The document outlines objectives related to respiratory and cardiovascular system functions, including factors affecting oxygenation, clinical manifestations of dysfunction, and nursing measures for patient care. It details a nursing process example for a patient with COPD and heart failure, with components such as assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention, and evaluation, alongside strategies for infection prevention. Additionally, it distinguishes between medical and surgical asepsis to enhance infection control.

1. Oxygenation: Respiratory Function &
Cardiovascular System

2. Objectives
1.Identify factors that can interfere with effective oxygenation of body
tissues.
2. Describe common manifestations of altered respiratory and
cardiovascular function.
3. Discuss lifespan-related changes and problems in respiratory
function and cardiovascular system.
4. Describe nursing measures to ensure a patient airway.
5. Apply Nursing Process and teaching plan for a client with altered
respiratory function and cardiovascular function.
6. Recognize the emergencies related to respiratory and cardiovascular
system.
7. Explain ways that caregivers can decrease the exposure of clients to
infection.
8. Differentiate between medical and surgical asepsis.

3. Factors that can Interfere with Effective
Oxygenation of Body Tissues
• Respiratory Conditions
• Cardiovascular Conditions
• Anemia
• High Altitude
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Airway Obstruction
• Neuromuscular Disorders
• Hypoventilation
• Environmental Factors

4. Common Manifestations of Altered
Respiratory and Cardiovascular Function
• Altered Respiratory Function:
• Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)
• Cough
• Wheezing
• Chest Pain
• Cyanosis
• Increased Respiratory Rate (Tachypnea)
• Abnormal Breathing Patterns
• Accessory Muscle Use

5. Common Manifestations of Altered
Respiratory and Cardiovascular Function
• Altered Cardiovascular Function:
• Chest Pain or Discomfort
• Palpitations
• Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)
• Edema
• Fatigue
• Syncope
• Cold Sweats
• Peripheral Cyanosis

6. Lifespan-related Changes and Problems in
Respiratory Function and Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System:
• Decreased Lung Elasticity
• Reduced Muscle Strength
• Alveolar Changes
• Decreased Ciliary Function
• Loss of Respiratory Reserve

7. Lifespan-related Changes and Problems in
Respiratory Function and Cardiovascular System
• Cardiovascular System:
• Arterial Stiffness
• Atherosclerosis
• Reduced Cardiac Reserve
• Valvular Changes
• Electrical Conduction Abnormalities

8. Nursing Measures to Ensure a Patient
Airway
• Assessment
• Positioning
• Suctioning
• Oxygen Therapy
• Airway Clearance Techniques
• Endotracheal Intubation
• Ventilator Management
• Emergency Airway Management
• Documentation

9. Nursing Process and Teaching Plan for a
Client with Altered Respiratory Function and
Cardiovascular Function
• For the purpose of this example, let's consider
a hypothetical patient named Mr. Smith, who
is a 65-year-old male diagnosed with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and
heart failure.

10. Nursing Process and Teaching Plan for a Client
with Altered Respiratory Function and
Cardiovascular Function
• Assessment:
• Gather information about Mr. Smith's medical history, including
COPD and heart failure diagnosis, previous treatments, medications,
and allergies.
• Assess Mr. Smith's respiratory status, including respiratory rate,
depth, and effort, breath sounds, oxygen saturation levels (SpO2),
and presence of cough or sputum production.
• Evaluate Mr. Smith's cardiovascular status, including heart rate,
blood pressure, peripheral edema, jugular venous distension, and
signs of fluid overload or congestion.
• Assess Mr. Smith's functional status, including ability to perform
activities of daily living and any limitations or symptoms
experienced.

11. Nursing Process and Teaching Plan for a Client with
Altered Respiratory Function and Cardiovascular
Function
• Diagnosis:
• Impaired Gas Exchange related to COPD as
evidenced by dyspnea, decreased oxygen saturation,
and hypercapnia.
• Decreased Cardiac Output related to heart failure as
evidenced by fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and
peripheral edema.

12. Nursing Process and Teaching Plan for a Client with Altered
Respiratory Function and Cardiovascular Function
• Planning:
• Goals:
• Improve oxygenation and ventilation to
maintain adequate gas exchange.
• Enhance cardiac output to improve tissue
perfusion and reduce symptoms of heart
failure.

13. Nursing Process and Teaching Plan for a Client with Altered
Respiratory Function and Cardiovascular Function
• Planning:
• Interventions
• Administer oxygen therapy as prescribed to maintain target oxygen
saturation levels (e.g., 88-92% for COPD patients).
• Monitor respiratory status closely, including oxygen saturation, respiratory
rate, and breath sounds.
• Encourage and assist Mr. Smith with pulmonary hygiene measures, such as
deep breathing exercises, coughing, and incentive spirometry.
• Administer bronchodilators and other respiratory medications as prescribed
to alleviate bronchoconstriction and improve airflow.
• Monitor fluid intake and output, daily weights, and signs of fluid retention.
• Implement measures to reduce fluid overload, such as sodium restriction,
diuretic therapy, and elevating the legs.
• Educate Mr. Smith about his condition, medications, and self-management
strategies.
• Collaborate with other healthcare team members, including respiratory
therapists, cardiologists, and dietitians, to optimize Mr. Smith's care.

14. Nursing Process and Teaching Plan for a Client with Altered
Respiratory Function and Cardiovascular Function
• Evaluation:
• Assess Mr. Smith's response to interventions by
monitoring vital signs, oxygen saturation, respiratory
status, and symptom improvement.
• Review progress towards goals and modify the care
plan as needed based on Mr. Smith's response to
treatment.

15. Nursing Process and Teaching Plan for a Client with Altered
Respiratory Function and Cardiovascular Function
• Teaching Plan:
• Objective:
• To educate Mr. Smith about his COPD and heart
failure, promote self-management skills, and enhance
adherence to treatment.

16. Nursing Process and Teaching Plan for a Client with Altered
Respiratory Function and Cardiovascular Function
• Teaching Content:
• Understanding COPD
• Managing Heart Failure
• Self-Management Strategies
• Follow-Up and Support

17. Emergencies Related to Respiratory and
Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory Emergencies:
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
• Pneumothorax
• Asthma Exacerbation
• Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
• Near-Drowning

18. Emergencies Related to Respiratory and
Cardiovascular System
• Cardiovascular Emergencies:
• Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
• Cardiac Arrest
• Acute Pulmonary Edema
• Aortic Dissection
• Arrhythmias

19. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Hand Hygiene:
• Encourage regular handwashing with soap and water
or the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers,
particularly before and after direct contact with
clients, after using the restroom, and before handling
food. Proper hand hygiene is one of the most
effective ways to prevent the spread of infections.

20. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
• Wear appropriate PPE, such as gloves, gowns, masks,
and eye protection, when providing care to clients,
especially when there is a risk of exposure to bodily
fluids, respiratory secretions, or other potentially
infectious materials.

21. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette:
• Educate clients and caregivers about covering their
mouth and nose with a tissue or their elbow when
coughing or sneezing, disposing of tissues properly,
and performing hand hygiene afterward. This helps
prevent the spread of respiratory infections such as
influenza or COVID-19.

22. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection:
Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces and
objects in the client's environment regularly, using
EPA-approved disinfectants. Focus on high-touch
surfaces like doorknobs, light switches, countertops,
and medical equipment to reduce the risk of
transmission via contaminated surfaces.

23. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Safe Handling of Linens and Waste:
• Handle soiled linens and waste materials
appropriately, using gloves and other PPE as needed.
Dispose of contaminated materials in designated
containers and follow established protocols for
laundry handling and disposal to prevent cross-
contamination.

24. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Promotion of Immunization:
• Encourage clients and caregivers to stay up-to-date
with recommended vaccinations, such as influenza,
pneumococcal, and COVID-19 vaccines, to reduce
the risk of vaccine-preventable infections.

25. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Education and Training:
• Provide education and training to clients, caregivers,
and staff members on infection prevention practices,
including proper hand hygiene, PPE use, and
respiratory etiquette. Reinforce the importance of
adherence to infection control protocols in
maintaining a safe and healthy environment for all.

26. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Monitoring and Surveillance:
• Monitor clients for signs and symptoms of infection,
such as fever, cough, or changes in mental status, and
promptly report any concerning findings to healthcare
providers.
• Implement surveillance systems to track healthcare-
associated infections and identify areas for
improvement in infection control practices.

27. Ways that Caregivers can Decrease the
Exposure of Clients to Infection
• Collaboration and Communication:
• Foster collaboration and open communication
among clients, caregivers, healthcare providers, and
infection control personnel to address infection
prevention challenges, share best practices, and
implement strategies to minimize the risk of infection
transmission.

28. Differentiate between Medical and
Surgical Asepsis
• Medical Asepsis (Clean Technique):
• Medical asepsis, also known as clean technique,
involves practices that reduce the number of
microorganisms and prevent their spread from one
person, place, or object to another.
• It is primarily used in routine patient care settings
outside the operating room.
•

29. Differentiate between Medical and Surgical
Asepsis
• Key features of medical asepsis include:
• Hand Hygiene
• Environmental Cleaning
• Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Standard Precautions
• Safe Injection Practices

30. Differentiate between Medical and Surgical
Asepsis
• Surgical Asepsis (Sterile Technique):
• Surgical asepsis, also known as sterile technique, is a
more stringent level of infection control designed to
create and maintain a sterile field during invasive
procedures, surgeries, and other sterile manipulations.

31. Differentiate between Medical and Surgical
Asepsis
• Key features of surgical asepsis include:
• Sterile Field
• Sterile Attire
• Sterile Instruments and Supplies
• Strict Technique
• No-Touch Technique