MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS-
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The document discusses the etiology of tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is identified as the causative organism, which is an acid-fast bacillus that grows slowly. It has a waxy cell wall that makes it resistant and allows it to survive in harsh environments. Tuberculosis spreads through the air and was historically more prevalent among the poor living in crowded conditions. Robert Koch identified M. tuberculosis as the cause of tuberculosis in 1882.
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[DOWNLOAD IT OPEN IT WITH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT THEN YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC COVERED.]
1. WHOLE TEXT IS RELIABLE.
2. TEXT HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM STANDARD TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
3. SOME PICTURE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM JOURNAL.
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1. Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria that includes M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, which are the causes of tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively.
2. These bacteria have an acid-fast staining pattern and lipid-rich cell walls that make them resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics.
3. M. tuberculosis spreads through the air and causes pneumonia and cavitary lesions in the lungs, while M. leprae spreads through skin lesions and can cause disfigurement if untreated.
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The document provides historical and scientific information about Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
1) M. tuberculosis has been affecting humans for thousands of years and was a major cause of death in Europe between 1500-1900 AD.
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This document provides an overview of anaerobic microorganisms. It discusses their typical habitats including the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. It outlines their classification and important genera such as Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Clostridium. Virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenesis are described. The laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic infections including specimen collection and culture techniques are explained. Common clinical infections associated with different anaerobic bacteria and their treatment conclude the document.
Staph.i lect.
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen that can cause localized or disseminated infections. It is a Gram-positive coccus that grows in clusters, producing pigmented colonies. S. aureus virulence factors include cell surface proteins like protein A and coagulase, as well as exotoxins like hemolysins and enterotoxins. It is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing skin and soft tissue infections as well as more serious conditions if it spreads systemically. Resistance to antibiotics like penicillin and methicillin has increased its importance as a human pathogen.
4. bacterial classification
This document discusses the classification of bacteria using taxonomy and Carl Woese's three domain system. It covers the main characteristics of different bacterial phyla including Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Archaea. Key details are provided on pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Clostridium tetani, Salmonella typhi, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The principles of bacterial identification, nomenclature, and Bergey's Manual are also summarized.
Acid fast parasites
This document discusses several acid-fast intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora, Sarcocystis, and Microsporidium. It provides information on the morphology, life cycles, diseases caused, and laboratory diagnosis of each parasite. Cryptosporidium causes self-limiting diarrhea and is diagnosed via acid fast staining of stool samples. Cyclospora causes diarrhea and biliary tract infections and has variably acid fast oocysts. Isospora, now called Cystoisospora, causes fever and watery diarrhea and has uniformly acid fast oocysts. Sarcocystis can cause intestinal or muscular cysts and
Seminar burkholderia 1
This document provides an overview of the genus Burkholderia, including key species such as B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC). It discusses the taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical syndromes, diagnosis and treatment. Burkholderia species are a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that include both emerging pathogens as well as organisms that play an important environmental role in the rhizosphere. The BCC in particular includes several species that can cause serious infections in vulnerable patient populations such as those with cystic fibrosis.
Parasitology 1
This document provides an overview of medically relevant parasites presented by Dr. Karen Bennett. It discusses how parasites enter the body, replicate, and cause tissue damage. Cryptosporidium is highlighted as a parasite that causes diarrhea and is difficult to treat, especially in immunocompromised patients. It can be transmitted through contaminated water. Proper hygiene and water treatment are important for prevention. Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases can be challenging but includes microscopic examination and newer techniques like PCR.
Histoplasmosis
This document provides information about histoplasmosis, including its characteristics, pathogenesis, types, clinical presentation, and laboratory diagnosis. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which exists in both a mycelial and yeast form. It is found worldwide in soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings.
2. Infection typically occurs via inhalation of yeast cells into the lungs. It can cause pulmonary or disseminated disease, spreading to organs in immunocompromised individuals.
3. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct examination of samples for yeast cells, culture of the fungus, and serological tests like complement fixation
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MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS-
- 1. ETIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS DR.P.HEMA SUGANYA M.D. (MICROBIOLOGY)
- 2. CONTENT HISTORY MORPHOLOGY structure of cell wall Acid fast bacilli CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS RESISTANCE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES
- 4. TUBERCULOSIS- OLDESTDISEASE Aristotle said 354-322 BC – “When one comesnear consumptives… one doescontracttheir disease… The reason is that the breath is bad and heavy…In approaching the consumptive, one breathes this pernicious air.One takes the disease because in this air there is somethingdisease producing.”
- 5. ROBERT KOCH- KOCH’S BACILLI
- 6. TUBERCULOSIS KILLS NOTONLY POOR BUT RICH AND FAMOUS
- 8. 8 WHATARE MYCOBACTERIA? • Fungus like bacteria • Obligate aerobes grows high oxygen content, such as the lungs. • Facultative intracellular pathogens usually infecting mononuclear phagocytes – Obligate parasites – Opportunist pathogens – Saprophytes
- 9. MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX M.tuberculosis(human tubercle bacilli) M.bovis (bovine tubercle bacilli) M.caprae M.africanum M.microtti M.pinnipedii M.canetti
- 10. MORPHOLOGY OF M.TB Slowgrowing, aerobic, non motile , non sporing, Noncapsulated .weakly Gram positive • Straight, slightly curved Rod shaped 3 x 0.3microns • May be single, in pairs or in small clumps
- 11. CELL WALL OF M.TB
- 13. ACID FAST STAINING 13 • Primary stain binds cell wall mycolic acids • Intense decolorization does not release primary stain from the cell wall of AFB • Color of AFB-based on primary stain • Counterstain provides contrasting background
- 14. ACID FAST BACILLI –ZEIHL NEELSON STAINSTAINING 1 4
- 15. ACID FAST BACILLI SEEN AS IN FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPE Dr.T.V.Ra o MD 1 5
- 16. MTB : CULTURAL CHARACTERS • Grow slowly. Generation time 14-15 hrs • aerobic • > 2 weeks minimal required period • Grows at 370c do not grow below 250c or above 400c . • Phbetween 6.4 to 7.0 16
- 17. SOLID MEDIA LIQUID MEDIA LOWENSTEIN –JENSEN MEDIA EGG BASED- PETRAGNINI, DORSET BLOOD BASED- TARSHIS SERUM BASED – LOEFFLER POTATO BASED- PAWLOWSKY DUBO’S MIDDLEBROOKS PROSKAUER, BECKS, SULA SAUTONS
- 18. Lowenstein Jensen Medium Selective. Always in screw capped bottle. Bluish Green. Contains – Egg protein – Solidifying agent Mineral salts – Mg Sulphate, Mg citrate Asparagine Malachite Green – Selective agent Sterilized by - Inspissation 1 8
- 19. ON LIQUID MEDIUM o 19 • Appearas long serpentine cords in liquid medium • Avirulent strains grow in a more dispersed manner.
- 20. BIOCHEMICAL TESTS • NIACIN TEST • ARYL SULPHATASE TEST • CATALASE- PEROXIDASE TEST • NITRATE REDUCTION TEST • AMIDASE TEST • PYRAZINAMIDASE TEST • INHIBITION BY T2H • NEUTRAL RED TEST • TWEEN 80 HYDROLYSIS
- 21. 2 1 RESISTANCE OF MYCOBACTERIUM • Mycobacterium are killed at 600c in 15 – 20 mt • In sputum they survive for 20-30hrs& in Droplets for 8 – 10 days. • Killed by Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde • Ethanol is suitable disinfectant to superficial surfaces and skin gloves
- 22. 2 2 RESISTANCE • Culture At room temp- 6-8 mths -20c – 2 yrs • Survive in 5% phenol,15% Sulphuric acid 3% Nitric acid,5% oxalic acid, 4% Sodium hydroxide
- 24. CYTOPLASMIC(SOLUBLE) ANTIGEN Antigen 5 Antigen 6 Antigen 60 Cord factor, or trehalose dimycolate, is a glycolipid molecule found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents phagosome lysosome fusion
- 25. SUMMARY Mycobacterium Tuberculosis- Robert Koch Obligate Aerobes,intracellular pathogen Acid Fast Bacilli Slow Grower Culture Media – Solid & Liquid Biochemical Test Resistance Virulence Factor
- 26. POVERTY AND CROWDED LIVING SPREADS TUBERCULOSIS Dr.T.V.Ra o MD 26
- 27. THANK YOU