At the completion of this unit, learners will be able to: 1. Define the following terms fascia, epimysium perimysium, endomysium, tendons and aponeurosis 2. Describe the location and function of major muscles of:  The neck  The face  The back  The arms  The legs

1. UNIT: VI
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
BY
SYED YOUSAF SHAH

2. Objectives
At the completion of unit learners will be able to:
 Define the following terms fascia, epimysium
perimysium, endomysium, tendons and
aponeurosis
 Describe the location and function of major
muscles of:
• The neck
• The face
• The back
• The arms
• The legs

3. Structure: Connective Tissue
Coverings
 Fascia
 Covers entire skeletal
muscles
 Separates them from
each other
 Tendon
 A tough, cord-like structure made of fibrous connective
tissue
 Connects muscles to bones
 Aponeurosis
 A tough, sheet-like
structure made of
fibrous connective
tissue
 Attaches muscles to
other muscles

4. Cont….
 Epimysium
 A thin covering that is just below the fascia of a
muscle and surrounds the entire muscle
 Perimysium
 Connective tissue that divides a muscle into
sections called fascicles
 Endomysium
 Covering of connective tissue that surrounds
individual muscle cells

5. Cont..

6. Functions of Muscle
Muscle has the ability
to contract, permitting
muscles to perform
various functions.
 Functions:
 Movement
 Stability
 Control of body
openings and
passages
 Heat production

7. Muscles of the neck
 Sternocleidomast
oid
 Muscles in the
neck and upper
back used to
move the head.
 Trapezius
 This muscle cover
shoulder and back
of the neck.
 It pulls the head
backward,
squares the
shoulder and
controls
movement of
scapula.

8. Cont…

9. Muscles of the face
 Occipitofrontalis
 Raises the eyebrows
 Orbicularis oculi
 Allows the eyes to close
 Buccinator
 Close the jaw
 Orbicularis oris
 Allows the lips to pucker
 Levator palpebrae
superioris
 It raises the eyelid
 Masseter
 Close the jaw
 Temporalis
 Close the mouth and assist
with chewing
 Pterygoid
 It extends from sphenoid bone
to the mandible
 Closes the mouth and pulls

10. Cont…

11. Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper
Arm
 Pectoralis major
 Pulls the arm across
the chest
 Rotates and adducts
the arms
 Latissimus dorsi
 Extends and adducts
the arm and rotates
the arm inwardly
 Deltoid
 Abducts and
extends the arm at
the shoulder
 Subscapularis
 Rotates the arm
medially
 Infraspinatus
 Rotates the arm
laterally

12. Major Skeletal Muscles: Upper Arm
(cont.)
 Biceps brachii
 Flexes the arm at
the elbow
 Rotates the hand
laterally
 Brachialis
 Flexes the arm at
the elbow
 Brachioradialis
 Flexes the forearm
at the elbow
 Triceps brachii
 Extends the arm at
the elbow
 Supinator
 Rotates the
forearm laterally
(supination)
 Pronator teres
 Rotates the
forearm medially
(pronation)

13. Cont..

14. Muscles of the Back
 Latissimus dorsi
 arm away from chest
extension
 Teres major
 It extends, adducts and
medially rotates the
arm
 Quadratus
lumborum
 Sacrospinalis
 Originates from sacrum
 Contraction causes
extension of vertebral
column
 Psoas
 It flexes the hip joint
 Trapezius

15. Cont..

16. Muscles of abdominal wall

17. Muscles of the Leg
 Psoas major and
iliacus
 Flexes the thigh
 Gluteus maximus
 Extends the thigh
 Gluteus medius and
minimus
 Abduct the thighs
 Rotate them medially
 Adductor Group
Adduct the thighs
Rotate them laterally
 Biceps femoris,
semitendinosus,
and
semimembranosus
Known as the
hamstring group
Flex the leg at the
knee
Extend the leg at

19. Leg (cont.)
 Quadriceps femoris:
(Rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis,
and vastus intermedius)
 Extend the leg at the knee
 Sartorius
 Flexes the leg at the knee
and thigh
 Abducts the thigh, rotating the
thigh laterally but rotating the
lower leg medially
 Anterior tibialis
 Gastrocnemius
 Soleus
 Obturators

20. Leg (cont.)

24. References
 Anne Waugh, et al. (2006). Ross & Wilson:
Anatomy and Physiology in Health and
Illness, 11th edition.
 Marieb. E.N.(7th edi). Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology.The Human Body: An
Orientation.