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"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can 
also be used to express necessity or strong 
recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more 
flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit 
actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to 
use softer modal verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" 
to dissuade rather than prohibit.
Examples: 
• This must be the right address! certainty 
• Students must pass an entrance examination to 
study at this school. necessity 
• You must take some medicine for that cough. 
strong recommendation 
• Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition
Modal Use 
Positive Forms 
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = 
Future 
Negative Forms 
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = 
Future 
You can also use: 
must 
certainty 
1. That must be Jerry. They said 
he was tall with bright red hair. 2. 
That must have been the right 
restaurant. There are no other 
restaurants on this street. 
3. NO FUTURE FORM 
1. That must not be Jerry. He is 
supposed to have red hair. 2. 
That must not have been the right 
restaurant. I guess there is 
another one around here 
somewhere. 
3. NO FUTURE FORM 
have to 
must not 
prohibition 
You must not swim in that river. 
It's full of crocodiles. You must 
not forget to take your malaria 
medication while your are in the 
tropics. 
Prohibition usually refer to the 
near future. 
must 
strong 
recommendation (Americans 
prefer 
the form 
"should.") 
1. You must take some time off 
and get some rest. 2. SHIFT TO 
"SHOULD" 
You should have taken some 
time off last week to get some 
rest. 
3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" 
You should take some time off 
next week to get some rest. 
1. You mustn't drink so much. It's 
not good for your health. 2. 
SHIFT TO "SHOULD" 
You shouldn't have drunk so 
much. That caused the accident. 
3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" 
You shouldn't drink at the party. 
You are going to be the 
designated driver. 
should 
must 
necessity (Americans 
prefer 
the form 
"have to.") 
1. You must have a permit to 
enter the national park. 2. SHIFT 
TO "HAVE TO" 
We had to have a permit to enter 
the park. 
3. We must get a permit to enter 
the park next week. 
1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" 
We don't have to get a permit to 
enter the national park. 2. SHIFT 
TO "HAVE TO" 
We didn't have to get a permit to 
enter the national park. 
3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" 
We won't have to get a permit to 
enter the national park. 
have to
REMEMBER: "Must not" vs. "Do not have to" 
"Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. 
"Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do 
something. 
Examples: 
You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed. 
You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not 
necessary.

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220711130100 udita Chakraborty Aims and objectives of national policy on inf...
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Must

  • 1. "Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation, although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modal verbs such as "should not" or "ought not" to dissuade rather than prohibit.
  • 2. Examples: • This must be the right address! certainty • Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessity • You must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendation • Jenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition
  • 3. Modal Use Positive Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future Negative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future You can also use: must certainty 1. That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair. 2. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street. 3. NO FUTURE FORM 1. That must not be Jerry. He is supposed to have red hair. 2. That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there is another one around here somewhere. 3. NO FUTURE FORM have to must not prohibition You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles. You must not forget to take your malaria medication while your are in the tropics. Prohibition usually refer to the near future. must strong recommendation (Americans prefer the form "should.") 1. You must take some time off and get some rest. 2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You should have taken some time off last week to get some rest. 3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You should take some time off next week to get some rest. 1. You mustn't drink so much. It's not good for your health. 2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't have drunk so much. That caused the accident. 3. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" You shouldn't drink at the party. You are going to be the designated driver. should must necessity (Americans prefer the form "have to.") 1. You must have a permit to enter the national park. 2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We had to have a permit to enter the park. 3. We must get a permit to enter the park next week. 1. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We don't have to get a permit to enter the national park. 2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We didn't have to get a permit to enter the national park. 3. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO" We won't have to get a permit to enter the national park. have to
  • 4. REMEMBER: "Must not" vs. "Do not have to" "Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. "Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something. Examples: You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed. You don't have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is not necessary.