The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management, emphasizing its significance in smart cities and outlining various aspects such as waste types, generation, collection, treatment, and disposal methods. It highlights challenges faced in India, including waste characteristics, inefficient collection systems, and the environmental impacts of poor waste management practices. The document also provides a case study of Delhi and describes potential applications of solid waste, underscoring the need for an organized approach to waste management.

1. Municipal Solid Waste
BY
A VALUABLE JOURNEY
(SHARDA & KJANAND)
A REALAND REGULAR REQUIREMENT FOR SMART
CITY .
A REAL CHALLENGE OF ANY GROWING CITY

2. Content…
Solid Waste Management: Quantity, Composition and characteristics of
solid waste, Methods of solid waste collection, conveyance, treatment and
disposal.
In a nutshell “ Solid waste can be regarded as refuse or waste from any
kind of source”. But any refuse or waste can be economic resource to
others.

3. CONTENTS
1. BASIC CONCEPT OF MSW
2. TYPES OF WASTE
3. WASTE GENERATION AND LIFE STYLE
4. SWM SYSTEM
5. SOLID WASTE FROM WHERE
6. COMPOSITION AND CHARASTRICS OF WASTE
7. COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
8. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
9. A REAL APPLICATION OF SOLID WASTE
10. EXCRETA
11. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
12. INDIAN AUTHORITY CONCERN
13. A CASE STUDY OF DELHI

4. 1.BASIC CONCEPT
OF MSW

5. Basic terms related to solid waste
1. Ash : the non-combustible solid by-products of incineration or other
burning process.
2. Bulky waste: large wastes such as appliances, furniture, and trees and
branches, that cannot be handled by normal MSW processing methods.
3. Co-disposal: the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a
landfill or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of with
regular solid wastes.
4. Biodegradable material : any organic material that can be broken down by
microorganisms into simpler, more stable com-pounds. Most organic
wastes (e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable.
5. Compost : the material resulting from com posting. Compost, also called
humus, is a soil conditioner and in some instances is used as a fertilizer.
6. Composting : biological decomposition of solid organic materials by
bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.

6. 7. Disposal : the final handling of solid waste, following collection,
processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means placement of wastes
in a dump or a landfill.
8. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) : an evaluation designed to
identify and predict the impact of an action or a project on the environment
and human health and well-being. Can include risk assessment as a
component, along with economic and land use assessment.
9. Environmental risk assessment (EnRA) : an evaluation of the interactions
of agents, humans, and ecological resources. Comprised of human health
risk assessment and ecological risk assessment, typically evaluating the
probabilities and magnitudes of harm that could come from environmental
contaminants.
10. Garbage : in everyday usage, refuse in general. Some MSWM manuals
use garbage to mean "food wastes," although this usage is not common.
11. Landfilling : the final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a controlled
fashion in a place intended to be permanent. The Source Book uses this
term for both controlled dumps and sanitary landfills.

7. 12. Leachate : liquid that has seeped through a landfill or a compost pile and
has accumulated bacteria and other possibly harmful dissolved or
suspended materials.
13. MSW : municipal solid waste.
14. MSWM : municipal solid waste management.
15. Putrescible : subject to decomposition or decay. Usually used in reference
to food wastes and other organic wastes that decay quickly.
16. Refuse : all kinds of wastes in solid state excepting excreta from
residential, commercial and industrial area.
17. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) : fuel produced from MSW that has
undergone processing. Processing can include separation of recyclables and
non-combustible materials, shredding, size reduction, and pelletizing.
18. Rubbish : a general term for solid waste. Sometimes used to exclude food
wastes and ashes.
19. Waste-to-energy (WTE) plant : a facility that uses solid waste materials
(processed or raw) to produce energy. WTE plants include incinerators that
produce steam for district heating or industrial use, or that generate
electricity; they also include facilities that convert landfill gas to electricity

8. 2.TYPES OF WASTE

9. Kinds of Wastes
 Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially
common as co-disposal of wastes Examples: plastics, containers, bottles,
cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
 Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings,
chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries
and other sources

10. Classification of Wastes according to
their Effects on Human Health and the Environment
Hazardous wastes
waste that is reactive, toxic, corrosive, or otherwise dangerous to living
things and/or the environment. Many industrial by-products are hazardous.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or
economically.

11. Classification of Wastes according to their Properties
 Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
 Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, containers and others)

14. 3.WASTE GENERATION
AND LIFE STYLE

20. 4.SWM SYSTEM

27. 5.SOLID WASTE
FROM WHERE

28. From where these comes???

29. Solid Waste in India
 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
 One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
 Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
 In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of
high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped
on open low lying land areas.

30. Growth of Solid Waste In India
 In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3
million
 During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200 tonnes
to 5355 tonnes, an increase of 67%
 Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities
 City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum, the ever
increasing waste has put pressure on hygienic condition of the city
 Estimated waste generation is 1,00,000 MT/day.
 Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.20 to 0.60 kg.
 Waste collection efficiency in bigger sized cities ranges from 70 to 90% and
in small sized towns it is up to 50-60%.
 Local authorities spend less 5% of their budget on waste disposal and
maximum cost is incurred on street sweeping and collection and
transportation of waste.

31. S.No City Municipal solid Waste (TPD) Per capita waste (Kg/day)
1. Ahmadabad 1,683 0.585
2. Bangalore 2,000 0.484
3. Bhopal 546 0.514
4. Bombay 5,355 0.436
5. Calcutta 3,692 0.383
6. Coimbatore 350 0.429
7. Delhi 4,000 0.475
8. Hyderabad 1,566 0.382
9. Indore 350 0.321
10 Jaipur 580 0.398
11 Kanpur 1,200 0.640
12 Kochi 347 0.518
13 Lucknow 1,010 0.623
14 Ludhiana 400 0.384
15 Madras 3,124 0.657
16 Madurai 370 0.392
17 Nagpur 443 0.273
18 Patna 330 0.360
19 Pune 700 0.312
20 Surat 900 0.600
21 Vadodara 400 0.389
22 Varanasi 412 0.400
23 Visakhapatnam 300 0.400

32. MAJOR DEFICIENCIES
 Littering of garbage due to unorganized primary collection
 Provision and operation of interim storage facilities unsatisfactory
 Irregular garbage lifting
 Transportation system not synchronize with storage facilities
 Processing/ treatment of MSW not practiced
 Final disposal through dumping and not SLF
Effects of waste if not managed wisely
Affects our health
Affects our socio-economic conditions
Affects our coastal and marine environment
Affects our climate

35. 6.COMPOSITION AND
CHARASTRICS OF
WASTE

36. Composition of solid waste
 The general composition of solid waste being generated from the cities of
India is 40% Food & Garden waste, 5% glass & Ceramics, 3% Metal, 15%
inert, 4% Plastic/ Rubber, 6 % Textile, 27 % Paper.
 Total Organic Fraction - 40%, Combustible Fraction - 37%, Recyclables -
8%, Inert - 15%

37. Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2005

38. Characteristics of solid waste
Three types of characteristics:
1. Physical
2. Chemical and
3. Biological
• Physical characteristics
 This includes the determination of percent contents of various ingredients
of the solid waste.
 Bulk Density is generally calculated.
 Function of location, season, storage time, equipment used, processing
(compaction, shredding, etc.)
 Used in volume calculations.

39. Chemical characteristics
 Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy (WTE) calculations but
can also be used to estimate biological and chemical behaviours.
 Waste consists of combustible (i.e. paper) and non-combustible materials
(i.e. glass).

40. Proximate Analysis
 Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 C)
 Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 C,
closed crucible)
 Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM)
 Ash (temp = 950C, open crucible)
Fusing Point of Ash
 Clinker (agglomerations of carbon and metals) formation
temperature, 2000 to 2200 F
Ultimate Analysis
 Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.)
Energy Content
 Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters

41. Biological characteristics
Biodegradability
 Organic fraction often equated with the volatile solids (VS) content of the
waste
 However, not all organic materials are easily degradable
 Biodegradable fraction -
 Degradation produces odours
 Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (rotten eggs)
 Methyl mercaptans
 Aminobutyric acid
 Methane is odourless.
 Attracts flies, vermin, rodents (vectors)

42. 7.COLLECTION AND
TRANSPORT

43. Solid waste collection and transport
Factors considered:
i) Types of Containers:
- Depend on:
- characteristics of SW collected
– E.g. Large storage containers (Domestic SW: flats/apartment)
– Containers at curbs
– Large containers on a roller (Commercial/Industrial)
• Collection frequency
• Space available for the placement of containers
- Residential; refuse bags (7 -10 litres)
- Rubbish bins - 20 -30 litres
- Large mechanical containers - more commonly used to cut costs
(reduce labor, time , & collection costs)
- must be standardized to suit collection equipment

44. ii) Container Locations:
- side/rear of house
- alleys
- special enclosures (apartment/condos)
- Basement (apts. in foreign countries)/ newer complexes
iii)Public Health:
- relates to on-time collection to avoid the spread of diseases by vectors, etc.
iv) Aesthetics:
- must be pleasing to the eye (containers must be clean, shielded from
public’s view).
v) Collection of SW
- 60-80 percent of total SWM costs.
- Malaysia (other developing nations) - labor and capital intensive.
- Major problems:
– Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters
– Road congestion - time cost, leachate, transport costs.
– Physical infrastructure
– Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
– Absence of systematic methods (especially at apartments, markets with large
wst. volume).

45. Collections were made by:
1. Municipal/ District Council
2. Private firm under contract to municipal
3. Private firm contract with private residents

47. Types of collection
Municipal Collection Services:
a. Residential:
1. Curb (Kerb-side)
2. Alley
3. Set out and set back
4. Backyard collection

48. Curb (Kerb-side)
 House owner is responsible for placing solid waste containers at the
curb on scheduled day.
 The work man come, collect and empty the container and put back at the
curb.
 House owner is required to take back the empty containers from the
curb to his house.
 Quickest/ economical
 Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
 No need to enter property

49.  Collectors have to enter property
 Set out crew carries full containers from resident storage location to curb/
alley before collection vehicle arrives.
 Collection crew load their refuse into vehicle
 Set-back crew return the container to storage area.
Set-out, set back

50. Alley service
 The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up
by workmen from refuse vehicles who deposit back the empty container.

51. Backyard service
 The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel – barrow or sack or cloth
to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it.
 The bin is taken to solid waste vehicles where it is emptied.

52. Commercial-Industrial Collection Services:
i. Large movable and stationary containers
ii. Large stationary compactors (to form bales)

53. Collection Frequency:
 Residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days
 Communal/ commercial : daily
 Food waste - max. period should not exceed :
• the normal time for the accumulation of waste to fill a container
• the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and emit fouls odor
• the length of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days).

57. 8.TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL

58. Treatment and disposal of solid waste
Several methods are used for treatment and disposal. These
are:
1. Composting
2. Incineration
3. Landfilling
4. Pyrolysis
5. Recycling

61. Landfilling
 A landfill site is a site for the disposal
of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form
of waste treatment.
 Historically, landfills have been the most common
methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in
many places around the world.
 The dumping is done with layers of 1- 2 m.
 The layer is covered with soil of 20 cm thickness.

66. Advantages
Simple method.
No costly plant required.
No residues or by products need to be
disposed.
Separation not required.
Unused land can be used.
Methane gas can be used ass fuel.

67. Disadvantages
Large land required.
Proper dumping site may not be available.
Odor problem.
Use of insecticides required.
Leachate should be collected regularly.
Methane gas should be collected properly.
Green house gas problem.

68. Composting
 It is a process in which organic matter of solid waste
is decomposed and converted to humus and mineral
compounds.
 Compost is the end product of composting, which
used as fertilizer.
 Three methods of composting:
(a) composting by trenching
(b) open windrow composting
(c) mechanical composting

70. Composting by trenching
 Trenches 3 - 12 m long, 2 – 3 m wide and 1- 2 m
deep with spacing 2 m.
 Dry wastes are filled up in 15 cm. On top of each
layer 5 cm thick sandwiching layer of animal dung is
sprayed in semi liquid form.
 Biological action starts in 2- 3 days and
decomposition starts.
 Solid waste stabilize in 4- 6 months and changed into
brown colored odorless powdery form known as
humus.

72. Open windrow composting
 Large materials like broken glass, stone, plastic
articles are removed.
 Remaining solid wastes is dumped on ground in form
of piles of 0.6 – 1 m height.
 The width and length of piles are kept 1- 2 m and 6 m
respectively.
 Moisture content maintained at 60%.
 Temp. increases in side pile.
 After pile for turned for cooling and aeration to avoid
anaerobic decomposition.
 The complete process may take 4- 6 week.

74. Mechanical composting
It requires small area compare to trenching and
open windrow composting.
The stabilization of waste takes 3- 6 days.
The operation involved are
reception of refuse
segregation
shredding
stabilization
marketing the humus

76. Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that
involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal
treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the
waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
Incinerators are used for this process.

80. Important points regarding incineration
Supplying of solid waste should be continuous.
Waste should be proper mixed with fuel for
complete combustion.
Temp. should not less than 670 ˚C.

81. Advantages
Most hygienic method.
Complete destruction of pathogens.
No odor trouble.
Heat generated may be used for steam power.
Clinkers produced may be used for road
construction.
Less space required.
Adverse weather condition has no effect.

82. Disadvantages
Large initial expense.
Care and attention required otherwise
incomplete combustion will increase air
pollution.
Residues required to be disposed which require
money.
Large no of vehicles required for
transportation.

83. Pyrolysis
Heating of the solid waste at very high temp.
in absence of air.
Carried out at temp. between 500 ˚C – 1000
˚C.
Gas, liquid and chars are the by products.

85. Recycling
 Recycling is processing used materials into new
products .
 It reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,
reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution
(from incineration) and water pollution
(from landfilling).
 Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

86. Recyclable materials include many kinds
of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles,
and electronics.
Although similar in effect, the composting or
other reuse of biodegradable waste – such
as food or garden waste – is not typically
considered recycling.
Materials to be recycled are either brought to a
collection centre or picked up from the
curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed
into new materials.

88. 9.A REAL
APPLICATION OF
SOLID WASTE

89. Some terms we need to know
REFUSE:
Solid or semisolid waste matter produced in the normal course
of human activities. Generated from street sweepings,
markets, stable litter, industrial refuse, commercial refuse, etc.
RUBBISH:
Solid wastes originating in houses, commercial
establishments, industries, excluding garbage and ash.
GARBAGE:
Animal & vegetable wastes resulting from the handling,
storage, sale, preparation, cooking and serving of food.
ASH:
Residue from burning of wood, coal, charcoal and other
combustible materials used for cooking and heating purposes
in houses, industries etc.

90. • Street refuse
• Market refuse
• Stable litter
• Industrial refuse
• Domestic refuse
Sources of solid wastes
In most of the countries the per
capita daily solid waste produced is
between 0.25 to 2.5 Kg

91. • Galvanized steel dust bin with cover (for
households) – 0.05 to 0.1 cubic feet per
capita per day.
– A bin with capacity of 1.5 cubic feet for a
family of 5 members if collection is done every
3 days.
• Public bins.
Storage of solid wastes

92. • House-to-house collection
• Mechanical transport
• Dustless refuse collector
Collection of solid wastes

93. Methods of solid waste disposal
INSANITARY METHODS
1. Hog feeding
2. Dumping
SANITARY METHODS

94. 1. Sanitary landfill/ Controlled tipping
2. Composting
3. Incineration
4. Manure pits
5. Burial
6. Biogas plant
SANITARY METHODS
Methods of solid waste disposal

95. INSANITARY METHODS
Dumping
– Refuse dumped in low lying areas
– Bacterial action over time, decreases volume of
refuse which is gradually converted into humus
– Disadvantages
• Smell
• Unsightly appearance
• Free access to flies, rodents, hogs, dogs etc.
• Dispersal by wind
• Pollution of surface and ground water
Hog feeding

96. Dumping

97. 1. Sanitary landfill / Controlled
tipping
–Laying of dry and condensed refuse in a
trench or other prepared area with
intervening earth coverings.
–Anaerobic digestion of the refuse takes
place. The process takes 4-6 months to
complete.
SANITARY METHODS

99. 2-3meter
4-12 meter

100. • Trench method
– Level ground
– Trenches 4-12 m wide, 2-3 m deep
– Refuse is compacted and then covered with
excavated earth
• Ramp method
– Sloping terrain
• Area method
– Land depressions, disused quarries, pits
– May need soil from outside sources to cover
the compacted refuse

101. 2. Composting
–Method of combined disposal of refuse
and nightsoil or sludge.
–Organic matter breaks down under
bacterial action, producing “compost” –
used as manure.
SANITARY METHODS

102. BANGALORE
METHOD
MECHANICAL
COMPOSTING
VERMI-
COMPOSTING
Three methods of composting

103. Bangalore method
Anaerobic composting; also called “Hot
fermentation process”
IISc, Bangalore – Indian Council of
Agriculture Research

104. 800 metre

105. 90
cm
4.5 – 10 m
A Trench excavated for
composting

106. Anaerobic decomposition
4-6 months
Humus
NIGHTSOIL
15cm
5 cm
15cm
5 cm
25cm
REFUSE
REFUSE
NIGHTSOIL
REFUSE
Earth
NIGHTSOIL

107. Mechanical composting
Refuse
Pulverizing equipment
Pulverized refuse + Sewage/Sludge/Nightsoil
Incubation
(Temperature, pH, Aeration, Moisture controlled)
Complete composting
Screening
4-6 weeks

108. Vermicomposting
A method of garbage disposal
Garbage Earthworms
2-3 months
Compost

109. 3. Incineration
–Suitable for areas where land is not
available for sanitary landfill
–Example: Hospitals
–Disadvantages:
•Expensive
•No useful by-product
•Air pollution
SANITARY METHODS

110. 4. Manure pits
–Used in rural households
–Covered with earth after each days
dumping
–Two pits
–Within 5-6 months decomposed refuse
which is used as fertilizer
SANITARY METHODS

111. 5. Burial
–Suitable for small settlements/camps
–Decomposed matter may be ready for
use as manure within 4-6 months
SANITARY METHODS
1.5 m
2m
20-30 cm
40 cm
1 m
200 persons
1 week

112. 6. Biogas plant
• Biogas is produced by
the anaerobic breakdown
of solid waste /excreta.
• Biogas (Methane, CO2,
Hydrogen) can be used
as a fuel for any heating
purpose, such as
cooking.
SANITARY METHODS

113. 10.EXCRETA

114. Spread of disease from excreta

115. Sanitation barrier

116. Methods of excreta disposal
INSANITARY METHODS
1. Open defecation
2. Conservancy system/Cartage
SANITARY METHODS
WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

117. 1. Pit latrine
SANITARY METHODS
Methods of excreta disposal
2. Pour flush/Water seal latrine
3. Composting latrine
4. Aquaprivy
5. Septic Tank
6. Sulabh Shauchalya
7.Chemical closet
8. Biogas plant
9. Latrines suitable for camps and
temporary use
a. Simple pit latrine
b. VIP latrine
c. ROEC
a. Direct (Shelter over pit) & Indirect
(Offset pit)
b. Single pit & Double pit
c. PRAI & RCA latrine
a. Trench latrine
i. Shallow trench latrines
ii. Deep trench latrine
b. Bore hole latrine

118. INSANITARY METHODS OF
EXCRETA DISPOSAL

119. 1. Open defecation
2. Cartage (Conservancy
system)
•Example: Bucket latrine
•Disadvantages:
Smell
Flies
Health risk to people handling
the excreta
Health risk from food crops
fertilized with raw excreta
Bucket
latrine

120. SANITARY METHODS OF
EXCRETA DISPOSAL

121. 1a. Simple pit latrine

122. Locationofapitlatrine

123. Advantages&Disadvantages
• Advantages:
– Easy and cheap to construct
– Slab and shelter can be
reused
– Excreta are isolated
• Disadvantages:
– Unpleasant odors
– Flies

124. • Ventilated Improved pit latrine
• Reed Odorless Earth Closet
1b. VIP latrine & 1c. ROEC

125. VentilatedImprovedPit
Latrine 0.5 m
Semi
dark
Shelter

126. Windsheareffectdrawingair
uptheventpipe

127. • Pour flush latrines use a pit for excreta
disposal and have a special pan provided
with a “water-seal” of 20-30 mm.
• They need 1-3 liters of water for flushing
each time they are used.
• Advantages:
– No fly or smell problems
– Easy maintenance
• Disadvantages:
– Water is needed for their operation
– More expensive than pit latrines
2. Pour Flush/Water-seal
Latrine

128. Waterseallatrine

129. The Water Seal

130. 2a. Direct & Indirect WS Latrine
Direct Indirect

131. 2b.Single&Doublepit
WSL Double pit
WS Latrine

132. 2c. PRAI & RCA Latrine
• PRAI Latrine was developed by the
Planning, Research & Action Institute,
Lucknow
• RCA latrine was developed by the
Research Cum Action project of the
Ministry of Health

133. The RCA Latrine
1. Location
2. Squatting plate
3. Pan
4. Trap
5. Connecting pipe
6. The pit
7. Superstructure
8. Maintenance
9. Modifications

134. Location
•Depends on porosity of soil and ground water level
•Usually, at least 15 m away from water source
Squatting plate
•Made of impervious material (cement concrete)
•3’x3’x2”
•Raised footsteps
Pan
•Receives nightsoil, urine and water
Trap
•A bent pipe connected to the pan
•Holds water and serves as a water seal (2 cm depth)

135. Connecting pipe
•Needed when pit is sited away from squatting plate
•Not needed in Direct type RCA Latrine
•3.5” diameter with a bend at the end
The pit
•Covered, rectangular/circular
•75 cm diameter, 3-3.5 m deep
• Underneath squatting plate(Direct) or offset (Indirect)
Superstructure
Maintenance
•Regular cleaning of the squatting plate
•Flushing with 1-2 lts of water after every use

136. Modifications
•Using prefabricated squatting plate/pan made of china
clay
•Using a septic tank instead of the pit

137. 3. Composting Latrine
• Composting latrines are shallow vaults,
into which excreta, kitchen waste and
similar wastes are added.
• The waste & excreta breakdown together
to produce compost – fertilizer.
• Two shallow vaults are usually provided -
when one is full it is covered with soil and
left for at least two years – compost.
• The vaults must not receive water

138. Advantages&Disadvantages
• Advantages:
– Does not need to be moved and
new vaults do not have to be dug.
– Produces compost used as a
fertilizer
– Disposes kitchen waste as well
• Disadvantages:
– More expensive and more difficult
to build than VIP or WS latrine

139. • The aquaprivy is a water tight tank filled
with water into which excreta fall via a
drop pipe, connected to a seepage pit
(soakaway) to dispose of sullage and
effluent.
• Drop pipe must reach below surface of the
water.
4. Aquaprivy

140. The AQUAPRIVY

141. Advantages&Disadvantages • Advantages:
– Cannot be blocked with bulky anal
cleaning material
– Nil problem with odor or flies
– Can be connected to a sewerage
system at a later date
• Disadvantages:
– Expensive to build
– Need large volumes of water to work
– Water seal may be hard to maintain
– Tanks must be emptied about every 3
years

142. • Septic tanks are watertight chambers
(single, double or multi chambered) which
receive excreta and wastewater.
• They are connected to a soakaway which
receives liquid overflowing from the tank.
5. Septic Tank

145. WorkingofSepticTank
• Solids (“sludge”) settle down and are
purified by anaerobic digestion.
• The liquids (“effluent”) undergoes
aerobic oxidation in the upper layers
of the soil, outside the septic tank
proper.

146. Advantages&Disadvantages • Advantages:
– Isolation and treatment of excreta
– No odor or fly problems
– May be connected to sewerage system at
a later date
• Disadvantages:
– High cost of construction
– Need for periodic mechanical emptying
– Need for large volumes of flushing water
– Only suitable where flush toilets are used

147. • A low cost, water seal type of latrine
connected to a 3’x3’x3’ pit. It is a modified
handflush latrine with a specially designed
pan and trap – needs very little water for
flushing.
• Sulabh International, an NGO, maintains
Sulabh Community Latrines – ‘pay-and-
use system – in many parts of India.
6. Sulabh Shauchalaya

148. • It consists of a metal tank containing a
disinfectant fluid (Formaldehyde). A seat
with cover is placed directly over the tank.
• Water should not be thrown into the tank.
7. Chemical closet

149. 8. Biogas Plant

150. 9ai. Shallow Trench latrine
Access
path
Handwashing
facility
Dug soil (for back filling)
Trench depth
approx. 150
mm
Poles to attach
screening
Security screening
Superstructure

151. Plan View
1.5m
5 m 4 m
Approx
.
300mm

152. 9aii.DeepTrenchlatrine
Superstructure

154. 9b. Bore Hole Latrine
• Introduced in India by Rockefeller
Foundation in 1930’s as a component of
hookworm control programme.
• Consists of a circular hole dug by an
equipment called “auger”.

155. 20feet
16 feet

157. 11.WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

164. 12.INDIAN AUTHORITY
CONCERN

165. National Environmental Regulatory Framework

166. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

167. Greenhouse Gas Generation from Municipal Solid
Waste
• Based on the solid-waste generation in India, the approximate
greenhouse gas generation
• is calculated as follows.
• • Total solid waste generated in India 100,000 MT/day
• • Carbon content in waste 20–25% by weight
• • In biomethanation, 50% of the gas is converted into CO2
• and the rest is converted into CH4
• • Total quantity of greenhouse gas generation* 7,500 MT/day
• *Greenhouse gas generation = 100,000 × (20/100) × (12/16)

168. Flow sheet of Waste Recycling

169. 13.A CASE STUDY OF
DELHI

170. Geographic Details of Delhi
Local Body Area (sq km) Population (millions)
NCT Delhi 1,484.46 14.27
MCD 1,399.26 13.67
NDMC 42.4 0.46
Delhi Cantonment
Board
42.8 0.14

171. Sources of Solid Waste
• Sources Composition
• Residential units 1,800,000
• Commercial units 140,000
• Shopping complexes 7,600
• Weekly markets 100
• Wholesale establishments 24,600
• Hotels/restaurants 340
• Floating population 500,000
• Road sweeping length (single lane width) 30,000 km
• Delhi generates about 60,000 MT of hazardous waste per year from its 150,000
industrial
• units located in 28 approved industrial areas and several nonapproved areas. The
hazardous
• waste consists of cyanide sludge, paint/pigment waste, oil waste, effluent treatment
plant
• sludge, insecticide, and acidic/alkaline slurry. Industrial units dealing with
electroplating, dying,
• and pickling units generate most of the hazardous waste and sludge.

172. The Current Legal Framework for MSW in Delhi
• Act of 1957 relating to municipal solid-waste management are described with the
• following important sections.
• Section 42: Obligatory function of the corporation—the scavenging, removal, and disposal
• of filth, rubbish, and other noxious or polluted matters
• Section 350: Provision for daily cleansing of streets and removal of rubbish and filth
• Section 351: Rubbish, etc. to be the property of the Corporation
• Section 352: Provision for the appointment of receptacles, depots, and places for rubbish,
• etc.
• Section 353: Duty of owners and occupiers to collect and deposit rubbish, etc.
• Section 354: Collection and removal of filth and polluted matter
• Section 355: Collection and removal of filth and polluted matter through municipal
• agency
• Section 356: Removal of rubbish, etc. accumulated on premises from factories, workshops,
• etc.
• Section 357: Prohibition against accumulation of rubbish, etc.
• Section 358: Commissioner’s power to get premises scavenged and cleansed
• Fines
• Violations of sections 353, 354, 355(s), 356, and 357 are subject to fines ranging from
• INR25–100
• Section 357(1) “Keeping rubbish and filth for more than 24 hours” carries an additional
• daily fine of INR10
• In brief, the obligation of the MCD is to provide containers, depots, and places for waste
• disposal (and not necessarily as house-to-house collection).

173. Composition of Solid Waste

174. Solid-Waste Characteristics and Quantification
• The solid waste generated in Delhi is approximately 6,000–6,500
MT per day with a
collection efficiency of 95%.
• The chemical characteristics of solid waste are as follows: moisture
(43.65%), silt/inert (34%),
• organic carbon (20.47%), nitrogen (0.85%), potassium (0.69%), and
phosphorus (0.34%).

175. Key Elements of SWM
• 1.Collection and Sweeping
• The public roads and streets are swept by 49,000 sweepers. They
clean the roads and
• streets with large brooms on a daily basis, from 7 a.m. until night.
Generally, the sweepers
• sweep areas varying from 3,000 sq m to 12,000 sq m per day
• The Status of Environmental Compliance
• In compliance to the MSW rules, the following actions have been taken in the collectionof Municipal Solid Waste.
• House-to-house collection of waste: 70% of the area is covered by Resident Welfare
• Associations (RWA)/NGOs, which provide them with collection facilities.
• • Biomedical/industrial waste is not to be mixed with MSW. Biomedical waste is the
• responsibility of the hospital authorities.
• • The development of a collection and treatment facility for industrial waste in the city is
• in process.
• • Construction/demolition waste and horticulture waste are to be kept separately. There is
• partial compliance.
• • As per executive order, waste burning is banned.
• • No animals are allowed at community waste containers. There is partial compliance.

176. 2.Segregation and Awareness Program with All
Stakeholders
• Segregation of Municipal Solid Waste: On average, 10% of Delhi’s
area is covered, and
• citizens are practicing segregation.
• • Recycling and Recovery: 10% of the waste is being recycled in the
informal sector by
• rag pickers/kabariwalas.
• • Awareness Program and Community Participation: Group
awareness/training programs
• for waste segregation have been organized.

177. IMPLEMENTATION MEASURE
• Twin-chamber dhalao/receptacle, roadside bins based on the field survey
• Refuse removal trucks and refuse collectors for bins
• Twin-chamber rickshaws and specially designed wheelbarrows
• Safety devices and handling equipment like brooms, belchas, and panchangras
• Awareness campaigns through posters and flyers
• One-to-one meetings with the Resident Welfare Associations (RWA) for problem
identification and remedial measures Organization of training/awareness sessions for
the RWAs concerning segregation and composting by the community
• Training on composting in collaboration with the horticulture department and self-
helpgroups
• Development of training module for the MCD staff (in-house)
• The MCD has identified the manufacturers of biodegradable plastic bags and
community bins. These are provided to the community at predetermined places.
• MCD engaged private-sector operators in six MCD Zones (City, South, West, Central,
Karol Bagh, and Sadar Paharganj) to collect and transport solid waste.

178. 3.Storage
• The MCD has constructed 2,500 masonry-type community
receptacles/containers approximately
• 4 × 4 × 4 meters. These receptacles can accommodate around 12–
16 tons of garbage.
• Wherever the segregation of garbage is not taking place, rag pickers
segregate it at community
• receptacles. As per a survey done by an NGO, there are around
60,000 rag pickers working at
• receptacles in Delhi.

179. 4.Transport
• There are two kinds of systems existing in the city to transport waste
from community bins to landfill sites.
• 1. Conventional system: The MCD has provided 727 trucks and 120
loaders. To avoid
• spilling waste on the roads, plastic Hessian sheets are used to cover
the trucks.
• 2. Modified system: As mentioned above, the MCD has already
procured 1,100 color coded
• bins to segregate waste in selected areas. Biodegradable and non
biodegradable
• waste from these bins is transported by closed, hydraulically
operated vehicles to the
• landfill sites. The modified system has drastically reduced the
manual handling of waste.

180. 5.Treatment Processing
• Setting up of waste processing and disposal facilities by 31
December 2003: compost
• plant of 500 MT was commissioned in 2000
Monitoring the performance of waste processing and disposal
facilities once every six months: partial compliance
• Biodegradable waste free from contamination to be composted:
partial compliance Waste recycling: 10% being recycled by
unorganized sector

181. 6.Disposal
• The MCD has three controlled landfill sites for the disposal of MSW,
Bhalswa, Ghazipur,and Okhla, in different parts of the city. These
landfill sites are equipped with 3 computerized weighbridges, 26
bulldozers, 8 hydraulic excavators, and 6 backhoe loaders for
compacting and leveling the MSW received. Although these landfill
sites are not provided with liners, the leachate is being recirculated
through channels. The day-to-day mixed waste received at the SLF
sites is covered with building debris and earth. Wherever segregated
waste is received,separate biocells are created for its composting at
the SLF sites.
• Although landfill sites are barricaded and fenced ample number of
rag pickers can be seen at landfill sites.
• Monitoring the performance of waste processing and disposal
facilities once in six
• months: Partial compliance. Waste at disposal site should not be
burnt: Full compliance.

182. 6.Implemented Measures
• The technologies to be adopted for the disposal of solid waste have
been identified through the master plan study carried out with UNDP
assistance to the MCD.
• These technologies are as follows: windrow composting, in-vessel
composting, bio cell landfill, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), mass-burn
incineration, bio methanation, and processing construction and
demolition waste.
• Environment Management Plan of the Existing Landfill Sites
• The environment management plan of the three existing landfill sites
is in progress.
• These landfill sites are: Bhalaswa which receives more than 2,000
MT/day, Okhla, Phase 1, which receives more than 1,000 MT/day,
and Gazipur, which receives more than 2,000 MT/day

183. 7.Financial aspects
• The introduction of new landfills will increase transportation
considerably (127–144%).
• Solid-waste treatment will reduce the overall transport work by 15–
21%, compared to merely adding additional landfills in the future.
• The revenue model will depend on the income generated by
charges to the users of the facility.
• Sale of recyclable material

184. 8.Summary of the Financial Analysis for MSW
Treatment Technology Options,
2005–24 (in INR millions)
Technology Option Investments/Capital
Costs
O&M Costs
Composting 1,223.6 2,244.3
Bio-methanation 4,802.3 1,198.8
RDF with power generation 3,000.5 5,364.2
Construction debris and demolition
waste processing facility
775.0 975.8
Sanitary landfill with gas recovery
and power
generation, including closure costs
11,222.9 6,391.4
Total 21,024.3 16,174.5
• Sale of compost and power generation due to waste treatment
• The possibility of obtaining CDM credits through methane capture

185. 9.Comparison of Revenue Generation with
Respect to Treatment Technologies,
2004–24 (in INR millions)
• Revenue Source Estimated Revenue
• Power generation 14,731.3
• Sale of compost 1,759.3
• Sale of carbon credits 4,131.5
• Sale of C and D waste products 3,149.1
• Scrap value of plants and machinery in 2024 4,785.8
• Total 28,557.0
• The master-plan-project period deficit has been estimated at
INR8,641.7 million.

186. 10.Strategic Action Plan for a Sustainable SWM
System

187. 11.Issues to be strengthen
• Applying SWM without a local perspective would be misleading on the part of
developing countries. It is desirable to introduce locally suited SWM technology after
a detailed study.The study should address the following points.
• Efficient collection systems through color-coded bins
• Collection at fixed times
• Street and footpath sweeping on a daily basis
• Transporting waste in colored trucks based on the designated route
• An R&D cell for each municipality
• Controlled waste treatment and disposal facilities
• Route planning and time-motion studies
• Upgrading existing landfill sites and a system to manage the collection of gas
• Select new landfill sites for the next 20 years
• Safety kits and regular medical check-ups for workers
• New engineered SLF sites as legislated, with a gas-management and leachate-
collection system and encouraging private-sector participation by providing tipping
charges payable by the municipality