WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
WE CHAMPION HEALTH AND A BETTER FUTURE FOR ALL’
INTRODUCTION- WHO leads and champions global efforts to give everyone, everywhere, an equal chance to live a healthy life.
HISTORY- founded in 1948, 7 April
HEADQUARTERS- Geneva
OFFICES- 6 semi autonomus regional and 150 fields offices
DIRECTOR- Dr. Tedros Adhanam Ghebeyesus
OBJECTIVES-
Direction, co-ordination agencies
Collaboration with local bodies
Help the government in health services
Proper technological assistance
To attain highest possible level of health
Prioritize and support health
Formulate health policies
Disease inspection and analysis
Health education
GOAL: To ensure that a billion more people have universal health coverage, to protect a billion more people from health emergencies and provide a further billion people with better health and well being
ORGANIZATION: executive board, secretariat, world health assembly
FUNCTION:
FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH
Focus on PHCare
Sustainable financing and protection
Access to health products and medicines
Training of health workforce and advice on labor policies
Support people participation in National health policies
Increasing monitoring, data and information
FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES
Identification, mitigation and risk management
Prevention and support of development of tools
Detect and respond to acute health emergencies
Support delivery of essential health services
FOR HEALTH AND WELL BEING
Address social determinants
Promote intersectoral approach for health
Prioritize health in all policies and healthy settings
THROUGH WORK, ADDRESS
Prevention of non- communicable disease
Mental health promotion
Climate change
Antimicrobial resistance
Elimination and eradication of communicable disease
UNITED NATION FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITYINTRODUCTION- SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AGENCY
MISSION- To deliver a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe, and every young person’s potential is fullfilled
AIM- to improve reproductive and maternal health worldwide
ESTABLISHED YEAR- 1969 (1974 in INDIA)
HEADQUARTER- NEW YORK
DIRECTOR- Dr. Natalia Kanem (2017)
FUNCTION
Develop national healthcare
Increasing the access to birthcontrol
Leading campaigns against child marriage
Prevention of violence against gender
Prevention of female genital mutiliation
Treatment and prevention of STD and RTI
MCH care
HIV prevention and treatment
IEC on sexuality and treatment of infertility and Abortion
FOCUS area:
Reproductive health
Gender equality
Population and development strategies
Girl education
Political participation for women
FGM
Child marriage
UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 1965
ESTABLISHED- 22 November. 1965
HEADQUARTER- New York
HEAD- Achim steiner
STRUCTURE- 170 member countries and territories
INTRODUCTION-
Advocates for change and connect countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people bulid a better life for themselves
Encourages Human right protection, women empowerment in all its programme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
More Related Content
Similar to INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES BY ANUSHRI SRIVASTAV.pptx
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Damage to the spinal cord above the sacral region causes reflex incontinence. This condition causes loss of voluntary control of urination; but the micturition reflex pathway often remains intact, allowing urination to occur without sensation of the need to void
Overflow incontinence occurs when a bladder is overly full and bladder pressure exceeds sphincter pressure, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine. Causes often include head injury; spinal injury; multiple sclerosis; diabetes; trauma to the urinary system; and postanesthesia sedatives/hypnotics, tricyclics, and analgesia
Hyperreflexia, a life-threatening problem affecting heart rate and blood pressure, is caused by an overly full bladder. It is usually neurogenic in nature; however, it can be caused functionally by blockage
Diseases that cause irreversible damage to kidney tissue result in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
uremic syndrome- An increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood, marked fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, and convulsions characterize this syndrome. As the uremic symptoms worsen, aggressive treatment is indicated for survival
Nocturia - awakening to void one or more times at night
An excessive output of urine is polyuria.
. A urine output that is decreased despite normal intake is called oliguria.
increased urine formation (diuresis)
a stoma (artificial opening)
Urinary Retention. Urinary retention is an accumulation of urine resulting from an inability of the bladder to empty properly.
URINE OVERFLOW- The sphincter temporarily opens to allow a small volume of urine (25 to 60 mL) to escape. With retention a patient may void small amounts of urine 2 or 3 times an hour with no real relief of discomfort or may continually dribble urine.
pain or burning during urination (dysuria) as urine flows over inflamed tissues
blood-tinged urine (hematuria)
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a problem. It can be either temporary or permanent, continuous or intermittentUrinary elimination depends on the function of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Kidneys remove wastes from the blood to form urine. Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder holds urine until the urge to urinate develops. Urine leaves the body through the urethra. All organs of the urinary system must be intact and functional for successful removal of urinary wastes. Intact efferent and afferent nerves from the bladder to the spinal cord and brain must be present
INTAKE AND OUTPUT OF URINE
Assess the patient’s average daily fluid intake.
at home, ask him or her to estimate his or her intake by showing a measurement on a commonly used glass or cup
Special receptacles (urimeters) that attach between indwelling catheters and drainage bags are a convenient means of accurately measuring urine volume. A urimeter holds 100 to 200 mL of urine. After measuring urine from a urimeter, drain the cylinder
ASSISTING WITH THE USE OF BED PAN BY ANUSHRI SRIVASTAVA.pptxAnushriSrivastav
When a patient uses a bedpan, promote comfort and normalcy and respect the patient’s privacy as much as possible. Be sure to maintain a professional manner. In addition, provide skin care and perineal hygiene after bedpan use
Regular bedpans have a rounded, smooth upper end and a tapered, open lower end. The upper end fits under the patient’s buttocks toward the sacrum, with the open end toward the foot of the bed
. A special bedpan called a fracture bedpan is frequently used for patients with fractures of the femur or lower spine
Fracture bedpan - used for patients with fractures of the femur or lower spine. The fracture pan has a shallow, narrow upper end with a flat wide rim, and a deeper, open lower end. The upper end fits under the patient’s buttocks toward the sacrum, with the deeper, open lower end toward the foot of the bed.
Ordinary Bedpan
EQUIPMENTS
Bedpan (regular or fracture)
Toilet tissue
Disposable clean gloves
Additional PPE, as indicated
Cover for bedpan or urinal (disposable waterproof pad or cover)
ASSESSMENT
Assess the patient’s normal elimination habits.
Determine why the patient needs to use a bedpan (e.g., a medical order for strict bed rest or immobilization).
Assess the patient’s degree of limitation and ability to help with activity.
Assess for activity limitations, such as hip surgery or spinal injury, which would contraindicate certain actions by the patient.
Check for the presence of drains, dressings, intravenous fluid infusion sites/equipment, traction, or any other devices that could interfere with the patient’s ability to help with the procedure or that could become dislodged.
Assess the characteristics of the urine and the patient’s skin
Assisting With Use of a Bedpan When the Patient Has Limited Movement
Patients who are unable to lift themselves onto the bedpan or who have activity limitations that prohibit the required actions can be assisted onto the bedpan in an alternate manner using these actions
ASSISTING WITH THE USE OF URINAL BY ANUSHRI SRIVASTAVA.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Male patients confined to bed usually prefer to use the urinal for voiding.
The use of a urinal in the standing position facilitates emptying of the bladder
If the patient is unable to stand, the urinal may be used in bed. Patients may also use a urinal in the bathroom to facilitate measurement of urinary output.
Provide skin care and perineal hygiene after urinal use and maintain a professional manner
EQUIPMENT
Urinal with end cover (usually attached)
Toilet tissue
Clean gloves
Additional PPE, as indicated
ASSESSMENT
Assess the patient’s normal elimination habits.
Determine why the patient needs to use a urinal, such as a physician’s order for strict bed rest or immobilization.
Assess the patient’s degree of limitation and ability to help with activity
Assess for activity limitations, such as hip surgery or spinal injury, which would contraindicate certain actions by the patient.
Check for the presence of drains, dressings, intravenous fluid infusion sites/equipment, traction, or any other devices that could interfere with the patient’s ability to help with the procedure or that could become dislodged.
Assess the characteristics of the urine and the patient’s skin.
Document the patient’s tolerance of the activity. Record the amount of urine voided on the intake and output record, if appropriate. Document any other assessments, such as unusual urine characteristics or alterations in the patient’s skin.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
Urinal should not be left in place for extended periods because pressure and irritation to the patient’s skin can result. If patient is unable to use alone or with assistance, consider other interventions, such as commode or external condom catheter.
It may be necessary to assist patients who have difficulty holding the urinal in place, such as those with limited upper extremity movement or alteration in mentation, to prevent spillage of urine.
The urinal may also be used standing or sitting at the bedside or in the patient’s bathroom, if patient is able to do so.
Catheterization Procedure by Anushri Srivastav.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Catheterization of the bladder involves introducing a latex or plastic tube through the urethra and into the bladder. The catheter provides a continuous flow of urine in patients unable to control micturition or those with obstructions. It also provides a means of assessing urine output in hemodynamically unstable patients. Because bladder catheterization carries the risk of UTI, blockage, and trauma to the urethra, it is preferable to rely on other measures for either specimen collection or management of incontinence.
Types of Catheterization.
Intermittent and indwelling retention catheterizations are the two forms of catheter insertion
INTERMITTENT CATHETERIZATION
introduce a straight single-use catheter long enough to drain the bladder (5 to 10 minutes
When the bladder is empty, you immediately withdraw the catheter.
COMPLICATION- increases risk of trauma and infection.
INDICATION- It is common for people with spinal cord injury or other neurological problems such as multiple sclerosis to perform self– intermittent catheterization up to every 4 hours daily for months or years.
UTI rate is lower than for patients with long-term indwelling catheters.
INDWELLING CATHETERIZATION-
remains in place for a longer period, until a patient is able to void voluntarily or continuous accurate urine measurements are no longer needed
The straight single-use catheter has a single lumen with a small opening about 1.3 cm ( 1 2 inch) from the tip.
. Urine drains from the tip, through the lumen, and to a receptacle.
An indwelling Foley catheter has a small inflatable balloon that encircles the catheter just above the tip. When inflated the balloon rests against the bladder outlet to anchor the catheter in place.
The indwelling retention catheter often has two or three lumens within the body of the catheter . One lumen drains urine through the catheter to a collecting tube. A second lumen carries sterile water to and from the balloon when it is inflated or deflated. A third (optional) lumen is sometimes used to instill fluids or medications into the bladder. It is easy to determine the number of lumens by the number of drainage and injection ports at the end of the catheter
A second type of intermittent catheter has a curved tip
A Coudé catheter is used on male patients who may have enlarged prostates that partly obstruct the urethra. It is less traumatic during insertion because it is stiffer and easier to control than the straight-tip catheter
Plastic catheters are suitable only for intermittent use because of their inflexibility
Latex catheters are recommended for use up to 3 weeks. Be aware of allergies.
Pure silicon or Teflon catheters are best suited for long-term use (2 to 3 months) because of less encrustation at the urethral meatus
Balloon sizes range from 3 mL (pediatric) to large postoperative volumes (75 mL). In adults the 5-mL and 30-mL sizes are the most common: The 5-mL size allows for optimal drainage, whereas the 30-mL size is used after pros
Health System in INDIA BY Anushri Srivastav.pptxAnushriSrivastav
health system in India or Health organization is set up at three level
at central level
at state level
at district level
Headed by Union Ministry of health and family welfare
Apex body of health sector
Make health policies and plans
Instrumental and implements large scale national programmes
Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy (ISMH) established in March 1995.
ISMH renamed as AYUSH in November 2003.
Ministry of AYUSH formed in 9 November 2014
It has two statutory body
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF INDIAN MEDICINE (CCIM)
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF HOMEOPATHY (CCH)
Routes Of Drug Administration by Anushri Srivastava .pptxAnushriSrivastav
Routes of drug Administration is the main question in any interview you attend or in viva...Many of the times we get confused in between which routes is suitable for which drug and what are the advantages and the side effects.
So, here i have mentioned the routes, their types, sites, angles, and advantages and disadvantages.
There are basically 3 routes-
1. enteral route
2. Parentral route
3. Topical route
ORAL ROUTE
Most common and safest route
Oldest route
Two methods of administration:
Applying topically to the mouth
Swallowing for absorption along the GIT into systemic circulation
Abbreviation used: po
SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
Sublingual route of drug administration is where the drug is placed under the tongue
ADVANTAGES
Economical
Quick termination
First pass avoided
Quick absorption
DISADVANTAGES
Bitter drugs
Irritation oral mucosa
Large quantities not given
Few drugs are absorbed
BUCCAL ROUTE
The drug is placed between the gums and inner lining of the cheeks(buccal pouch) e.g.
ADVANTAGES
Avoid first pass effect
Rapid Absorption
Drug stability
DISADVANTAGES
Inconvenience
Advantages lost if swallowed
Small dose limit
RECTAL ROUTE
Drug is administered to rectum through enema and suppository e.g. chlorpromazine,
aspirin, etc.
ADVANTAGE
Used in child
Used in vomiting
DISADVANTAGE
Inconvenient
Absorption is slow and erratic
Irritation and inflammation of rectal mucosa can occur.
INJECTABLES
INTRADERMAL
SUBCUTANEOUS
INTRAMUSCULAR
INTRAVENOUS
INTRA-ARTICULAR
INTRA-ARTERIAL
INTRATHECAL
TIME OF ASSESSMENT
At place of birth
Postnatal assessment- done 3 times
Institutional Delivery
24hrs or next day
At time of discharge
Within 4-6 weeks age of baby
Home Delivery
Within 3 days
Other two assessments are same as institutional delivery.
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
Immediate after birth
APGAR Scoring
Review of maternal and perinatal history
Assessment of gestational age
Anthropometric Measurement
Detailed head to foot examination
APGAR SCORING
Given by Dr. Virginia Apgar
It contains 5 objective criteria and done twice , one minute after birth and five minute are birth.
If APGAR score is
10= best possible conditions
7-10 = no difficulty in adjustment in extrauterine life
4-6 = moderate difficulty or mild depression
Equal to or less than 3 = severe depression
At 5 min, APGAR correlates more closely with infants' neurologic status at one year of age
ASSESSMENT OF GESTATIONAL AGE AT BIRTH
last menstrual period is clue for calculation of gestational age but the mother may forget the last menstrual period or may suffer from menstrual irregularities.
physical characteristics is reliable to assess maturity but limited value in less than 36 weeks of maturity due to chances are intrauterine growth retardation.
neurologic characteristics are more reliable
FIRST DAY EXAMINATION
vital signs
general behavior
feeding behavior
pattern of elimination
anthropometric measurement
gestational assessment
skin
head
Face
Eyes
Nose
ears
Mouth
Nick
Chest
abdomen
Genitalia
back
Buttocks
hips
extremities
neurological
special senses
REFLEXES
Vital signs
Temperature is recorded usually by axillary method.
Temperature: 36.5 to 37.5 degree Celsius
Respiration: 30 - 60 breaths per minute
Blood pressure: 80/40- 60/25 mmHg
Pulse: 120 – 160 beat per minute
General behavior
posture , position, general alertness ,activity, crying ,response to stimulation, sleeping pattern , etc. should be assessed carefully.
Feeding behavior
suckling and swallowing reflex, vomiting regurgitation, choking, frothiness (which may be due to tracheoesophageal fistula) should be evaluated to detect associated problems.
Pattern of elimination
passage of meconium and urine should be observed and S for presence of any anomalies. the new unit passes urine and meconium within 24 hours and afterwards for first few days, the baby voids 10 to 15 times and average 6 stools per day.
Anthropometric measurement
head circumference : 35 – 37 cm
chest circumference :33- 35 cm
weight : 2.5- Well 3 kg
length : 48 – 53 cm (avg. 50 cm)
Gestational assessment
It can also be done on first day if it is not done on the day of delivery or if the baby is having any problem on that day.
Skin
detect cyanosis, jaundice, pallor and plethora. lanugo hair, vernix , skin turgor, edema, ecchymosis, petechiae, erythema toxicum (rash), dryness or peeling hemangiomas, Mongolian spot, etc. should we look for. presence of any abrasions.
World Health Organization developed the policy of health as a response to the problems of health in the developing countries, and established the primary health care concept. The strategy was introduced in 1978 in the first conference of WHO for health in the Alma Ata / Kazakhstan resulting 5 principles and 8 elements of PHC.
According to Alma Ata Conference,
Primary Health Care is an essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through their full participation and at the cost the community and country can afford.
According to World Health Organization,
Primary health care is a whole of society approach to health that aims at ensuring the highest possible level of health and wellbeing and their equitable distribution by focusing on peoples need and as early as possible along the continum from health promotion, rehabilitation and palliative care, and as close as feasible to peoples everyday environment.
concept/ principles
Equitable distribution
Community Participation
Focus on prevention
Use of appropriate technologies
Multi-sectoral approach
OBJECTIVES
To reduce in the prevalence of preventable, communicable and other disease
To provide comprehensive primary health care to the community through the Primary Health Centers.
To achieve and maintain an acceptable standard of quality of care.
To make the services more responsive and sensitive to the needs of the community
CHARACTERISTICS
Accessibility
Acceptability
Adaptability
Availability
Closeness
Comprehensible
Appropriateness
Continuity
Coordination
elements
Education for health
Locally endemic disease control
Expanded programs on immunization
Maternal and child health and family planning
Environment Sanitation and promotion of safe water Supply
Nutrition and promotion of adequate food supply
Treatment of communicable diseases and common illness
Supply of essential drugs
From Service delivery angle, PHCs may be of two
types, depending upon the delivery case load –
Type A PHC: PHC with delivery load of less than 20 deliveries in a month,
Type B PHC: PHC with delivery load of 20 or more deliveries in a month
PHC control by State Government
Current number of PHCs in India- 10,453
Recommended bed capacity for PHC – 4-6 beds
Each PHC acts as a referral center of- 6 Sub centers
OPD service- 6 hours
ROLE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
Planner/ Programmer
Care provider
Community Organizer
Service Coordinator
Trainer / Health Educator
Health Monitor
Change Agent
Recorder/ Reporter/ Statistician
Reseacher
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/primary-health-care
https://nhm.gov.in/images/pdf/guidelines/iphs/iphs-revised-guidlines-2012/primay-health-centres.pdf
The concept of Primary Health Centre (PHC) is not new to India. The Bhore Committee in 1946 gave the concept of a PHC.
According to K Park,
Primary health center as a basic unit, to provide, as close to the people as possible, an integrated curative and preventive health care to the rural populations with emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of health care.
The primary health center is the basic structural and functional unit of the public health services in developing countries, to provide accessible affordable and available primary health care to people.
The objectives of IPHS for PHCs are:
To provide comprehensive primary health care to the community through the Primary Health Centers.
To achieve and maintain an acceptable standard of quality of care.
To make the services more responsive and sensitive to the needs of the community.
From Service delivery angle,
PHCs may be of two types, depending upon the delivery case load – Type A and Type B.
Type A PHC: PHC with delivery load of less than 20 deliveries in a month,
Type B PHC: PHC with delivery load of 20 or more deliveries in a month
SERVICES
Medical care
Maternal Child Health care including family planning
MTP
Management of Reproductive tract infections/STDs
Nutrition Services
School Health
Adolescent HealthCare
Promotion of Safe drinking water and Basic Sanitation
Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
Collection and Reporting of vital events
Other National Health Programmes
Oral Health
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Health Education and Behavior Chang Communication
Referral Services
Training
Basic Laboratory and Diagnostic services
Monitoring and Supervision
Functional Linkage with Sub center
Mainstreaming Of AYUSH
Record and Reports of vital events
Selected surgical procedures
Maternal Death Review
INFRASTRUCTURE
Location
Area
Sign age
Entrance
Disaster Prevention Measures
Waiting Area
OPD
Wards
Operational Theatre
Labor Room
Minor OT/ Dressing Room/Injection Room/ Emergency
All the drugs available at the Sub-Centre level should also be available at the PHC, perhaps in greater quantities, (if required).
Oxygen Inhalation
Diazepam
Acetyl Salicylic Acid
Ibuprofen
Paracetamol
Chlorpheniramine Maleate
Dexchlorpheniramine Maleate
Dexamethasone
Pheniramine Maleate
Promethazine
Ampicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Cloxacillin , etc.
EMERGENCY DRUGS
Inj. Adrenaline,
Inj. Hydrocortisone,
Inj. Dexamethasone,
Ambu bag (Paediatric),
Sterile hypodermic syringe for single use with reuse prevention feature 2ml and 5ml syringes, Needles (Size 24, 22, 20).
AYUSH DRUGS
Ayurvedic Medicines for PHCs (Sanjivani Vati, Godanti Mishran)
Unani Medicines for PHCs (Arq-e-Ajeeb,Arq-e-Gulab)
Normal Delivery Kit.
Equipment for assisted vacuum delivery.
Equipment for assisted forceps delivery.
Standard Surgical Set (for minor procedures like episiotomies stitching).
Equipment for Manual Vacuum Aspiration.
Equipment for New Born Care and Neonatal Resuscitation.
IUCD insertion kit.
PHC
Myasthenia Gravis is a rare autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction characterized by the fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscles groups.
The peak age at onset in women is during childbearing years; in men the peak onset of myasthenia gravis is between the ages of 50 and 70 years.
June month is celebrated as myasthenia awareness month.
Myasthenia Gravis was first recognized as a distinct clinical entity by THOMAS WILL , a Oxford Physician.
The first modern description was made in 1877 by Samuel wilk , a London Physician
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles under your voluntary control.
According to WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION,
Myasthenia Gravis is an acquired disease of the neuromuscular junction characterized by muscular weakness and fatigability.
Myasthenia Gravis can be caused due to:
Idiopathic
Autoimmune attack
Autoantibodies to Acetylcholine receptors
Autoantibodies to Tyrosine kinase receptors
Thymic tumor
Congenital
Family History
Young Women(Age 20 and 30 )
Men aged 50 and older
People with vitamin deficiency especially Vitamin D
classification
Ocular Muscle weakness
Mild weakness of muscles other than ocular muscles
Moderate weakness of muscles other than ocular muscles
Severe weakness of muscles other than ocular muscles
Intubation
Clinical manifestation
Ptosis
Diplopia
Impaired speech
Dysphagia
Difficulty in chewing
Change facial expression
Generalized Weakness
Bulbar Symptoms i.e. weakness of muscles of face and throat
Bland facial expression
Dysphonia
It is a term for voice impairment
Impaired Facial motility and expression
Voice often fades after a long conversation
Muscles of the shoulder and hip are more often affected than the distal muscles
Myasthenia crisis is an acute exacerbation of muscle weakness resulting in respiratory failure.
triggers
Emotional Stress
Pregnancy
Menstruation
Another illness
Trauma
Temperature Extremes
Hypokalemia
Ingestion of drugs like Aminoglycosides, Anticonvulsants, etc
Psychotropic drugs like Benzodiazepines, Lithium, Antidepressants
complications
Aspiration
Respiratory Insufficiency
Respiratory Tract Infection
Cardiomyopathies
Any other autoimmune diseases
Diagnostic evaluation
History Collection
Physical Examination
Electromyography and Single fiber EMG
Tensilon test
IV injection of Anticholinesterase agent edrophonium chloride
Chest CT scan
Acetylcholine receptors antibodies
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Medical management
Anticholinesterase drugs like Physostigmine and neostigmine
Corticosteroids like Prednisone (alternate day)
Immunosuppressants like Azathioprine, Mycophenolate Mofetil ,etc.
Plasmapheresis
IV Immunoglobulin G
Surgical management
Thymectomy
Removal of thymus gland if there is a tumor exist.
Nursing management
Assess the patient condition
Provide comfortable position
Monitor Vitals
Assess for dyspnea, dysphagia, dysphonia ,etc
The kidneys contain many coils of tiny blood vessels. Each of these is called a glomerulus. Glomeruli filter substances from the blood into the urine. Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease where these coils become inflamed. This makes it hard for the kidneys to filter the blood.
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidneys.
It is of two type acute glomerulonephritis and chronic glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is defined as an inflammation of the glomerulus of the nephron in the kidney
Glomerulonephritis is defined as an inflammation or infection of the glomeruli
Glomerulonephritis is divided into two types:-
Acute glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis is an acute or sudden inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidneys
It is an immune mediated inflammatory disease of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli. the antigen antibody complex deposition within the glomeruli results in glomerular injury which is manifested as hematuria, oliguria, edema and hypertension
abrupt onset
commonly seen in preschool are in early school age group of male children
Incidence
twice more common in males
mostly seen in children between five and eight years of age
peak incidence is seen at seven years of age
Etiology and risk factor
Nephritogenic strains of Group A beta streptococcus hemolyticus (type 12)
Initial infection of upper respiratory tract on a skin usually one to three weeks before the onset of symptoms
Systemic autoimmune diseases. With these types of diseases, the body’s immune system attacks healthy cells by mistake. Systemic means that many parts of the body are affected. An example of this is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus).
Polyarteritis nodosa. This is an inflammatory disease of the arteries.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. This is a progressive disease that leads to widespread inflammation of all of the body's organs.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura. This disease causes small or large purple lesions (purpura) on the skin and internal organs. It causes other symptoms in several organ systems.
Alport syndrome. This is a form of inherited glomerulonephritis that affects both boys and girls. But boys are more likely to have kidney problems. Treatment focuses on preventing and treating high blood pressure and preventing kidney damage.
Hepatitis B. This infection can be passed from mother to baby or rarely contracted through a blood transfusion.
Other infections like bacterial endocarditis , viruses , HIV ,etc.
IgA nephropathy
Advanced ,irreversible impairment of renal function with or without symptoms
it may develop as primary disease or may occur in SLE ,drug induced nephropathies ,and polyarteritis nodosa
pathological changes – diffuse thickening of glomerular basement membrane are focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with variable deposition of immunoglobulin ,complement and fibrin.
GFR is reduced
mesangial cells proliferation may occur
Cancer of the oral cavity are associated with the use of tobacco and alcohol as they seems to have a synergistic carcinogenic effect.
More common after the age of 35 years, with 65 years behind the average age of diagnosis.
Oral cavity cancer is two times more common in men than in women.
The common sites of oral malignant lesions are lower lip (mostly), lateral border and undersurface of tongue, labial commissure and buccal mucosa.
According to NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE,
‘Oral cancer is defined as the cancer that forms in tissues of the oral cavity (the mouth) or the oropharynx (the part of the throat at the back of the mouth).’
According to FDI World Dental Federation,
‘Oral cancer is a type of head and neck cancer and is any cancerous tissue growth located in the oral cavity.’
Oral cancer is defined as the abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells in the oral cavity, characterized by lesions, thickened mass and dysphagia.
There are two types of oral cancer:-
Oral cavity cancer
(cancer that starts in mouth)
Oropharyngeal cancer
(cancer that starts in throat behind the mouth)
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a term used for the cancers of oral cavity, pharynx and larynx, accounts 90% malignant tumors.
The exact cause is unknown
Long term use of tobacco
History of frequent alcohol consumption
Prolong sunlight exposure may lead to lip cancer
Irritation from the pipe stem resting on the lip in Pipe smokers
HPV contributes 25% of oral cancer cases
Multiple oral sex partners
Low serum Vitamin A, C and E levels
Smoked meat ingestion
Poor oral hygiene
Recurrent herpetic lesion may lead to lip cancer
Immunosuppression
Syphilis
Chronic irritation (jagged tooth, ill fitting prosthesis, chemical or mechanical irritants)
TNM CLASSIFICATION OF ORAL CANCER
T- Primary tumor
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0 No evidence of primary tumor
Tis Carcinoma in situ
T1 Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension
T2 Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension
T3 Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension
T4a Tumor invades through cortical bone, into deep/ extrinsic muscle of tongue, maxillary sinus, or skin of face
T4b Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base, or encases internal carotid artery
N- Regional Lymph nodes
NX Regional lymph node cannot be assessed
N0 No regional lymph node metastasis
N1 Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension
N2 Metastasis in lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N3 Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
M- Distant Metastasis
M0 No distant metastasis
M1 Distant metastasis
Lip Cancer
Indurated
Painless ulcer
Tongue Cancer
Ulcer or area of thickening
Soreness or pain
Increased salivation
Slurred speech
Dysphagia
Toothache
Earache(later sign)
Oral Cavity Cancer
Leukoplakia
Also known as Smoker's patch, white patch
Therapeutic Positions are used to promote comfort of the patient.
Proper turning and positioning allows the health care provider to make clients, as comfortable as possible, prevent contractures, and pressure sore, and facilitate diagnostic test for surgical intervention.
To relieve pressure to new positions every 2 hours.
Three factors significant in positioning are- Pressure, Friction and Shear
According to Annamma Jacob,
Positioning is defined as placing the patient in good body alignment as needed therapeutically.
According to nurseinfo.in,
Positioning is defined as placing the person in such a way to perform therapeutic interventions to promote the health of an individual
PURPOSE
To promote comfort
To prevent complication
To stimulate circulation
To promote normal physiologic functions.
ARTICLES
Clean, dry, firm bed
Different types of mattress
Bed Boards
Pillows
Footboards/ Foot boot
Sandbags
Hand rolls
Trochanter rolls
Bed blocks
Over bed Table
Additional Sheets
Trapeze bar
PRINCIPLES
Maintain good body mechanics.
Obtain assistance as required.
Ensure that mattress is firm and level of bed is at working height.
Ensure that sheets are clean and dry.
Avoid placing a body part directly over another to prevent pressure.
Plan a regular position change schedule for the patient for 24 hours..
Ensure patient comfort.
Wash hand before and after procedure
TYPES OF POSITIONING
Fowler’s Position
Orthopenic Position
Prone Position
Lateral/ Side Lying Position
Sims’s Position/ Semi- Prone Position
Lithotomy Position
Trendelenburg Position
Reverse Trendelenburg Position
Supine Position
Dorsal Recumbent Position
Knee-chest Position
Rose Position
Other Position
FOWLER’S POSITION
Purpose
To relieve or minimize dyspnea
To relieve tension on abdominal sutures
ORTHOPENIC POSITION
High fowler’s position with over bed table placed in front of the client.
Client to rest with both hands on over the bed table/on pillow placed on it and lean forward. Leaning forward facilitates respiration by allowing maximum chest expansion.
Indications:
Patient with severe dyspnea
Cardiac Patients
Position for thoracentesis
Patient with chest drainage tubes
Relieve Respiratory distress
Pericarditis
ARDS
COPD
Emphysema
Asthma
PRONE POSITION
The client is in flat position only abdomen with head turned to one side. The head rest on a pillow, one or both hands beyond the head or at the sides.
Indication
Patients with pressure sores, burns, injuries, and operations on back
For patients after 24 hours of amputation of lower limbs
Position for renal biopsy
To prevents aspiration
NTD
Recovery positions after anesthesia
LATERAL POSTION
Also known as SIDE LYING POSITION.
Client lies on the side with weight on his hips, shoulder pillow support, and stabilizes. Upper most leg, arm, head and back.
In this position, trunk is right angle to bed.
Indication
To promote lung and cardiac function
During seizure attack and air embolism (Left lateral)
Patient with pyloric stenosis after meals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Datta Parul, Textbook of Pediatric Nursing, edition 4, The medical sciences publishers, 4838/24 Ansari road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, 110002, India
INTRODUCTION
Leukemia is the most common type of childhood malignancy.
It is characterized by persistent and uncontrolled production immature and abnormal WBCs.
It is a disease of abnormal proliferation and maturation of bone marrow which interferes with the production of normal RBCs, WBCs and platelets.
Leukemia is defined as uncontrolled neoplastic proliferation of leukocyte precursors.
According to National Cancer Institute,
Leukemia is defined as a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large number of abnormal cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.
95-98% of childhood leukemia are acute type.
70-75% of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
common malignancy of children less than 15 years.
peak incidence is four years of age.
males are more affected than females.
twice more common in white then black in children.
The exact cause is unknown.
viruses like HPV ,Epstein Barr virus ,human T cell lymphoma leukemia virus (HTLV).
Radiations
exposure to chemicals and drugs like benzene and Dilantin
familial predisposition
chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome
Genetic like Fanconi's anemia ,bloom syndrome
ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
Primary disorder of bone marrow in which normal bone marrow elements are replaced by immature or undifferentiated blast cells.
develop when lymphoid cell line is affected.
characterized by anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, especially granulocytopenia.
the incidence rate is one in 2000 live birth.
the peak age of onset is 3 to 7 years and males are more affected than females
According to French American British classification on the basis of cell morphology it is classified as
L1
L2
L3
According to type of cell it is classified as
T cell
B cell
Pre-B cell
Null cell
T cell
10 to 15% ,high risk ,seen in older children especially males ,featured as mediastinal mass ,hepatosplenomegaly ,high WBC count ,CNS involvement and has poor prognosis.
B cell
1 to 2% children ,aggressive form ,poor prognosis and high-risk type.
Pre-B cell
Good prognosis and respond well to therapy.
Null cell
No cellular surface markers (80% ).
Great imitator, with vague and varied signs and symptoms, resembling almost any disease.
Peripheral blood examination which shows decrease hemoglobin, RBC, hematocrit and platelet count
bone marrow analysis in which large number of lymphoblasts and lymphocytes with hypercellular visible.
chest X-ray
CSF
Chemotherapy
radiation therapy
bone marrow transplantation
supportive and symptomatic management
Chemotherapy
Remission induction chemotherapy
Vincristine, Prednisolone, Asparaginase and Adriamycin are given for 4-6 weeks.
maintenance therapy or systemic continuation
6 MP (Mercaptopurine) and MTX (Methotrexate) are given for 2.5-3 years.
late intensification or THERAPY
Measles is a highly infectious disease of childhood caused by Measles virus. It is characterized by fever, catarrhal symptoms of the upper respiratory tract infections followed by typical rash.
Measles is defined as an acute and highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes and a spreading skin rash.
Causative agent: Rubeola virus, a RNA virus of paramyxoviridae family
Reservoir: Human
Source: Infected Human
Period of Communicability: Approximately 4 days prior and 4 days after the appearance of the rash
Mode of Transmission:
Airborne transmission(virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours)
Droplet transmission i.e. it is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions
Portal of entry: Respiratory tract and Conjunctiva
Incubation Period: 10-15 days
Host:
Children between age of 1 and 5 years
Older children
Malnourished children
Environment: Winter and spring month ,Low socio-economic status .
Clinical manifestations of measles are in three stages:
STAGE 1: Prodromal/ Catarrhal Stage:
starts after 10 days of infection and lasts up to 3-5 days-
- Fever
- Malaise
- Coryza
- Sneezing
- Nasal Discharge
- Brassy Cough
- Redness of eye
- Lacrimation
- Photophobia
- Lymphadenopathy
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Koplik spot – grayish or bluish white spots, fine tiny grain like papules on a faint red base, smaller than the head of pin.
- Spots appear before the appearance of rash
- Found on buccal mucosa opposite to first and second molar
- Usually disappear after the rash, appears a day
Stage 2: Eruptive Stage:
- Typical irregular dusky red macular or maculopapular rash found behind the ears and face first, usually 3-5 days after the onset of disease
- Then it spread to neck, trunk, limbs, palms and soles in the next 3-4 days.
- Anorexia
-Malaise
-Cervical lymphadenopathy
-Fever and rash usually disappear in 4-5 days in the same order of appearance
- Fine shedding of superficial skin of face, trunk and limbs leaving brownish discoloration that persists 2 months or more
Stage 3: Convalescent or Post- Measles Stage:
-Fever and rash disappear
-Child remains sick for number of days and lose weight
- Gradual deterioration into chronic illnesses due to bacterial or viral infections, nutritional and metabolic disturbances or other complications.
prevention- Active Immunization with live attenuated vaccines 0.5 ml subcutaneously in single dose at 9-12 months of age.
management,nursing management, nursing diagnosis
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
TOP AND BEST GLUTE BUILDER A 606 | Fitking FitnessFitking Fitness
"Feature:
• Intelligent Ergonomically Design Glute Builder Is A Must Have For Those Looking To Target Their Gluteal Muscles And Hamstrings With Precision.
• The Ability To Adjust The Starting Position, This Machine Allows For A More Targeted Workout That Is Tailored To Your Specific Needs.
• Spacious And Supportive Cushioned Seat Provide Added Comfort And Stability During Your Workout."
Get more information visit on:- www.fitking.in
Our mail I.D:-care@fitking.in, fitking.in@gmail.com
Call us at :- 9958880790, 9870336406, 8800695917
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
For those battling kidney disease and exploring treatment options, understanding when to consider a kidney transplant is crucial. This guide aims to provide valuable insights into the circumstances under which a kidney transplant at the renowned Hiranandani Hospital may be the most appropriate course of action. By addressing the key indicators and factors involved, we hope to empower patients and their families to make informed decisions about their kidney care journey.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
2. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
‘WE CHAMPION HEALTH AND A BETTER FUTURE FOR ALL’
• INTRODUCTION- WHO leads and champions global efforts to give
everyone, everywhere, an equal chance to live a healthy life.
• HISTORY- founded in 1948, 7 April
• HEADQUARTERS- Geneva
• OFFICES- 6 semi autonomus regional and 150 fields offices
• DIRECTOR- Dr. Tedros Adhanam Ghebeyesus
3. • OBJECTIVES-
• Direction, co-ordination agencies
• Collaboration with local bodies
• Help the government in health services
• Proper technological assistance
• To attain highest possible level of health
• Prioritize and support health
• Formulate health policies
• Disease inspection and analysis
• Health education
4. • GOAL: To ensure that a billion more people have universal health
coverage, to protect a billion more people from health emergencies
and provide a further billion people with better health and well
being
• ORGANIZATION: executive board, secretariat, world health assembly
5. • FUNCTION:
1. FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH
1. Focus on PHCare
2. Sustainable financing and protection
3. Access to health products and medicines
4. Training of health workforce and advice on labor policies
5. Support people participation in National health policies
6. Increasing monitoring, data and information
6. 2. FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES
1. Identification, mitigation and risk management
2. Prevention and support of development of tools
3. Detect and respond to acute health emergencies
4. Support delivery of essential health services
3. FOR HEALTH AND WELL BEING
1. Address social determinants
2. Promote intersectoral approach for health
3. Prioritize health in all policies and healthy settings
7. 4. THROUGH WORK, ADDRESS
1. Prevention of non- communicable disease
2. Mental health promotion
3. Climate change
4. Antimicrobial resistance
5. Elimination and eradication of communicable disease
8. UNITED NATION FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITY
• INTRODUCTION- SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AGENCY
• MISSION- To deliver a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is
safe, and every young person’s potential is fullfilled
• AIM- to improve reproductive and maternal health worldwide
• ESTABLISHED YEAR- 1969 (1974 in INDIA)
• HEADQUARTER- NEW YORK
• DIRECTOR- Dr. Natalia Kanem (2017)
9. • FUNCTION
1. Develop national healthcare
2. Increasing the access to birthcontrol
3. Leading campaigns against child marriage
4. Prevention of violence against gender
5. Prevention of female genital mutiliation
6. Treatment and prevention of STD and RTI
7. MCH care
8. HIV prevention and treatment
9. IEC on sexuality and treatment of infertility and Abortion
10. • FOCUS area:
• Reproductive health
• Gender equality
• Population and development strategies
• Girl education
• Political participation for women
• FGM
• Child marriage
11. UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
1965
• ESTABLISHED- 22 November. 1965
• HEADQUARTER- New York
• HEAD- Achim steiner
• STRUCTURE- 170 member countries and territories
• INTRODUCTION-
• Advocates for change and connect countries to knowledge, experience and resources to
help people bulid a better life for themselves
• Encourages Human right protection, women empowerment in all its programmes
12. • AIM:
• To help poorer nations develop their human and natural
resources more fully
• To provide expert advice, training and grant support, to
develop countries with increasing emphasis on assistance to
least develop countries
Main
motto
No poverty
and industry
innovation
Zero hunger
and reduces
inequalities
Good
health and
wellbeing
Quality
education and
climate action
Gender
equality
and justice
Clean
water and
sanitation
Economic
growth
13. • FUNCTION/ THEMATIC AREAS-
1. Democratic governance
2. Poverty reduction
3. Crisis prevention and recovery
4. Environment and energy
5. HIV/AIDS
• UNDP IN INDIA-
• Help India achieve global MDG
• Consecutive five year plans
• Help to improve the lives of poorest women, men and marginalized people in INDIA
14. WORLD BANK
• FORMATION- JULY 1944
• TYPE- INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATION
• HEADQUARTERS- Washington, DC
• MEMBERSHIP- 188 countries(IBRD),178 countries(IDA)
• FOUNDER- BRITTEN WOODS
• PRESIDENT- JIM YONG KIM
• INTRODUCTION- AN international organization dedicated to provide financing,
advice and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement
15. • COMMITMENT-
• TO reduce poverty
• To increased shared prosperity
• To promote sustainable development
• MISSION-
• To end extreme poverty
• To promote shared prosperity (increase upto 40%)
• FUNCTION-
• Low interest loans
• Investing in education, health, infrastructure, agriculture, environment, and natural resource
management
• INDIA-
• Oldest member
• Journalism
• Works with partnerships
• INSTITUTION – IBRD (INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT) AND IDA (INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOSCIATION)
16. COOPERATIVE FOR ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF
EVERYWHERE (CARE)
• HISTORY- First care package in May 1946, in France at the end of world war II
• FOUNDED- 27 Nov 1945
• FOUNDER- Arthur cuming Ringland
• MD AND CEO IN INDIA- Rajan bahadur
• HEADQUARTER- Geneva, Switzerland
• FORMER NAME- COOPERATION FOR AMERICAN REMITTANCES TO EUROPE
• INTRODUCTION-
• Major international humanitarian agency
• Deliver relief and long term international development projects
• Global leader to save lives and ending poverty
17. • Vision- seek a world of hope, inclusion and social justice, where poverty has been
overcome and all people living in dignity and security
• Mission- work around the globe to save lives, defeat poverty and achieve social
justice
• Focus- CARE put women and girls in the centre because poverty cannot be
overcome until all people have equal rights and opportunities
• Principles-
1. Promote empowerment
2. Work with partners
3. Ensure accountability and promote responsibility
4. Address discrimination
5. Seek sustainable results
6. Do not harm
18. • Five programme outcome areas-
1. Food and nutrition security and climate change resilience
2. Humanitarian response
3. Right to life free from violence
4. Sexual, reproductive, and maternal health and rights
5. Women economic empowerment
• Objectives-
1. Serve individual anf families in the poorest communities in the world
2. Draw strength from our global diversity, resources and experience
3. Promote innovative solution and advocates for global diversity
4. Economic opportunity
5. Deliver relief services in emergencies
19. • FUNCTION;
• Emergency response
• Advocacy
• Climate change
• Education
• Maternal health
• HIV/AIDS
• Economic development
• Food security
• Water sanitation and hygiene
• Focus on women and girls
20. • CARE IN INDIA
• FAO collaboration
• Education, citizenship, cultural
• ICDS
• Provide agricultural aids
• Drug assistance
• Micronutrient deficiency control
21. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION (FAO)
• FOUNDED- 16 October, Quebec city, Canada
• HEADQUARTER- Rome, Italy
• GOAL- to achieve food security for all and make sure that people have regular
access to enough high quality food to lead active, healthy lives
• STRUCTURES- 5 regional offices, 11 sub regional offices, 6 liason offices
• MOTTO- let there be bread
22. • FUNCTION-
• HELP eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
• Make agriculture, forestries, and fisheries more productive and sustainable
• Reduces rural poverty
• Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food system
• Increase the resilience of livelihoods from disaster
• Control of zoonotic diseases
• Food surevilence
• Management of draught, famine, and plant disease
• Decrease food agriculture
23. UNITED NATION INTERNATIONAL CHILDRENS
EMERGENCY FUNDS (UNICEF)
• FOUNDED- 11 dec. 1946
• RENAMED- UN children’s fund
• FORMED BY- UN general assembly
• HEADQUARTER- NewYork
• DIRECTOR- Ms. Cynthia Mccaffrey oct 2022 (India)
• NATIONAL AMBASSADOR- Ayushmann Khurana
• VICE PRESIDENT- Michele Walsh
• ORGANIZATION- 36 member in executive board, 191 members, 200 worldwide offices
24. • GOALS-
1. Provide long term humanitarian and development assistance to children and mothers in
developing countries
2. Emphasize developing community legal services to promote health and well being of
children
• FOCUSED AREAS
• Child and nutrition
• Immunization
• Prevent spread of HIV
• Water and sanitation
• Hygiene
• Child protection
• Gender equaity
• Basic education-
25. • GOBI campaigns
• Growth charts to monitor child development
• Oral rehydration
• Breastfeeding
• Immunization
26. DANISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
(DANIDA)
• Denmark development cooperation
• Ministry of foreign affairs of Denmark
• Makes development policy
• Provides soft loan to developing countries and funding grants for projects
• AIM: to fight with poverty, save human rights and economic growth
• 28 permanent staff member
27. • DANIDA IN INDIA-
• Provide assistance for 3 national healthprogrammes in INDIA
• DANLEP- Danish National Leprsoy eradication programmes
• DANTB- Danish national TB control programme
• DANPCB – Danish national to control blindness
• FOCUSED AREAS-
• Human rights and democracy
• Green growth
• Social progress
• Stability and protection
28. • FUNCTION-
1. Eradication of poverty
2. Provide NGO’S support
3. Social and economic development
4. Human rights, prevent from terrorism, refugees
5. HIV/AIDS prevenition
6. Coordinate with local bodies to implement DANIDA
29. EUROPEAN COMMISSION 1951
• EUROPEAN UNION- super national political and economical union with 28 countries (in europe)
• FOUNDED- 1951
• HEADQUARTER- Brussels and Luxembourg
• DIRECTOR- Ursula Von der Leyen (1 dec 2019)
• MOTTO- unity in Diversity (2000)
• ORGANIZATION- 25 members in executive board
• DEPARTMENT-
1. Agricultural and rural development
2. Budget
3. Climate action
4. communication
• THEME- OUR WORLD, OUR DIGNITY, OUR FUTURE
• PRIORITIES- HEALTH AND EDUCATION
30. • SERVICES IN INDIA-
• Aid donor and recipient
• Development assistance (funding and advice)
• Basic services
• Primary health care
• Elementary education (5-13 yrs)
• Support Millennial Development Goals ( MDG)
31. INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS SOCIETY (IRCS)
• HEADQUARTER- Geneva, Switzerland
• FOUNDED- 9 feb 1863
• TYPE- International NGO
• PURPOSE- protecting victims of conflicts and providing them with assistance
• PRESIDENT- Mirjana Spotjaric egger (oct 2022)
• DAY- 8 May
• THEME- Everything we do comes from heart 2023
• MOTTO- Through humanity to peace
32. • MISSION-
1. To monitor compliance of warring parties with Geneva convention
2. To organize nursing care for those who are wounded on the battlefields
3. To supervise the prisoners of wars and make confidential interventions with detailing
authorities
4. To help with the search for missing persons in an armed conflicts
5. To organize protection and care for civil populations
6. To act as a natural intermediator between warring parties
• FOCUSED AREAS-
1. Humanity
2. Disaster response
3. Disaster preparedness
4. Health and community care
33. • FUNCTION-
1. Humanitarian activities
2. Disaster relief activities
3. Supply of relief materials
4. Temporary shelters
• IRCS IN INDIA-
• Work with national red cross
• Provide humanitarian aids and emergency response
• Maintaining blood banks and blood donations
• Maternal and child health services
• Provide comfort goods in hospital for patients
34. COLOMBO PLAN
• ESTABLISHED- 28 NOV.1950
• MEMBERS- Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan, New Zealand, Srilanka, UK (26 MEMBER
COUNTRIES)
• HEADQUARTERS- COLOMBO, SRILANKA
• CEO- Dharmshri, Wickrama Singh
• OBJECTIVES-
• Economical and social development of Asia
• Technical cooperation
• Transferring and sharing the developmental experiences and strategies
• PROGRAMME-
• Programme for public administration and environment
• Programme for private sector development
• Drug advisory programme 1973
• Long term scholarship programme
35. UNITED NATION EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND
CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
• ESTABLISHED- 4 NOVEMBER, 1946
• HEADQUARTER- PARIS
• ORGANIZATION- 193 members and 11 associate members
• GENERAL DIRECTOR- Ms. Audrey Azoulay (41 session)
36. • OBJECTIVE-
1. Peace and security
2. Collaboration with other nations for promoting, education, science, culture,
communication
3. Human rights
4. Justice
5. School project- ASPNET (12000 school)
1. ASPNET THEMES-
1. UN system (leadership and budget)
2. Human rights and democracy
3. Intercultural learning
4. Environmental issues
37. • FUNCTIONS-
1. Largest sector in Education
2. Removal of literacy with Adult Education
3. Distance education
4. Education of girls and women
5. Provide grants and fellowship
6. Education of disabled children
7. Organization of library system after 5 pm
8. Organize book fair at low cost
9. Promote science education
38. • SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES-
• Organize seminar and confrences
• Share info through mass media
• Courier- magzines
• Promote basic research facilities
• Financial support to engineering
• Technological schemes
• Increase manpower through educational training
• Decrease descrimination
39. • PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE-
• Provide technological advice and assistance and equipment and funds for preservation
of monuments
• Prepared world heritage list
• Aims to protect heritage
• Support artistic creation
• Provide travel grants
40. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)
• INTRODUCTION- ILO brings together government, employees and workers of 187
members states to sets labor standards, develop policies and devise programmes
promoting decent work for all men and women
• FOUNDED- 11 April 1919
• PILLARS OF ILO-
• Promotion of jobs and interviews
• Guarantee rights at work
• Social protection
• Promoting social dialogue
• HEADQUARTER- Geneva, switzerland
• CEO- GILBERT F HOUNGBO
• ORGANIZATION- 193 MEMBERS, 40 yield offices
41. • Work- gives an equal voice to workers, employers, and government to ensure that the
views of the social partners are closely reflected in labor standards and in shaping
policies and programmes
• Mission-
1. To promote rights at work
2. To encourage descent employment opportunities
3. To enhance social protection
4. To strengthen dialogue on work related issues
• Contribution- to reflect the belief that universal and lasting peace can be
accomplished only if it is based on social justice
• Objectives-
• Full employment and raising of living
• Protection for life and health of workers in all occupation
• Provision for child welfare and maternity protection
• Assurance of quality education
42. • IN INDIA-
1. Start serve 1922
2. First office in 1928
3. Making strategies and ground level approaches
4. Collaborative bargaining
5. Socio- economic development
6. Occupation health services
7. Right of safe and healthy working condition
8. Right of employment
9. Enough wages
10. Leave
11. Protection against unemployment
12. Arbitarily dismissed
43. UNION STATE AGENCIES FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT (USAID)
• INTRODUCTION-
• World’s premier international agency
• A catalytic actor driving development results
• ESTABLISHED- 3 NOVEMBER. 1961
• ADMINISTRATOR- Samatha Power
• MISSION-
1. Promote and demonstrate democratic values abroad, and advance a free, peaceful and
prosperous life
2. Lead international development and humanitarian efforts to save lives, to reduce poverty,
strengthen democratic governance, and to help progress beyong assistance
44. • OBJECTIVES-
• To support partners to become self reliant
• To reduce reach of conflict
• To prevent the spread of pandemic disease
• To act as world leader in humanitarian assistance
• To counteract the drivers of violence, instability, tranisitional crime, and other security
threats
• VALUES-
• Passion
• Excellence
• Integrity
• Respect
• Empowerment
• Inclusion
• Commitment to learning
45. • FUNCTIONS
• MCH Care
• Agricultural investment
• Life saving assistance
• Promote human rights, democracy
• Fostering private sector development
• Helping communities to adapt changing environment
• Eliivating the role of women and girls throughout the all work