The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles can be completely autonomous
Muscular system: amazing facts; functions of skeletal system; types of muscles; composition of muscles; structure of muscles; organization of muscle tissue; muscle cell; muscle; tissue; microscopic structure; sliding filament theory
This presentation contains the Human Skeletal and Muscular System. Components and Physiological Processes were also discussed. Naming of muscles was highly emphasized.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles can be completely autonomous
Muscular system: amazing facts; functions of skeletal system; types of muscles; composition of muscles; structure of muscles; organization of muscle tissue; muscle cell; muscle; tissue; microscopic structure; sliding filament theory
This presentation contains the Human Skeletal and Muscular System. Components and Physiological Processes were also discussed. Naming of muscles was highly emphasized.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. ORGANISATION OF MUSCLES
Muscles are organs
Contain other types of tissues in addition to
muscle tissue.
Muscles show 3 levels of organisation:
1. Muscle Fibre (Cell)
2. Fascicle (Tissue)
3. Muscle (whole organ)
4. THE MUSCLE CELL
A muscle cell is called a myocyte.
A muscle cell is a long cell compared to other forms
of cells.
A myocyte is a specialized animal cell which has the
ability to shorten and stretch its length.
Many muscle cells connect together to form a long
fiber found in muscle tissue
5.
6. THE MUSCLE CELL cont..
A myocyte uses a series of motor proteins specially
arranged within the cell to perform its function.
The proteins are:
Actin
Myosin
7. ORGANISATION OF MUSCLES
MUSCLE FIBRE:
The muscle cell is the
muscle fibre.
Each muscle fibre is
surrounded by a thin
layer of areolar
connective tissue –
ENDOMYSIUM
Endomysium carry
blood vessels and nerve
fibres that supply the
muscle fibre
8. ORGANISATION OF MUSCLES
FASCICLE:
Muscle fibres are
grouped into bundles
called FASCICLES.
Each fascicle contains
many muscle fibres.
PERIMYSIUM – sheath
of connective tissue
surrounding fascicle.
9. ORGANISATION OF MUSCLES
MUSCLE (whole organ):
Covered by connective
tissue layer called –
EPIMYSIUM.
Epimysium, perimysium
and endomysium all form
part of the fascia (deep)
which separates muscles
from each others.
10. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscular system consists of muscle tissue and
associated connective tissues which function
primarily to bring about movement of the body or
materials through the body.
4 main FUNCTIONAL properties of muscles;
Contract : shorten in length
Excitable: receive and respond to stimuli
Extensible: stretch
Elastic: return to original shape after stretching or
contracting
NB:// Muscle tissue can be used to move bones,
11. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TYPES OF MUSCLES:
3 types of muscles:
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
14. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
Human body has over 630 skeletal muscles.
MUSCLE FIBRE:
Muscle fibre is the muscle cell
Has features typical of cells
Difference is that they have special names (myo-;
sarco)
Plasma membrane – Sarcolemma
Cytoplasm – Sarcoplasm
ER – Sarcoplasmic reticulum
15. MUSCLE FIBRE:
Muscle fibres contain many cylindrical myofibrils.
Myofibrils in turn are also bundles of myofilaments.
Myofilaments are filaments responsible for
contractile activity of muscle cell.
Actin
Myosin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
16. MUSCLE FIBRE
Sarcomere – Functional
unit of muscle fibre.
Numerous sarcomeres
join end to end to form the
myofibril.
Boundaries of sarcomeres
are dark vertical lines
called Z lines.
Striped appearance
(different lines/bands)
caused by the
arrangement of actin and
myosin strands
19. Attachment of Muscles
Tendons and Aponeuroses
Tendons:
Attach muscles to bones or cartilage
Tough cord of dense connective tissue
Aponeuroses
Broad, flat sheets of connective tissue
Connect muscles to other muscles or bones
20.
21. TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
Classified into 5 broad types based on
orientation/ arrangement of fascicles:
1. Fusiform Muscles
2. Parallel Muscles
3. Convergent Muscles
4. Pennate Muscles
5. Circular Muscles of Spincters
23. PARALLEL MUSCLES
Long axis of the
fascicles runs parallel to
the long axis of the
muscle.
Straplike muscles of
uniform width and
parallel fascicles.
Example – Rectus
abdominis, Sartorius
24. CONVERGENT MUSCLE
Fan shaped.
A broad origin and
fascicles converge
toward a single tendon
of insertion.
Example – Pectoralis
major
25. PENNATE MUSCLE
Feather shaped.
Fascicles are short and
attach obliquely to a
central tendon that runs
the length of the
muscle.
Unipennate
Extensor digitorum
longus (foot)
Bipennate
Rectus femoris
Multipennate
Deltoid
26. CIRCULAR MUSCLES
Form rings around body
openings.
Fascicles are arranged
in concentric rings.
Example – Orbicularis
oris
27. BASIC PRINCIPLES
Anatomical Terms of
Motion:
1. Flexion/ Extension:
Flexion - movement that
decreases the angle
between two parts
Extension - movement
that increases the angle
between body parts
28. BASIC PRINCIPLES
Anatomical Terms of
Motion:
2. Abduction/
Adduction:
Abduction - movement
that pulls a structure or
part away from the
midline of the body.
Adduction - movement
that pulls a structure or
part towards the midline
of the body.
29. BASIC PRINCIPLES
Anatomical Terms of
Motion:
3. Supinate/ Pronate:
Supinate - rotation of the
forearm so that the palm
faces up or anteriorly.
Pronate – rotation of the
forearm so that the palm
face down or posteriorly.
30. BASIC PRINCIPLES
Muscles shorten when
they contract so they
pull but not push.
Origin/ Insertion:
Origin – attachment to
stationary bone
Insertion – attachment
to moveable bone.
31. BASIC PRINCIPLES
Prime Mover/
Synergist:
Usually a number of
muscles work together
to move a particular
body part.
Prime Mover – muscle
which does most of the
work.
Synergist – muscle(s)
which support prime
mover
Example:
Flexion of Elbow –
Prime Mover – Biceps
brachii
Synergist - Brachialis
32. BASIC PRINCIPLES
Antagonists:
Pairs of muscles which
work opposite one
another and bring about
movement in opposite
directions.
Example:
Flexion & Extension of
Forearm –
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
33. NAMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
NAME
ATTACH
MENT
SHAP
E
DIRECTION
OF FIBRES
LOCATION
SIZE
NUMBER OF
ATTACHMENTS
ACTION
34. SIZE
Terms used to describe
size
MAXIMUS – largest
Gluteus Maximus
MEDIUS – middle
Gluteus Medius
MINIMUS – smallest
Gluteus Minimus
LONGUS – longest
Fibularis Longus
BREVIS – short
Fibularis Brevis
TERTIUS – shortest
Fibularis Tertius
VASTUS – huge
Vastus Lateralis
36. LOCATION
Structure near which
muscle is found –
examples:
FRONTALIS – overlies the
frontal bone
OCCIPITALIS - overlies
occipital bone
BRACHII – arm
PECTORALIS – chest
37. DIRECTION OF FIBRES
Relative to the Midline
RECTUS – parallel to the
midline
Rectus Abdominis
TRANSVERSE –
perpendicular to midline
Transverse Abdominis
OBLIQUE – diagonal to
midline
External Oblique
38. NUMBER OF ATTACHMENTS
Indicates number of
tendons which attach it to
bone
BICEPS = Two
Biceps Brachii
Biceps Femoris
TRICEPS = Three
Triceps Brachii
QUADRICEPS = Four
Quadriceps Femoris
40. ATTACHMENT
Indicates bone it is attached to
(origin/insertion)
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
muscle: attached to
Sternum
Clavicle
Mastoid process
BRACHIORADIALIS
muscle: attached to
Brachium (arm)
Radius
42. QUADRICEPS FEMORIS
Four ‘headed’ muscle.
Made up of:
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Anterior part of thigh
(femur)
Prime mover of the
knee extension
Most powerful muscle in
the body.
43. SARTORIUS
Cross quadriceps from
lateral side of hip to
medial side of the knee.
Narrow straplike
muscle.
Longest muscle of the
body.
44. HAMSTRINGS
Group of 3 muscles
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Posterior part of thigh
(femur)
Flex knee (antagonists
of quadriceps)
45. GLUTEAL MUSCLES
3 muscles:
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Medius is site for
intramuscular injection.
Maximus forms mass of
buttocks
