MYCOREMEDIATION IS THE PROCSS WHERE FUNGIS ARE USED AS BIOREMEDIATOR.

1. GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA
PRESENTED BY – SAIKAT JANA
M.Sc 1st sem
ROLL NO. - 21059132
TOPIC – MYCOREMEDIATION
GUIDED BY –
Dr. PREETI VERMA

2. BIOREMEDIATION : Bioremediation is a process used to
treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by
altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganism that
degrade the target pollutants.
Bioremediation mainly three types – 1. Mycoremediation
2. Phytoremediation
3. Bacterial remediation
MYCOREMEDIATION : Mycoremediation is the process of degrading or
removing toxic materials from the environment using fungi.
INTRODUCTION

3. Fungi are the important decomposers in the natural environment.
Fungi have proven to modify soil permeability and soil ion exchange to detoxify
contaminated soil.
They create enzymes to degrade plant polymers such as cellulose ,
hemicellulose and lignin.
These enzymes break bond between hydrogen and carbon.
As a result, mycoremediation may break down certain chemicals such as
chlorinated pesticides which tend to persist in the environment.
USE OF FUNGI

4. Fungi form four basic ecological roles;
i. Decomposers,
ii. Mycorrhizal interaction,
iii. Parasites,
iv. Food source.
Of these processes it is the ability of fungi to decompose that forms the
integral part of mycoremediation, a process recognised as 'mycodegredation'.
There is large characteristic variation between strains of fungi, with different
strains able to breakdown and metabolise different compounds.
They remove heavy metals from land by channeling them to fruit bodies for
removal. They essentially use and digest these toxins as nutrients.
ROLE OF FUNGI

5. WHITE ROT FUNGI
The most developed branch of mycoremediation is concerned with 'white rot
fungi'.
The white rot fungi are taxonomically similar group of fungi which produce
enzymes that break down lignin and other similar multi-chained compounds.
Lignin is a complex chemical compound which is most commonly derived from
wood, forming an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants.
After the discovery of the extracellular oxidative ligninolytic enzymes of the
white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, proposed the use of this
fungus for bioremediation.
Phanerochaete chrysosporium has the ability to degrade toxic or
insoluble compounds more efficiently than other fungi or microorganisms.

7. Oyster mushrooms can break down 80% of DDT in 28 days.
The oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus to metabolise multiple pollutant
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Pleurotus ostreatus has a
remarkable resistance to salty conditions, so it is able to grow and reproduce in
sea water.
Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom) can degrade pentachlorophenol
(PCP), a broad-spectrum biocide that is more toxic than DDT.
There has been great interest by the public and government in using this
technology to treat polluted environments in the wake of the Gulf of Mexico oil
spill.
Aged mycelium from oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) mixed in
with ‘compost' made from woodchips and yard waste resulted in far better
degradation of hydrocarbons than oyster mushroom mycelium or compost alone.
USE OF MUSHROOM

8. ADVANTAGES OF
MYCOREMEDIATION :
1) Public acceptance: Natural system does not introduce any corrosives
or other chemicals for clean up.
2)Safety: Safer than most other alternatives and it does not require digging
up contaminated products, and disposing of it at waste sites. Additionally, the
process does not produce secondary waste streams that require additional
cleanup after the initial remediation.
3) Quiet: The technology is quieter than many alternatives, there are no
structures, no machinery, and no noise. The system takes a day to set up, much
like a landscaping project, and then left to do its work.
4) Low maintenance: There is minimal handling and low maintenance
of sites treated with fungi.

9. 5) Reusable end products: The end product of mycoremediation is
nontoxic. The enriched and cleaned soil can be used for landscaping, road
underlayment, or other purposes.
6) Low cost: The cost of using mycoremediation is relatively low in
comparison to other technologies, as it does not require building of new
structures to house and process materials.
7) Flexible: The size of the application can vary without any problem, and
can be the size of a bucket, to acres across. Additionally, fungal treatments can
work in almost any habitat and season.
8) Fast: The technology shows immediate results. There is immediate
mitigation of odor and visible improvement to a site. For end results,
mycoremediation is quicker than other technologies, such as phytoremediation
and bacterial bioremediation. These treatments may require one to three years or
more, and cannot address all the contaminants that fungus can attack. Fungal
treatment requires weeks to months.

10. DISADVANTAGES OF
MYCOREMEDIATION
1) Still in testing: Organizations that currently want to use the technology
for cleanup are finding it a hard sell to their decision makers, as it is a technology
that is unproven, and often times, those decision makers want to rely on proven
technologies.
2) Applicability: There are many approaches to remediation; and certain
ones are suitable in particular situations.
3) Efficiency level: Biological systems are never 100% efficient, which is
difficult for some end-users to understand.
4) Surrounding environment: The use of a natural system can run
into problems with the competitive natural environment in some areas, or with
seasonal efficiency in extreme habitats.

11. Mycoremediation has a wide range of applications.
1) INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER :
Yeasts and fungi are used extensively to reduce the strength of a wide variety
of food processing waste water.
The most commonly used yeast is Candida utilis, because of its ability to
utilize a wide variety of carbon and nitrogen sources, its capacity to grow
rapidly in high yields, and its tolerance of low pH.
Fungi have the ability to convert biodegradable organic matter into a
mycelium that not only has a high enough protein content to be valuable as an
animal feed supplement.
APPLICATIONS

12. 2) DISTILLERY AND BREWERY WASTES:
Distillery waste water is produced as a result of distillation of ethanol
produced in the fermentation of carbohydrates, which pose considerable
problems in disposal or treatment.
Various strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are most widely
used because of their good growth rate and high ethanol tolerance.
S. cerevisiae has been shown to tolerate ethanol concentrations of up to
23% when grown under proper nutrient conditions.
3) METABOLISM OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS.
4) DEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS .

13. REFERENCES
https://www.scribd.com/doc/137731542/mycoremediation-ppt
https://www.slideshare.net/RatnakarUpadhyay1/mycoremediation-
232817909
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoremediation#:~:text=Mycoremediat
ion%20(from%20ancient%20Greek%20%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%BA%C
E%B7%CF%82,used%20to%20decontaminate%20the%20environment.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215017X1930700
3
https://bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s
40643-017-0162-8

14. THANK YOU