The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
1. Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms like bacteria and fungi break down pesticides into non-toxic substances.
2. Common pesticides that are biodegraded include the soil fumigant methyl bromide, the herbicide dalapon, and the fungicide chloroneb.
3. For effective biodegradation, organisms must be able to degrade the pesticide, the pesticide must be bioavailable, and soil conditions must support microbial growth. Strategies to enhance biodegradation include biostimulation, bioventing, and bioaugmentation.
This document discusses hydrocarbon bioremediation. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that they are readily degraded by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Both bacteria and fungi can aerobically degrade alkenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons through different metabolic pathways. While aerobic degradation is faster, some microbes can also anaerobically degrade hydrocarbons through pathways like fumarate addition, oxygen-independent hydroxylation, and carboxylation. The document concludes that bioremediation removes hydrocarbons that are environmental pollutants and contribute to health and climate issues.
Bioleaching of iron, copper, gold. uraniumAnuKiruthika
This document summarizes the process of bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to extract metals like copper, gold, iron, and uranium from ores. It discusses how different bacteria are used to oxidize the metal sulfides in ores, making the metals soluble and able to be extracted. The main methods used are heap leaching and in-situ leaching. Bioleaching has advantages of being low-cost and able to process low-grade ores, but is also time-consuming. Specific examples of how bacteria aid in leaching copper, iron, gold, and uranium are also provided.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
1. Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms like bacteria and fungi break down pesticides into non-toxic substances.
2. Common pesticides that are biodegraded include the soil fumigant methyl bromide, the herbicide dalapon, and the fungicide chloroneb.
3. For effective biodegradation, organisms must be able to degrade the pesticide, the pesticide must be bioavailable, and soil conditions must support microbial growth. Strategies to enhance biodegradation include biostimulation, bioventing, and bioaugmentation.
This document discusses hydrocarbon bioremediation. It defines hydrocarbons and explains that they are readily degraded by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Both bacteria and fungi can aerobically degrade alkenes, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons through different metabolic pathways. While aerobic degradation is faster, some microbes can also anaerobically degrade hydrocarbons through pathways like fumarate addition, oxygen-independent hydroxylation, and carboxylation. The document concludes that bioremediation removes hydrocarbons that are environmental pollutants and contribute to health and climate issues.
Bioleaching of iron, copper, gold. uraniumAnuKiruthika
This document summarizes the process of bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to extract metals like copper, gold, iron, and uranium from ores. It discusses how different bacteria are used to oxidize the metal sulfides in ores, making the metals soluble and able to be extracted. The main methods used are heap leaching and in-situ leaching. Bioleaching has advantages of being low-cost and able to process low-grade ores, but is also time-consuming. Specific examples of how bacteria aid in leaching copper, iron, gold, and uranium are also provided.
Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove contamination from soil or water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere to degrade, contain, or remove pollutants from the environment. Some key advantages are that it is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly way to remediate large areas of contaminated land. However, it is limited to sites with lower contaminant concentrations and works more slowly than conventional remediation methods. Common contaminants removed through phytoremediation include heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and explosives. The process works through plants absorbing, degrading, or stabilizing pollutants in their tissues or the surrounding soil.
The document discusses biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) which are measurements of water quality. BOD refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a set period of time. Higher BOD levels mean less dissolved oxygen is available to aquatic life. BOD is impacted by temperature, sewage, nutrients, turbidity, and natural processes. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds in water, and COD values are always greater than BOD. The document provides details on measuring and calculating BOD and COD levels.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and its importance as a measure of water quality. BOD is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in a water sample over a 5 day incubation period at 20°C. A higher BOD indicates a higher level of organic pollution. BOD is used to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants and provides an indication of overall water quality. The standard BOD test involves measuring the dissolved oxygen in a sample before and after 5 days, with the difference representing the oxygen consumed during decomposition of organic compounds.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
Biosorption is the process by which inactive microbial biomass binds and concentrates heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The cell walls of certain algae, fungi and bacteria are responsible for this phenomenon. It has advantages over conventional treatment methods like low cost and high efficiency. Biosorption mechanisms can be metabolism-dependent or non-metabolism dependent, and removal can occur extracellularly, on the cell surface, or intracellularly. Factors like pH, biomass concentration, and interaction of metal ions affect biosorption. Common biosorbents include bacteria, fungi, algae and seaweed. Biosorption has environmental and industrial uses such as filtering wastewater and recovering metals.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
1. The document discusses bioremediation of heavy metals like lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, and selenite which threaten human health, as well as bioremediation of detergents.
2. Heavy metal contamination of soil poses risks to humans and ecosystems, but bioremediation using microbes can transform toxic heavy metals into less toxic forms. Microbes use mechanisms like metal ion efflux and precipitation to develop resistance to metals.
3. Detergents are classified based on properties like water solubility and chemical structure. Naturally occurring and synthetic detergents can be ionic, non-ionic, anionic, or cationic. Bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of bioleaching and discusses its applications in extracting various metals. Bioleaching employs bacteria to convert insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates. The key microorganisms involved are mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron and sulfur. The bioleaching process involves providing bacteria with metal ores or concentrates, oxygen, nutrients, and maintaining optimal temperature and pH. Factors like mineral composition, surface area, and leaching method affect bioleaching. It allows extraction of metals from low-grade ores and has advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Gold, uranium, and copper are some metals extracted via bio
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
This document discusses acid mine drainage (AMD), its causes, effects, and treatment methods. AMD is highly acidic water formed through chemical reactions between oxygen, water and sulfide minerals exposed during mining. It causes environmental issues by increasing acidity in water resources and releasing metals. The main chemical reaction involves pyrite oxidizing to produce sulfuric acid. Passive treatment methods for AMD include using calcium oxide, ammonia, wetlands, or open limestone channels to neutralize acidity and precipitate metals. The best prevention approach is proper mine reclamation to restrict air and water contact with pyritic materials.
Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process where organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen. Through controlled engineering, anaerobic digestion breaks down organic biodegradable matter in sealed reactor tanks to produce biogas and digestate. The four-stage digestion process involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis where anaerobic microorganisms biochemically digest materials like glucose into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion generates renewable energy as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate fertilizer.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and plants to degrade environmental pollutants into non-toxic matter. It can be used to treat contaminated soil and groundwater in situ (where it is found) or ex situ by removing the contaminated material and treating it elsewhere. There are various types of bioremediation depending on the technique used such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and phytoremediation. It is an effective and often low-cost approach to cleanup, but can be difficult to control and may not reduce contaminant concentrations to regulatory levels.
Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove contamination from soil or water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere to degrade, contain, or remove pollutants from the environment. Some key advantages are that it is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly way to remediate large areas of contaminated land. However, it is limited to sites with lower contaminant concentrations and works more slowly than conventional remediation methods. Common contaminants removed through phytoremediation include heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and explosives. The process works through plants absorbing, degrading, or stabilizing pollutants in their tissues or the surrounding soil.
The document discusses biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) which are measurements of water quality. BOD refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a set period of time. Higher BOD levels mean less dissolved oxygen is available to aquatic life. BOD is impacted by temperature, sewage, nutrients, turbidity, and natural processes. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds in water, and COD values are always greater than BOD. The document provides details on measuring and calculating BOD and COD levels.
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and its importance as a measure of water quality. BOD is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in a water sample over a 5 day incubation period at 20°C. A higher BOD indicates a higher level of organic pollution. BOD is used to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants and provides an indication of overall water quality. The standard BOD test involves measuring the dissolved oxygen in a sample before and after 5 days, with the difference representing the oxygen consumed during decomposition of organic compounds.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
Biosorption is the process by which inactive microbial biomass binds and concentrates heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The cell walls of certain algae, fungi and bacteria are responsible for this phenomenon. It has advantages over conventional treatment methods like low cost and high efficiency. Biosorption mechanisms can be metabolism-dependent or non-metabolism dependent, and removal can occur extracellularly, on the cell surface, or intracellularly. Factors like pH, biomass concentration, and interaction of metal ions affect biosorption. Common biosorbents include bacteria, fungi, algae and seaweed. Biosorption has environmental and industrial uses such as filtering wastewater and recovering metals.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL SPILLS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
Subtopics
Bio remediation in hot and cold environments
Use of Nitrogen fixing Bacteria
Bio remediation using fungi from soil samples
Bio remediation using bacteria and case studies
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
1. The document discusses bioremediation of heavy metals like lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, and selenite which threaten human health, as well as bioremediation of detergents.
2. Heavy metal contamination of soil poses risks to humans and ecosystems, but bioremediation using microbes can transform toxic heavy metals into less toxic forms. Microbes use mechanisms like metal ion efflux and precipitation to develop resistance to metals.
3. Detergents are classified based on properties like water solubility and chemical structure. Naturally occurring and synthetic detergents can be ionic, non-ionic, anionic, or cationic. Bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of bioleaching and discusses its applications in extracting various metals. Bioleaching employs bacteria to convert insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates. The key microorganisms involved are mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron and sulfur. The bioleaching process involves providing bacteria with metal ores or concentrates, oxygen, nutrients, and maintaining optimal temperature and pH. Factors like mineral composition, surface area, and leaching method affect bioleaching. It allows extraction of metals from low-grade ores and has advantages of being cheaper and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Gold, uranium, and copper are some metals extracted via bio
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
This document discusses acid mine drainage (AMD), its causes, effects, and treatment methods. AMD is highly acidic water formed through chemical reactions between oxygen, water and sulfide minerals exposed during mining. It causes environmental issues by increasing acidity in water resources and releasing metals. The main chemical reaction involves pyrite oxidizing to produce sulfuric acid. Passive treatment methods for AMD include using calcium oxide, ammonia, wetlands, or open limestone channels to neutralize acidity and precipitate metals. The best prevention approach is proper mine reclamation to restrict air and water contact with pyritic materials.
Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process where organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen. Through controlled engineering, anaerobic digestion breaks down organic biodegradable matter in sealed reactor tanks to produce biogas and digestate. The four-stage digestion process involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis where anaerobic microorganisms biochemically digest materials like glucose into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion generates renewable energy as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate fertilizer.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and plants to degrade environmental pollutants into non-toxic matter. It can be used to treat contaminated soil and groundwater in situ (where it is found) or ex situ by removing the contaminated material and treating it elsewhere. There are various types of bioremediation depending on the technique used such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and phytoremediation. It is an effective and often low-cost approach to cleanup, but can be difficult to control and may not reduce contaminant concentrations to regulatory levels.
This document summarizes various phytoremediation processes. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, water, or sediment. It includes processes like phytoextraction where plants absorb and concentrate contaminants, phytostabilization where plants reduce contaminant mobility and uptake, and phytotransformation where plants or associated microbes break down organic contaminants. Specific examples are given of plants used to remediate heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and lead through phytoextraction. Processes like rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization, and rhizofiltration are also outlined. The document notes advantages of phytoremediation being more environmentally friendly and cost effective
Bioremediation uses living organisms like microbes and plants to degrade environmental pollutants into less toxic or non-toxic substances. Key bioremediation strategies include adding genetically engineered microbes, using indigenous microbes, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation using plants. Bioremediation aims to break down pollutants so they are undetectable or at safe concentrations set by regulatory agencies. New techniques include using chelates to help plants extract heavy metals from soil or microbes that can transform toxic chromium VI into less toxic chromium III.
Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to protect and restore the environment. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants in air, water, and soil into less harmful substances. It can be used to treat wastewater, industrial effluents, drinking water, land, soil, air, and solid waste. Genetic engineering creates environmentally friendly alternatives by modifying microorganisms using recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnology shows potential to contribute to environmental remediation and protection.
Phytoremediation,an opputinity for enhancing ecosystem servicesDr. Fayaz Ahmad Malla
The document discusses phytoremediation, the use of plants and their associated microorganisms to remove pollutants from soil and water. It describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction, rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization, and phytostabilization. It also discusses methods of assessing the economic value of phytoremediation and some limitations and future directions.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation and phytoremediation. It defines bioremediation as using biological organisms like microbes and plants to treat contaminated soil and water. The document discusses the history of bioremediation and categorizes different bioremediation techniques. It also outlines the pros and cons of various in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods like bioventing, bioaugmentation, biostimulation, biosparging, land farming and composting. Finally, it introduces the concept of phytoremediation and notes that it involves using plants to remediate environmental contaminants.
This document discusses land contamination and the remediation technique of phytoremediation. It begins by defining soil contamination and the natural and anthropogenic activities that can cause contamination, such as spills, mining, agriculture, and waste dumping. It then discusses various soil remediation techniques before focusing on phytoremediation. The document explains that phytoremediation uses plants to remove, degrade, or stabilize contaminants in soil, water, or sediments. It outlines different forms of phytoremediation including phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and rhizofiltration and provides examples of how plants are used to remediate organic and metal contaminants.
Pesticides play a vital role in agricultural production by controlling pests and increasing crop yields, though they can also negatively impact the environment if not properly disposed of. The document discusses methods for disposing of and treating pesticide waste, including land cultivation, which uses soil microbes to break down pesticides over time, and composting, where microbes decompose biodegradable pesticide compounds. The conclusion evaluates different disposal and treatment methods based on criteria like detoxification ability and cost to determine suitable options for on-farm use.
This document discusses land reclamation and remediation techniques for contaminated sites. It begins with an introduction on land degradation and identifying contamination. It then covers risk assessment which involves identifying hazards, exposure pathways, and risk characterization. The main remediation methods discussed are in-situ, ex-situ, and bio-remediation techniques. In-situ methods include permeable reactive barriers, bioventing, and phytoremediation. Ex-situ techniques involve removing contaminated soil to bioreactors or bio-piles. The document concludes that identifying the appropriate remediation method is important to reduce threats from contaminants.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. There are two main types - in situ treats pollutants on site, while ex situ removes pollutants to off-site facilities. Examples of in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging, and in situ biodegradation which supply oxygen and nutrients to stimulate bacteria. Ex situ methods include slurry and aqueous reactors which process contaminated materials in a contained system. Bioremediation can degrade pollutants like copper but has limitations such as environmental constraints and long treatment time.
This document discusses mycoremediation, which is the process of using fungi to degrade or remove toxic materials from the environment. It describes how fungi produce enzymes that can break down pollutants like chlorinated pesticides, heavy metals, and hydrocarbons. Specifically, it focuses on the abilities of white rot fungi, which produce enzymes that break down lignin and can more efficiently degrade compounds than other microorganisms. Examples are given of mushrooms like oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms that have been used to break down pollutants like DDT, PAHs, and pentachlorophenol. The document also lists some advantages and disadvantages of using mycoremediation for bioremediation.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms and plants to degrade contaminants in various environments like soil, water and air. There are different types of bioremediation including in situ which treats contamination at the site, and ex situ which treats it off site. Bioremediation strategies can be intrinsic, which relies on natural degradation, or engineered, where conditions are modified to enhance microbial activity. Common bioremediation techniques involve bioventing, bioaugmentation, composting, land farming and constructing biopiles.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
The document discusses bioremediation techniques for treating fish processing waste. It provides background on the large quantities of solid waste and wastewater generated by fish processing plants. Both aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation techniques can be used, including intrinsic and accelerated bioremediation which use indigenous or added microorganisms. Specific in situ techniques mentioned are bioventing, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. Essential factors for effective microbial bioremediation include suitable microbial populations, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Bioremediation is seen as a cost effective and environmentally friendly way to treat fish processing waste and other pollutants.
This document discusses the use of fungi for bioremediation of contaminated soils and water. It provides background on bioremediation using microorganisms and introduces mycoremediation, which uses fungi specifically. Fungi have enzymes that can break down pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and xenobiotics. The document describes two case studies of using fungal consortia to remediate soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals. It finds the fungi were effective at removing pollutants through bioaccumulation, biomethylation, and immobilization. Further research is still needed to optimize mycoremediation for real-world large scale applications.
This document discusses phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, water, or sediment. It describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. Case studies examine using water hyacinth and duckweed to remove heavy metals like cadmium and zinc from wastewater. While low-cost and environmentally friendly, phytoremediation has disadvantages like slow cleanup times and potential for contaminants to enter the food chain. Overall, phytoremediation can play a role in remediating contaminated sites in an ecological and sustainable manner.
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The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
1 Bioremediation
1.
2. Bioremediation Technologies
*Phytoremediation.
*Bioaugmentation.
*Biostimulation.
*Bioreactors.
*Land-based Treatments.
*Fungal Remediation.
Remediation : Mean clean or stopping of
damage to the environment .
& Bioremediation :means the
treatment of contaminats or waste by using
microorganisms such as bacteria to clean them up
and become less hazardous to human
They run in to two catigories forms techniques:-
*In situ treatment :bioventing*In situ biodegradation*Bio
stimulation*Bio augmentation
*Natural attention
*Ex situ treatment : 1*Land form 2*Composting 3*Bioreactor
cost
3. 1.Phytoremediation ( in soil and groundwater)
use of plants to
Remediation also occurs when bacteria on the roots of the
plant degrade the contamination,
The plant tissue, which is rich in accumulated contaminants, can
be harvested and safely processed.
remove the contaminats
degradation of contaminants
to a less toxic form.
5. Types of Phytoremediation:
A * Phyto extraction
B * Phytostabilization
C * Phytostimulation
D * Phytotransformation
6. a) Phytoextraction:
concentrate the contaminants in above
ground plant tissue
Applicability
Phytoextraction was primarily employed to recover heavy metals from soils.
Limitations
- It is limited to shallow soil depths of up to 24 inches.
Cost : $60,000 to $100,000 per acre.This includes maintenance, monitoring,
verification testing, and $10,000 per acre for planting.
Impact soil
Soil beginning
remedation contaminant
contaminant
taken up into
plant tissue
7. b)Phytostabilization
involves the reduction of the mobility of heavy metals in soil.
The mobility of contaminants is reduced by the accumulation of contaminants by
plant roots
Limitations
effective at depths of up to 24 inches
Applicability
to remediate large-scale areas having low contamination are not
feasible.
Field work has shown that phytostabilization is efficient at lowering
levels of Pb in a sand.
Studies also suggest that phytostabilization may reduce metal
leaching by converting metals from a soluble oxidation state to an
insoluble oxidation state.
Plants have reduced available and toxic Cr(VI) to unavailable and
less toxic Cr(III) .
Cost: cost efficient method when compared to other technologies.
9. c)Phytostimulation:
is the breakdown of organic contaminants in the soil via
microbial activity in the plant root zone.
Microbial activity is stimulated in several ways:
(1) sugars, carbohydrates, amino acids, acetates,
and enzymes
(2) root systems bring oxygen
Limitations
levels of contamination in shallow areas.
Cost:
more cost effective than many other technologies.
phytostimulation ranges from $10 to $35 per ton of soil. Other
technologies, such as incineration, range from $200 to $1,000 per ton
of soi
12. 2.Bioaugmentation
introduction of genetically engineered strains of microbes to a contaminated site .
can be introduced to successfully degrade specific waste compounds.
Biodegradation refers to the degradation of organic contaminants in
soil by indigenous or transplanted microorganisms, primarily bacteria and fungi.
Limitations
Certain characteristics in the soil matrix preferential
may result in poor contact between
microbes and
contaminants.
flow paths of
injected fluids
13. Biostimulation:
Biostimulation refers to the addition of oxygen and/or
inorganic nutrients to indigenous microbial populations in
soils. In situ or ex situ methods can be employed to
stimulate biodegradation of contaminants.
*Bioventing*
14. Bioventing
is a process of stimulating the natural in situ biodegradation of
contaminants in soil by providing
Applicability
Bioventing is applicable to any chemical that can be aerobically biodegraded. Techniques
have been successfully used to remediate soils contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons,
non-chlorinated solvents, some pesticides, wood preservatives
Limitations
Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process include:
(1) low permeability soils (reduce bioventing performance);
(2) monitoring of off-gases at the soil surface may be required;
(3) low soil moisture content, which may be caused by bioventing, limits
biodegradation .
air
oxygen
to existing soil
microorganisms
microbial activity
to sustain
15. Two basic criteria have to be satisfied for successful
bioventing:
1- air must be able to pass through the soil in sufficient
quantities to maintain aerobic conditions.
2- microorganisms must be present in concentrations large
enough to obtain reasonable biodegradation rates.
Cost:
ranges from $10 to $60 per cubic yard. At sites with over 10,000
cubic yards of contaminated soil
Bioreactors:r
highly controlled methods of treating contaminated soils.
Because temperature, pH, nutrient levelscan be controlled in
constructed batch- or continuously-fed reactors, microbial
activity, and thus contaminant degradation,it can be optimized
in:*Slurry-based reactors.
16. Slurry-based Reactors
Slurry-phase biological treatment is performed in a reactor to remediate a
mixture of water and excavated soil.
The soil is suspended in a reactor vessel and mixed with nutrients
and oxygen. Microorganisms, acid, or alkali may be added
depending on treatment requirements.
used to remediate soils contaminated by hydrocarbons,
petrochemicals, solvents, pesticides and other organic
chemicals.
Bioreactors are more suitable for soils with low permeability
Limitations
treatment can be expensive
When biodegradation is
complete
the soil slurry is
dewatered
Applicability:
17. *Fungal Remediation:
use of fungi to remediate organic soil contaminants,
primarily hydrocarbons.
Remediation of soil using white-rot fungus has been tested
in both in situ and reactor-based systems.
Limitations
A major limitation of white-rot fungus is its sensitivity to
biological process operations. It has been observed that the
fungus does not grow well in suspended cell systems,
enzyme induction is negatively affected by mixing action;
and the ability of the fungus to effectively attach itself to
fixed media is poor
Cost
$75 per cubic yard of contaminated soil .
18. Applicability&Cost. Cunningham, S.D., J.R. Shann, D.E. Crowley, and T.A. Anderson, 1997, Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and
Water, in Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 664,
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
2. Schnoor, J.L., 1997, Phytoremediation, Technology Overview Report, Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, Series
E, Vol. 1, October.
Limitations
3. Huang, J.W, J. Chen, and S.D. Cunningham, 1997, Phytoextraction of Lead from Contaminated Soils, in Phytoremediation of Soil and
Water Contaminants, E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, and J.R. Coats, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 664, American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC.
*Phytostabilization
Applicability
1. Blaylock, M., B. Ensley, D. Salt, N. Kumar, V. Dushenkov, and I. Raskin, 1995, Phytoremediation: A Novel Strategy for the Removal of
Toxic Metals from the Environment Using Plants, Biotechnology, 13 (7), pp.468-474.
2. Miller, R., 1996, Phytoremediation, Technology Overview Report, Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, Series O,
Vol. 3, October.
Cost
3. Schnoor, J.L., 1997, Phytoremediation, Technology Overview Report, Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, Series
E, Vol. 1, October.
*Phytostimulation
Definition &Applicability
1. Anderson, T.A., E.A. Guthrie, and B.T. Walton, 1993, Bioremediation in the Rhizosphere, Environmental Science and Technology 27
(13), pp. 2630-2636.
Applicability&cost
2. Miller, R., 1996, Phytoremediation, Technology Overview Report, Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, Series O,
Vol. 3, October.
Limitations
3. Schnoor, J.L., 1997, Phytoremediation, Technology Overview Report, Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, Series
E, Vol. 1, October
*Phytoextraction
References:-
19. *Phytotransformation
Definition &Applicability&Cost
1. EPA, 1998, A Citizen's Guide to Phytoremediation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,
EPA 542-F-98-011, August.
Limitations3. Miller, R., 1996, Phytoremediation, Technology Overview Report, Ground-Water Remediatoin Technologies Analysis Center,
Series O, Vol. 3, October.
*Biodegradation
1 Kumar, R. and C.B. Sharma, 1992, Biodegradation of Carbamate Pesticide Propoxur in Soil, in Environment and Biodegradation, V.P. Agrawal and S.V.S.
RanaIndia eds., Society of Biosciences, India, pp. 137-148.
2. Ward, F.P., Military Applications of Biodegradation, in Biotechnology and Biodegradation, Advances in Applied Biotechnology Series, Vol. 4, A. Chakrabarty, D.
Kamely, and G. Omenn eds., Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX, pp. 147-154.
*Biostimulation
Bioventing
Definition &Applicability
1. U.S. Air Force Environics Directorate of the Armstrong Laboratory, U.S. Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, 1995, Manual: Bioventing Principles and
Practices, EPA/540/R-95/534a.
2. U.S. Air Force Environics Directorate of the Armstrong Laboratory, U.S. Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, 1995, Manual: Bioventing Principles and
Practices, Volume II, EPA/540/R-95/534b.
Limitations
3. Hinchee, R.E., 1993, Bioventing of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, in Handbook of Bioremediation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
4. Office of Research and Development, EPA, ATTIC Downloadable Documents, available at http://www.epa.gov/bbsnrmrl/attic/documents.html.
Slurry-based Reactors
1. Cookson, J.T. Jr, 1995, Bioremediation Engineering Design and Application, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY.
2. EPA, 1990, Slurry Biodegradation, Engineering Bulletin, EPA/540/2-90/016.
3. EPA, 1991, Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Slurry-Phase Biological Reactor for Creosote-Contaminated Wastewater, EPA RREL, Series includes Technology
Demonstration Summary, EPA/540/S5-91/009; Technology Evaluation Vol. I, EPA/540/5-91/009, PB93-205532; Applications Analysis, EPA/540/A5 91/009; and
Demonstration Bulletin, EPA/540/M5-91/009.
4. Office of Research and Development, EPA, ATTIC Downloadable Documents, available at http://www.epa.gov/bbsnrmrl/attic/documents.html.
*Land-based Treatments
Land Farming
1. Cookson, J.T., Jr., 1995, Bioremediation Engineering Design and Application, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY.
2. Office of Research and Development, EPA. ATTIC Downloadable Documents, available at http://www.epa.gov/bbsnrmrl/attic/documents.html.
3. Alexander, M., 1994, Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
*White-rot Fungus
1. Cookson, J.T., 1995, Bioremediation Engineering: Design and Application, McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
2. Suthersan, S., 1997, Remediation Engineering Design Concepts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
3. The EPA Office of Research and Development, 1999, Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC) database