Anatomy lab Al Azhar university Gaza

2. Introduction
* Regional anatomy (topographical
anatomy):
considers the organization of the human body
as major parts or segments
*Systemic anatomy:
is the study of the body's organ systems that
work together to carry out complex functions

3. Muscle
Consists predominantly of contractile
cells, produces the movements of
various parts of the body by contraction, and
occurs in three types:
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Smooth Muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle

4. Types of Muscle
• A. Skeletal Muscle
■ Is voluntary and striated; makes up approximately 40% of
the total body mass; and functions to produce movement of the
body, generate body heat, and maintain body posture.
■ Has two attachments, an origin (which is usually the
more fixed and proximal attachment), and an insertion (which
is the more movable and distal attachment).
■ Is enclosed by epimysium,a thin layer of connective
tissue. Smaller bundles of muscle fibers are surrounded by
perimysium.Each muscle fiber is enclosed by endomysium.

5. • Cardiac Muscle
■ Is involuntary and striated and forms the
myocardium, the middle layer of the heart.
■ Is innervated by the autonomic nervous system but
contracts spontaneously without any nerve supply.
■ Includes specialized myocardial fibers that form the
cardiac conducting system.
• C. Smooth Muscle
• Is involuntary and nonstriated
• Is innervated by the autonomic nervous system
• Undergoes rhythmic contractions

6. Skeletal MuscleCardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle

7. General Terms
Origin [head]:end of muscle attached to the bone
that is stationary.
Insertion: end of muscle attached to the bone that
.moves
Belly : largest portion between origin and
insertion.
Antagonist : muscle that do the opposite function.
Synergist : help other muscle to do the same
function.

8. Muscle Shapes
Grouped according to fasciculi [bundle of muscle
fibers- bound by connective tissue]
Pennate – fasciculi arranged like barbs of feather
Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate
Parallel – fasciculi arranged parallel to long axis of
muscle
Convergent- base is much wider than insertion
triangular shape
Circular –fasciculi arranged in circle around an opening
sphincters

10. How to name the muscle?
Direction of muscle fiber e.g. rectus mean straight.
Size of muscle e.g. gluteus maximums i.e. largest.
Location of the muscle e.g. temporalis over
temple.
Number of origins e.g. biceps, two, triceps three.
Location of origin and insertion e.g. sternomastoid
Shape of the muscle e.g. deltoid meaning
triangular.
Action of the muscle e.g. flexor, extensor.

11. Skeletal Muscle
Function of skeleltal muscles:
-Body Movement
-Maintenance of posture
-Production of body heat
-Communication

12. Skeletal muscles
Muscles function (contraction)
 of muscle to generate force when stimulated results from the
The generation of action potentials in the skeletal muscle cell
membrane (sarcolemma) triggers a sequence of events that
result in force development by the muscle. The unique ability
presence of motor proteins inside muscle cells.
 SARCOMERES Skeletal muscles consist of muscle columns, each
of which consists of a bundle of muscle cells (also called fibers
or myocytes) (Figure 1-11A). Muscle cells are multinucleate
and are bounded by the sarcolemma. Each myocyte contains
several cylindrical myofibrils, which display a distinctive
pattern of light and dark bands under the light microscope.

13. Muscles function (contraction)
 This striated appearance arises from the orderly arrangement of
structural and contractile proteins. Each repeating motif in the
striated pattern is called a sarcomere, which is the fundamental
contractile unit of skeletal muscle. Each sarcomere has the following
elements
■ A Z disk bounds the sarcomere at each end.
■ Thin fi laments, composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponins,
project from each Z disk toward the center of the
sarcomere.
■ Thick fi laments, composed of myosin, are present in the center
of the sarcomere and are overlapped by thin fi laments.
■ Sarcomeres line up end-to-end within a single myofi bril. The
darker areas that can be seen microscopically are denoted as

14. Muscles function (contraction)
A bands and correspond to the location of thick filaments.
 Lighter areas at the ends of sarcomeres are denoted as I band sand correspond to
thin filaments where no overlap with
thick fi laments occurs.
 The backbone of a thin fi lament is a double-stranded helix of
• actin.
• 2. The helical groove on the actin filament is occupied by tropomyosin.
Skeletal muscle contraction is regulated via a protein
complex that consists of tropomyosin plus attached troponin
subunits.
3. Troponin is a heterotrimer consisting of troponins T, C, and
I; troponin T anchors the trimer to tropomyosin; troponin C
binds Ca2+, which allows muscle contraction to occur; and
troponin I inhibits interaction between actin and myosin if
the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is low

15. Muscles contraction(see the sammary of mechanizm )

16. Muscle of the back
Superficial Bake
Muscle
Deep Bake
Muscle

17. SUPERFICIAL BACK MUSCLES
• TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE
* The trapezius muscle is the most superficial back
muscle. It attaches to the occipital bone, spinous processes
of C7–T12, and sacapula.
The trapezius muscle has a triangular shape
Function : elevation, upward rotation, retraction of
scapula

18. • LEVATOR SCAPULAE MUSCLE
The levator scapula muscle is located deep to the trapezius muscle
Function :causing elevation and downward rotation of the scapula.
• RHOMBOID MAJOR AND MINOR MUSCLES
The rhomboid minor is superior to the rhomboid major, with both
positioned deep to the trapezius muscle
Function: resulting in scapular retraction
• LATISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE
The latissimus dorsi is a broad, flat muscle of the lower region of the
back. It attaches to the spinous processes of T7
Function : The latissimus dorsi acts on the humerus (arm) causing powerful
adduction, extension,and medial rotation of the arm

19. Muscle of Back

20. THORACIC MUSCLES
• Pectoralis major muscle: Attaches to the
sternum, clavicle, and costal margins
Function : margin of the scapula.and cause flexion
and adduction of humerus
• Pectoralis minor muscle: Attaches
anteriorly on the thoracic skeleton to ribs 3 to 5
and superiorly to the coracoid process of the
scapula.
Function : margin of the scapula.

21. • Serratus anterior muscle : Attaches to ribs
and margin of the scapula .
Function : stabilizer of the scapula
• Subclavius muscle:
moves the clavicle inferiorly

22. INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
The area between ribs is the intercostal
space.
*Superficial muscle layer
active during inspiration
*Middle muscle layer
are most active during expiration.
*Deep muscle layer

23. Thoracic Muscle

24. Muscles of upper limp
Muscles of shoulder
Rotator cuff muscles. . These muscles consist of the
supraspinatus, infraspinatus,
teres minor, and subscapularis ..
Function: and provide stability and movement.
.to the
Muscles of arm
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm. Include the
coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles.
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
share common actions (flexion of the glenohumeral joint
and/or elbow)

25. MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
OF THE ARM

26. MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
OF THE ARM
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm. Consist of the
triceps brachii muscle. The triceps brachii is a extends from the
glenohumeral joint
The forearm
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm.
Many of these muscles share a common origin (medial epicondyle
of the humerus), common actions (flexion of
elbow, wrist, and digits),
Such Pronator teres muscle : produces pronation at the forearm
• Muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm.
Many of these muscles share a common origin (lateral epicondyle
of the humerus), common actions (extension of
the elbow, wrist, and digits),
Such Supinator muscle : contributes to supination of the
forearm.

27. MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
OF THE ARM

28. MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB
Gluteal muscles
The muscles of the gluteal region primarily act on the hip joint, producing
extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and abduction
These muscles
consist of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus,
piriformis, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, obturator
internus, quadratus femoris

29. • Thigh muscles
The deep fascia divides the thigh into anterior , medial, and posterior
compartments
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh such sartorius,
quadriceps muscles.
Function: extension of the knee and flexion of the hip
Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh, adductor
longus , adductor magnus .
Function : adduction of the hip
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh:
• semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris muscles.
Function : hip extension and knee flexion

30. Leg muscles.
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the
leg. Such the tibialis anterior
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the
leg. Consist of the gastrocnemius
Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg.
Consist of the fibularis

31. MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB

32. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
The muscles of facial expression are voluntary
muscles located in the superficial fascia.
The muscles of facial expression can be organized into the
:following groups
■ Scalp and forehead
• Frontalis: Connects with the occipitalis muscle by a cranial
aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica); and wrinkles the
forehead.
■ Muscles of the orbit
• Orbicularis oculi : Consists of orbital and palpebral portions,
forming a sphincter muscle that closes the eyelids.
• Corrugator supercilii : Located deep to the orbicularis
oculi; draws the eyebrows medially.

33. ■ Muscles of the nose
• Procerus : Wrinkles the skin over the root of the nose.
• Nasalis and levator labii superioris alaquae nasi :
Flare the nostrils.
■ Muscles of the mouth
• Orbicularis oris. Originates from the bones or fascia of the
skull and inserts in the substance of the lips, forming
Risorius. Draws the corners of the lips laterally.
• Depressor labii inferioris and depressor anguli oris:
Lower the bottom lip.
• Buccinator : Compresses the cheek when whistling, blowing,
or sucking; holds food between the teeth during chewing.

34. ■ Neck
• Platysma:
-Tenses the skin of the neck and lowers the mandible
-Primarily located in the neck, although it does have
attachments in the lower mandible and corners of the mouth

35. Facial Muscles

37. Notes
When we read this chapter form slids and show
the figure s only repeat the impotrant shaft
(don’t memorize all the figure that many shaft
just for learn more
Don’t forgent to ask forgive for us
Thank you

38. Revision