
• Engineered polymeric NP
Synthetic nanoparticles resulting from organic polymers have been used in
many applications in medicine as drug-delivery devices. Different types of these
nanoparticles have been studied regarding their ability to pass through brain-
blood barriers.

RESULT AND DISSCUSION
• DENSITY
The density or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is
its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ.
density= mass/volume
The SI unit of density is Kg/m3.
• VISCOSITY
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. It describes the internal
friction of a moving fluid. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its
molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction.
Viscosity =Shear force/velocity gradient
μ=τdu /dy
The SI unit of viscosity, if equivalent to N-s/m2.

• THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Thermal conductivity is the property of material to conduct heat. It is evaluated
primarily in terms of fourier’s law for heat conduction.
In SI units, thermal conductivity is measured in W/m-K.
• SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to rise the
temperature by 10 C. The relationship between heat and temperature change
is usually expressed in the form of specific heat (c).

RESULT AND DISSCUSION
• Density-: The symbol most often used for density is ρ.
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦=mass/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
SI unit of density is Kg/m3
1045
1049
1058
1063
1067
1082
1040
1045
1050
1055
1060
1065
1070
1075
1080
1085
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Density(Kg/m3)
Concentration (%)
Density at 55 ℃
.25 % concentration the density is min that is 1045 and at 1.5% the max
density is 1082.

1039
1044
1051
1055
1059
1074
1035
1040
1045
1050
1055
1060
1065
1070
1075
1080
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Density(Kg/m3)
Concentration (%)
Density at 60 ℃
Density increases with the increase in concentration of nanoparticle in solution.

1035
1038
1046
1051
1054
1062
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1055
1060
1065
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Density(Kg/m3)
Concentration (%)
Density at 65 ℃
Density increases with the increase in concentration of nanoparticle in
solution. .25 % concentration the density is min that is 1039 and at
1.5% the max density is 1074.

1017
1021
1026
1031
1036
1041
1015
1020
1025
1030
1035
1040
1045
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Density(Kg/m3)
Concentration (%)
Density at 80 ℃
At .25 % concentration the density is minimum that is 1015 and at 1.5% the
maximum density is 1045.

1.04
1.08
1.11
1.17
1.21
1.28
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Viscosity(N-s/m2)
Concentration (%)
Viscosity vs Concentration at 55 ℃
• Viscosity-: Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. It describes
the internal friction of a moving fluid.
Viscosity =Shear force / velocity gradient
SI unit of viscosity, N-s/m2
The viscosity increases from 1.04 to 1.28 at 0.25% and1.5%
concentrations respectively.

0.76
0.79
0.81
0.83
0.84
0.98
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Viscosity(N-s/m2)
Concentration (%)
The result between viscosity and concentration at 70°C have been plotted
here and the viscosity increases from 0.76 to 0.98 at0.25% and 1.5%
concentrations respectively.

0.72
0.76
0.78
0.8
0.81
0.84
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Viscosity(N-s/m2)
Concentration (%)
viscosity increases from 0.72 to 0.84 at 0.25% and 1.5% concentrations
respectively.

0.63
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.74
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Viscosity(N-s/m2)
Concentration (%)
viscosity increases from 0.63 to 0.72 at 0.25% and 1.5% concentrations
respectively.

0.625
0.629
0.638
0.639
0.641
0.657
0.62
0.625
0.63
0.635
0.64
0.645
0.65
0.655
0.66
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Thermalconductivity(W/m-K)
Concentration (%)
Thermal conductivity at 55℃
•Thermal Conductivity-: Thermal conductivity is the property of material to
conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in terms of fourier’s law for heat
conduction. In SI units, thermal conductivity is measured in W/m-K.
At 55 0C Thermal conductivity of CeO2 nano particle increases from 0.25
% concentration to 1.5 % concentration irregularly.

0.639
0.677
0.652
0.655
0.656
0.672
0.635
0.64
0.645
0.65
0.655
0.66
0.665
0.67
0.675
0.68
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
Thermal conductivity at 60 ℃
At 60 0C Thermal conductivity of CeO2 nanoparticle increases from .25 %
concentration to 1.5 % concentration irregularly, The maximum value of
thermal conductivity of cerium oxide nanoparticle at 60 0C is .672.

0.649
0.657
0.664
0.667
0.669
0.689
0.645
0.65
0.655
0.66
0.665
0.67
0.675
0.68
0.685
0.69
0.695
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
The maximum value of thermal conductivity of cerium oxide nano particle at
65 0C is .669.

0.679
0.689
0.694
0.699
0.705
0.729
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
75 0C is .0.729.

0.692
0.706
0.715
0.717
0.719
0.747
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
80 0C is 0.747.

3810
3774
3722
3653
3610
3526
3500
3550
3600
3650
3700
3750
3800
3850
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
SpecificHeat(J/Kg-K)
Concentration (%)
Specific Heat at 60 ℃
• Specific Heat –: The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass
required to rise the temperature by 1 0C. The relationship between heat
and temperature change is usually expressed in the form of specific heat
(c).
The maximum value of Specific Heat of cerium oxide nanoparticle at
60 0C is 3810.

3844
3792
3754
3998
3654
3545
3500
3550
3600
3650
3700
3750
3800
3850
3900
3950
4000
4050
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
At 65°C Specific Heat of CeO2 nanoparticle decreases from .25 %
concentration to 1.5 % concentration irregularly . The maximum value of
Specific Heat of cerium oxide nano particle at 65°C is 3998.

3863
3810
3794
3723
3699
3577
3550
3600
3650
3700
3750
3800
3850
3900
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
The maximum value of Specific Heat of cerium oxide nanoparticle at 70°C is
3863.

3895
3832
3808
3761
3709
3599
3550
3600
3650
3700
3750
3800
3850
3900
3950
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
The maximum value of Specific Heat of cerium oxide nanoparticle at 75°C is
3895.

3930
3864
3824
3809
3754
3616
3600
3650
3700
3750
3800
3850
3900
3950
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
At 80°C Specific Heat of CeO2 nano particle decreases from .25 %
concentration to 1.5 % concentration irregularly . The maximum value of
Specific Heat of cerium oxide nano particle at 80°C is 3930.

3945
3879
3867
3845
3799
3670
3650
3700
3750
3800
3850
3900
3950
4000
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
Concentration (%)
The maximum value of Specific Heat of cerium oxide nano particle at 85°C is
3945.

0.706
0.697
0.684
0.679
0.675
0.68
0.685
0.69
0.695
0.7
0.705
0.71
0 10 20 30 40 50
Thermalconductivity(w/mk)
Particle size(in nm)
0.25% Concentration at 50℃
500C is 0.706.

0.711
0.701
0.69
0.682
0.68
0.685
0.69
0.695
0.7
0.705
0.71
0.715
0 10 20 30 40 50
At 500C Temperature and 0.50% concentration Thermal conductivity of
CeO2nano particle decreases from 10nm particle size to 40nm particle size
irregularly. The maximum value of thermal conductivity of cerium oxide nano
particle at 500C is 0.711.

0.716
0.707
0.697
0.686
0.68
0.685
0.69
0.695
0.7
0.705
0.71
0.715
0.72
0 10 20 30 40 50
500C is 0.716.

0.726
0.713
0.7
0.694
0.69
0.695
0.7
0.705
0.71
0.715
0.72
0.725
0.73
0 10 20 30 40 50
irregularly. The maximum value of thermal conductivity of cerium oxide
nano particle at 500C is 0.726.

0.737
0.726
0.715
0.706
0.7
0.705
0.71
0.715
0.72
0.725
0.73
0.735
0.74
0 10 20 30 40 50
500C is 0.737.

0.744
0.737
0.728
0.722
0.72
0.725
0.73
0.735
0.74
0.745
0.75
0 10 20 30 40 50
500C is 0.744.

0.712
0.702
0.69
0.681
0.675
0.68
0.685
0.69
0.695
0.7
0.705
0.71
0.715
0 10 20 30 40 50
600C Temperature and 0.25% concentration Thermal conductivity of
irregularly.

0.729
0.716
0.704
0.697
0.695
0.7
0.705
0.71
0.715
0.72
0.725
0.73
0.735
0 10 20 30 40 50
1.0 % Concentration at 60℃
600C is 0.729.

0.747
0.74
0.733
0.726
0.72
0.725
0.73
0.735
0.74
0.745
0.75
0 10 20 30 40 50
600C is 0.747.

0.759
0.748
0.733
0.73
0.735
0.74
0.745
0.75
0.755
0.76
0.765
10 20 30 40 50
CeO2nano particle decrease from 20nm particle size to 40nm particle size
irregularly. The maximum value of thermal conductivity of cerium oxide nano
particle at 650C is 0.759.

0.785
0.772
0.75
0.745
0.75
0.755
0.76
0.765
0.77
0.775
0.78
0.785
0.79
10 20 30 40 50
650C is 0.785.

0.797
0.785
0.761
0.755
0.76
0.765
0.77
0.775
0.78
0.785
0.79
0.795
0.8
10 20 30 40 50
650C is 0.797.

CONCLUSION
• Nanofluids play an important role for enhancing heat transfer and its research has
inspired physicists, chemists, and engineers around the world.
• The density increases with the increase in concentration of nanoparticle in solution at
same temperature and it decreases with increase in temperature at same concentration.
• The viscosity increases with the increase in concentration of nanoparticle in solution at
same temperature and it decreases with increase in temperature at same concentration.
• The thermal conductivity increases with the increase in concentration of nanoparticle
in solution at same temperature and it also increase with increase in temperature at same
concentration.
• The specific heat decreases with the increase in concentration of nano particle in
solution at same temperature and it increase with increase in temperature at same
concentration.
• Thermal conductivity increases with decrease in nanoparticle size because with
decrease in size of nanoparticle, the effective surface area of the nanoparticle increases
which contributes in enhancement of thermal conductivity of nanofluid.

FUTURE ASPECTS OF NANOFLUID
Nanofluid, a product of nanotechnology has already achieved an active area of
research due to its enhanced thermo physical properties over the base fluids
like water, oil etc.
• Nano-fluid as coolant
• Nano-fluid as fuel additives
• CeO2 as an abrasive
• Nano-fluid as future in the field of medicine

REFERENCES
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Fawcett and Gerrard Poinern 1,” Nanofluid Types, Their Synthesis,
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study on CHF enhancement in flow boiling using Al2O3 nano-fluid, T.I. Kim
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