The document outlines the educational objectives focused on mobility, joint mobility, body alignment, and body mechanics, emphasizing the impact of exercise and the effects of immobility on health. It discusses principles affecting balance, factors influencing mobility, and the nursing process for clients with altered musculoskeletal systems, including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Additionally, it highlights the physical, mental, and emotional benefits of activity and the consequences of immobility on various body systems.

1. Activity and Exercise Pattern
By
Syed Yousaf Shah

2. Objectives
At the completion of this unit learners will be able to:
1. Define terms mobility, joint mobility, body alignments and body
mechanics.
2. Discuss the benefits of activity and exercise.
3. Identify the principles of gravity that affects balance.
4. Discuss factors affecting mobility.
5. Discuss the effects of immobility on human body.
6. Review A&P of muscular skeletal system and characteristics of
normal movement.
7. Describe the impact of immobility on Physiologic and Psychological
functioning.
8. Apply nursing process while planning for the client with altered
muscular skeletal system.

3. Mobility, Joint Mobility, Body Alignments and
Body Mechanics
• Mobility:
• Mobility refers to the ability of a joint or series of
joints to move freely through a full range of motion.
• It is essential for activities of daily living and physical
performance. Mobility can be affected by factors such
as flexibility, strength, joint structure, and soft tissue
health.

4. Mobility, Joint Mobility, Body Alignments and
Body Mechanics
• Joint Mobility:
• Joint mobility specifically refers to the range of
motion and movement capability of a particular joint
or multiple joints in the body. It encompasses the
flexibility, stability, and strength of the joint
structures, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and
muscles, that allow for smooth and coordinated
movement.

5. Mobility, Joint Mobility, Body Alignments and
Body Mechanics
• Body Alignment:
• Body alignment refers to the proper positioning and
arrangement of body parts in relation to each other and to
the surrounding environment.
• Good body alignment ensures that the bones, joints, and
muscles are optimally aligned to support efficient
movement and to minimize stress and strain on the body.
• Poor body alignment can lead to musculoskeletal
problems and increased risk of injury.

6. Mobility, Joint Mobility, Body Alignments and
Body Mechanics
• Body Mechanics:
• Body mechanics involves the use of proper movement
techniques and postures to perform tasks safely and
efficiently while minimizing the risk of injury or strain on
the body.
• It includes principles such as maintaining a stable base of
support, using the larger and stronger muscle groups
whenever possible, maintaining neutral spine alignment,
and avoiding awkward or excessive movements.
• Good body mechanics are important in various activities,
including lifting, carrying, bending, and sitting, both in
daily life and in occupational settings.

7. Benefits of Activity and Exercise
• Physical Health:
• Improved Cardiovascular Health
• Weight Management
• Stronger Bones and Muscles
• Better Balance and Coordination
• Enhanced Immune Function

8. Benefits of Activity and Exercise
• Mental Health:
• Stress Reduction
• Improved Mood
• Better Sleep
• Enhanced Cognitive Function

9. Benefits of Activity and Exercise
• Emotional Well-being:
• Increased Self-esteem and Confidence
• Social Interaction
• Sense of Purpose and Achievement

10. Principles of Gravity that Affects Balance
• Center of Gravity (COG)
• Base of Support (BOS)
• Line of Gravity (LOG)
• Gravity as a Force
• Equilibrium

11. Factors Affecting Mobility
• Physiological Factors:
• Muscle Strength and Flexibility
• Joint Health and Mobility
• Neurological Function
• Cardiovascular Health
• Age

12. Factors Affecting Mobility
• Biomechanical Factors:
• Posture and Alignment
• Gait Mechanics
• Balance and Coordination
• Psychological Factors:
• Fear of Falling
• Mood and Motivation
• Environmental Factors:
• Physical Environment
• Social Support and Community Resources

13. Effects of Immobility on Human Body
• Musculoskeletal System:
• Muscle Weakness and Atrophy
• Joint Stiffness and Contractures
• Bone Density Loss
• Cardiovascular System:
• Reduced Circulation and Blood Flow
• Orthostatic Hypotension

14. Effects of Immobility on Human Body
• Respiratory System:
• Decreased Lung Expansion
• Impaired Mucus Clearance
• Metabolic and Endocrine Systems:
• Muscle Wasting and Metabolic Changes
• Bone Metabolism
• Psychological and Functional Effects
• Depression and Anxiety
• Loss of Independence and Functional Decline

15. Characteristics of Normal Movement
• Smoothness
• Efficiency
• Coordination
• Balance and Stability
• Range of Motion
• Strength and Power
• Postural Control
• Adaptability
• Consistency
• Pain-Free

16. Impact of Immobility on Physiologic and
Psychological Functioning
• Physiological Impact:
• Musculoskeletal Changes
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Respiratory Complications
• Metabolic Changes
• Skin Integrity

17. Impact of Immobility on Physiologic and
Psychological Functioning
• Psychological Impact:
• Depression and Anxiety
• Loss of Autonomy
• Social Isolation
• Cognitive Decline

18. Nursing Process while Planning for the Client
with Altered Muscular Skeletal System
• Assessment:
• Gather data related to the client's musculoskeletal condition,
including medical history, current symptoms, mobility status, range
of motion, strength, pain level, and functional abilities.
• Assess for any factors contributing to the musculoskeletal alteration,
such as trauma, degenerative conditions (e.g., osteoarthritis),
inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), or neurological
disorders.
• Perform a physical examination to assess muscle strength, joint
stability, gait, posture, and signs of inflammation or deformity.
• Evaluate the client's ability to perform activities of daily living
(ADLs) and identify any limitations or challenges.

19. Nursing Process while Planning for the Client
with Altered Muscular Skeletal System
• Diagnosis:
• Formulate nursing diagnoses based on the assessment findings,
focusing on actual or potential problems related to the altered
musculoskeletal system.
• Examples of nursing diagnoses may include:
• Impaired physical mobility related to muscle weakness and joint
stiffness.
• Acute or chronic pain related to musculoskeletal injury or
inflammation.
• Risk for falls related to balance deficits or mobility limitations.
• Self-care deficit related to limitations in ADLs due to
musculoskeletal impairment.

20. Nursing Process while Planning for the Client
with Altered Muscular Skeletal System
• Planning:
• Establish goals and outcomes in collaboration with the client that are
specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
• Develop a comprehensive care plan that addresses the client's individual
needs and priorities.
• Interventions may include:
• Promoting mobility and range of motion through therapeutic exercises,
mobility aids, and positioning techniques.
• Providing pain management strategies such as medication administration,
heat or cold therapy, and relaxation techniques.
• Implementing fall prevention measures, including environmental
modifications and assistance with mobility.
• Educating the client and caregivers about proper body mechanics, safe
transfer techniques, and strategies to prevent complications.

21. Nursing Process while Planning for the Client
with Altered Muscular Skeletal System
• Implementation:
• Initiate the planned interventions according to the established
care plan.
• Monitor the client's response to treatment and adjust
interventions as needed based on ongoing assessment.
• Provide emotional support and encouragement to the client
and family members as they adapt to changes in mobility and
function.
• Collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as
physical therapists, occupational therapists, and orthopedic
specialists, to optimize the client's outcomes.

22. Nursing Process while Planning for the Client
with Altered Muscular Skeletal System
• Evaluation:
• Evaluate the client's progress toward achieving the established
goals and outcomes.
• Modify the care plan as necessary based on the client's
response to interventions and any changes in their condition.
• Continue to monitor the client's musculoskeletal status,
functional abilities, pain level, and overall well-being on an
ongoing basis.
• Provide reinforcement, encouragement, and education to
empower the client to maintain optimal musculoskeletal health
and prevent complications.