The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.[1] This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling.
Waste can take any form that is solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health.[2] It is produced due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials.[3] Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and sectors (residential and industrial).[4]
A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.[5]
A materials recovery facility is a specialized plant that receives, separates and prepares recyclable materials for marketing to end-user manufacturers.
There are three types of MRF:
Clean MRF
Dirty MRF
Wet MRF
Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.[1] This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling.
Waste can take any form that is solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it may pose a threat to human health.[2] It is produced due to human activity such as when factories extract and process raw materials.[3] Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and sectors (residential and industrial).[4]
A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity.[5]
A materials recovery facility is a specialized plant that receives, separates and prepares recyclable materials for marketing to end-user manufacturers.
There are three types of MRF:
Clean MRF
Dirty MRF
Wet MRF
Describes Solid Waste Classification, Characteristics, Process, Treatment Methods, Disposal Methods, 3R Principles, Advantages and Limitation of each Disposal Method, Case Study of Indore City
the litrature review of solid wast i have presented here. if any of you want to study it then you can easly . especially the students of Quetta Balochistan
THE ROLE OF SPCB IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT- INDIAN CONTEXTManoj Chaurasia
The presentation highlight the role of state pollution control boards in the municipal solid waste management and discusses the status of municipal solid waste treatment in Allahabad region.
Any material that is discarded ,useless or unwanted is considered as waste
Waste management is the collection, transport , processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
Present Reservation system have some fault and against of constitution and 5 yug is completed,hence new model of reservation is essential.We have to implement in 2017.
A CHALLENGE OF GOVT AND DOUBT ON GOVT WHY GOVT DELAYING TO TAKE ACTION.WHILE IT IS VERY ESSENTIAL TO FILL THE CASH.WE ARE EXPECTING 100LAKH CRORES MONEY IN CASH IS KEPT IN ROOM,MOSTLY OF LEADER.
To save cow and OX we have to stop the production of tractor .First to stop the production of tractor and farming by OX should be trained by 3 month short duration course.People will purchase the OX for farming and more farmer will get work.It will reduce the cost of production,fertility of soil will increase.joint family will become stronger.people will get job in village to easily survive.As OX will become again part of economy ,people will forget to sell the OX to market to kill them for eating
Creation of Smart City is the part of a valuable jouney.
We will request our friends to understand the basics to regulate the smart city .We will request to must read and pass on to understand the other regarding smart city
Oprah Winfrey: A Leader in Media, Philanthropy, and Empowerment | CIO Women M...CIOWomenMagazine
This person is none other than Oprah Winfrey, a highly influential figure whose impact extends beyond television. This article will delve into the remarkable life and lasting legacy of Oprah. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and firm determination.
The Team Member and Guest Experience - Lead and Take Care of your restaurant team. They are the people closest to and delivering Hospitality to your paying Guests!
Make the call, and we can assist you.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer solution manual.docxssuserf63bd7
https://qidiantiku.com/solution-manual-for-modern-database-management-12th-global-edition-by-hoffer.shtml
name:Solution manual for Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer
Edition:12th Global Edition
author:by Hoffer
ISBN:ISBN 10: 0133544613 / ISBN 13: 9780133544619
type:solution manual
format:word/zip
All chapter include
Focusing on what leading database practitioners say are the most important aspects to database development, Modern Database Management presents sound pedagogy, and topics that are critical for the practical success of database professionals. The 12th Edition further facilitates learning with illustrations that clarify important concepts and new media resources that make some of the more challenging material more engaging. Also included are general updates and expanded material in the areas undergoing rapid change due to improved managerial practices, database design tools and methodologies, and database technology.
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
Municipal solid waste a challenge-A VALUABLE JOURNEY
1. Municipal Solid Waste
BY
A VALUABLE JOURNEY
(SHARDA & KJANAND)
A REALAND REGULAR REQUIREMENT FOR SMART
CITY .
A REAL CHALLENGE OF ANY GROWING CITY
2. Content…
Solid Waste Management: Quantity, Composition and characteristics of
solid waste, Methods of solid waste collection, conveyance, treatment and
disposal.
In a nutshell “ Solid waste can be regarded as refuse or waste from any
kind of source”. But any refuse or waste can be economic resource to
others.
3. CONTENTS
1. BASIC CONCEPT OF MSW
2. TYPES OF WASTE
3. WASTE GENERATION AND LIFE STYLE
4. SWM SYSTEM
5. SOLID WASTE FROM WHERE
6. COMPOSITION AND CHARASTRICS OF WASTE
7. COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
8. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
9. A REAL APPLICATION OF SOLID WASTE
10. EXCRETA
11. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
12. INDIAN AUTHORITY CONCERN
13. A CASE STUDY OF DELHI
5. Basic terms related to solid waste
1. Ash : the non-combustible solid by-products of incineration or other
burning process.
2. Bulky waste: large wastes such as appliances, furniture, and trees and
branches, that cannot be handled by normal MSW processing methods.
3. Co-disposal: the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a
landfill or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of with
regular solid wastes.
4. Biodegradable material : any organic material that can be broken down by
microorganisms into simpler, more stable com-pounds. Most organic
wastes (e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable.
5. Compost : the material resulting from com posting. Compost, also called
humus, is a soil conditioner and in some instances is used as a fertilizer.
6. Composting : biological decomposition of solid organic materials by
bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.
6. 7. Disposal : the final handling of solid waste, following collection,
processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means placement of wastes
in a dump or a landfill.
8. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) : an evaluation designed to
identify and predict the impact of an action or a project on the environment
and human health and well-being. Can include risk assessment as a
component, along with economic and land use assessment.
9. Environmental risk assessment (EnRA) : an evaluation of the interactions
of agents, humans, and ecological resources. Comprised of human health
risk assessment and ecological risk assessment, typically evaluating the
probabilities and magnitudes of harm that could come from environmental
contaminants.
10. Garbage : in everyday usage, refuse in general. Some MSWM manuals
use garbage to mean "food wastes," although this usage is not common.
11. Landfilling : the final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a controlled
fashion in a place intended to be permanent. The Source Book uses this
term for both controlled dumps and sanitary landfills.
7. 12. Leachate : liquid that has seeped through a landfill or a compost pile and
has accumulated bacteria and other possibly harmful dissolved or
suspended materials.
13. MSW : municipal solid waste.
14. MSWM : municipal solid waste management.
15. Putrescible : subject to decomposition or decay. Usually used in reference
to food wastes and other organic wastes that decay quickly.
16. Refuse : all kinds of wastes in solid state excepting excreta from
residential, commercial and industrial area.
17. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) : fuel produced from MSW that has
undergone processing. Processing can include separation of recyclables and
non-combustible materials, shredding, size reduction, and pelletizing.
18. Rubbish : a general term for solid waste. Sometimes used to exclude food
wastes and ashes.
19. Waste-to-energy (WTE) plant : a facility that uses solid waste materials
(processed or raw) to produce energy. WTE plants include incinerators that
produce steam for district heating or industrial use, or that generate
electricity; they also include facilities that convert landfill gas to electricity
9. Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially
common as co-disposal of wastes Examples: plastics, containers, bottles,
cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings,
chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries
and other sources
10. Classification of Wastes according to
their Effects on Human Health and the Environment
Hazardous wastes
waste that is reactive, toxic, corrosive, or otherwise dangerous to living
things and/or the environment. Many industrial by-products are hazardous.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or
economically.
11. Classification of Wastes according to their Properties
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, containers and others)
29. Solid Waste in India
7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of
high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped
on open low lying land areas.
30. Growth of Solid Waste In India
In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to 12.3
million
During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from 3200 tonnes
to 5355 tonnes, an increase of 67%
Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities
City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum, the ever
increasing waste has put pressure on hygienic condition of the city
Estimated waste generation is 1,00,000 MT/day.
Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.20 to 0.60 kg.
Waste collection efficiency in bigger sized cities ranges from 70 to 90% and
in small sized towns it is up to 50-60%.
Local authorities spend less 5% of their budget on waste disposal and
maximum cost is incurred on street sweeping and collection and
transportation of waste.
32. MAJOR DEFICIENCIES
Littering of garbage due to unorganized primary collection
Provision and operation of interim storage facilities unsatisfactory
Irregular garbage lifting
Transportation system not synchronize with storage facilities
Processing/ treatment of MSW not practiced
Final disposal through dumping and not SLF
Effects of waste if not managed wisely
Affects our health
Affects our socio-economic conditions
Affects our coastal and marine environment
Affects our climate
38. Characteristics of solid waste
Three types of characteristics:
1. Physical
2. Chemical and
3. Biological
• Physical characteristics
This includes the determination of percent contents of various ingredients
of the solid waste.
Bulk Density is generally calculated.
Function of location, season, storage time, equipment used, processing
(compaction, shredding, etc.)
Used in volume calculations.
39. Chemical characteristics
Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy (WTE) calculations but
can also be used to estimate biological and chemical behaviours.
Waste consists of combustible (i.e. paper) and non-combustible materials
(i.e. glass).
40. Proximate Analysis
Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 C)
Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 C,
closed crucible)
Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM)
Ash (temp = 950C, open crucible)
Fusing Point of Ash
Clinker (agglomerations of carbon and metals) formation
temperature, 2000 to 2200 F
Ultimate Analysis
Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.)
Energy Content
Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters
41. Biological characteristics
Biodegradability
Organic fraction often equated with the volatile solids (VS) content of the
waste
However, not all organic materials are easily degradable
Biodegradable fraction -
Degradation produces odours
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (rotten eggs)
Methyl mercaptans
Aminobutyric acid
Methane is odourless.
Attracts flies, vermin, rodents (vectors)
43. Solid waste collection and transport
Factors considered:
i) Types of Containers:
- Depend on:
- characteristics of SW collected
– E.g. Large storage containers (Domestic SW: flats/apartment)
– Containers at curbs
– Large containers on a roller (Commercial/Industrial)
• Collection frequency
• Space available for the placement of containers
- Residential; refuse bags (7 -10 litres)
- Rubbish bins - 20 -30 litres
- Large mechanical containers - more commonly used to cut costs
(reduce labor, time , & collection costs)
- must be standardized to suit collection equipment
44. ii) Container Locations:
- side/rear of house
- alleys
- special enclosures (apartment/condos)
- Basement (apts. in foreign countries)/ newer complexes
iii)Public Health:
- relates to on-time collection to avoid the spread of diseases by vectors, etc.
iv) Aesthetics:
- must be pleasing to the eye (containers must be clean, shielded from
public’s view).
v) Collection of SW
- 60-80 percent of total SWM costs.
- Malaysia (other developing nations) - labor and capital intensive.
- Major problems:
– Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters
– Road congestion - time cost, leachate, transport costs.
– Physical infrastructure
– Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
– Absence of systematic methods (especially at apartments, markets with large
wst. volume).
45. Collections were made by:
1. Municipal/ District Council
2. Private firm under contract to municipal
3. Private firm contract with private residents
46.
47. Types of collection
Municipal Collection Services:
a. Residential:
1. Curb (Kerb-side)
2. Alley
3. Set out and set back
4. Backyard collection
48. Curb (Kerb-side)
House owner is responsible for placing solid waste containers at the
curb on scheduled day.
The work man come, collect and empty the container and put back at the
curb.
House owner is required to take back the empty containers from the
curb to his house.
Quickest/ economical
Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
No need to enter property
49. Collectors have to enter property
Set out crew carries full containers from resident storage location to curb/
alley before collection vehicle arrives.
Collection crew load their refuse into vehicle
Set-back crew return the container to storage area.
Set-out, set back
50. Alley service
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up
by workmen from refuse vehicles who deposit back the empty container.
51. Backyard service
The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel – barrow or sack or cloth
to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it.
The bin is taken to solid waste vehicles where it is emptied.
53. Collection Frequency:
Residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days
Communal/ commercial : daily
Food waste - max. period should not exceed :
• the normal time for the accumulation of waste to fill a container
• the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and emit fouls odor
• the length of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days).
58. Treatment and disposal of solid waste
Several methods are used for treatment and disposal. These
are:
1. Composting
2. Incineration
3. Landfilling
4. Pyrolysis
5. Recycling
59.
60.
61. Landfilling
A landfill site is a site for the disposal
of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form
of waste treatment.
Historically, landfills have been the most common
methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in
many places around the world.
The dumping is done with layers of 1- 2 m.
The layer is covered with soil of 20 cm thickness.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66. Advantages
Simple method.
No costly plant required.
No residues or by products need to be
disposed.
Separation not required.
Unused land can be used.
Methane gas can be used ass fuel.
67. Disadvantages
Large land required.
Proper dumping site may not be available.
Odor problem.
Use of insecticides required.
Leachate should be collected regularly.
Methane gas should be collected properly.
Green house gas problem.
68. Composting
It is a process in which organic matter of solid waste
is decomposed and converted to humus and mineral
compounds.
Compost is the end product of composting, which
used as fertilizer.
Three methods of composting:
(a) composting by trenching
(b) open windrow composting
(c) mechanical composting
69.
70. Composting by trenching
Trenches 3 - 12 m long, 2 – 3 m wide and 1- 2 m
deep with spacing 2 m.
Dry wastes are filled up in 15 cm. On top of each
layer 5 cm thick sandwiching layer of animal dung is
sprayed in semi liquid form.
Biological action starts in 2- 3 days and
decomposition starts.
Solid waste stabilize in 4- 6 months and changed into
brown colored odorless powdery form known as
humus.
71.
72. Open windrow composting
Large materials like broken glass, stone, plastic
articles are removed.
Remaining solid wastes is dumped on ground in form
of piles of 0.6 – 1 m height.
The width and length of piles are kept 1- 2 m and 6 m
respectively.
Moisture content maintained at 60%.
Temp. increases in side pile.
After pile for turned for cooling and aeration to avoid
anaerobic decomposition.
The complete process may take 4- 6 week.
73.
74. Mechanical composting
It requires small area compare to trenching and
open windrow composting.
The stabilization of waste takes 3- 6 days.
The operation involved are
reception of refuse
segregation
shredding
stabilization
marketing the humus
75.
76. Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that
involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal
treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the
waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
Incinerators are used for this process.
77.
78.
79.
80. Important points regarding incineration
Supplying of solid waste should be continuous.
Waste should be proper mixed with fuel for
complete combustion.
Temp. should not less than 670 ˚C.
81. Advantages
Most hygienic method.
Complete destruction of pathogens.
No odor trouble.
Heat generated may be used for steam power.
Clinkers produced may be used for road
construction.
Less space required.
Adverse weather condition has no effect.
82. Disadvantages
Large initial expense.
Care and attention required otherwise
incomplete combustion will increase air
pollution.
Residues required to be disposed which require
money.
Large no of vehicles required for
transportation.
83. Pyrolysis
Heating of the solid waste at very high temp.
in absence of air.
Carried out at temp. between 500 ˚C – 1000
˚C.
Gas, liquid and chars are the by products.
84.
85. Recycling
Recycling is processing used materials into new
products .
It reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,
reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution
(from incineration) and water pollution
(from landfilling).
Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.
86. Recyclable materials include many kinds
of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles,
and electronics.
Although similar in effect, the composting or
other reuse of biodegradable waste – such
as food or garden waste – is not typically
considered recycling.
Materials to be recycled are either brought to a
collection centre or picked up from the
curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed
into new materials.
89. Some terms we need to know
REFUSE:
Solid or semisolid waste matter produced in the normal course
of human activities. Generated from street sweepings,
markets, stable litter, industrial refuse, commercial refuse, etc.
RUBBISH:
Solid wastes originating in houses, commercial
establishments, industries, excluding garbage and ash.
GARBAGE:
Animal & vegetable wastes resulting from the handling,
storage, sale, preparation, cooking and serving of food.
ASH:
Residue from burning of wood, coal, charcoal and other
combustible materials used for cooking and heating purposes
in houses, industries etc.
90. • Street refuse
• Market refuse
• Stable litter
• Industrial refuse
• Domestic refuse
Sources of solid wastes
In most of the countries the per
capita daily solid waste produced is
between 0.25 to 2.5 Kg
91. • Galvanized steel dust bin with cover (for
households) – 0.05 to 0.1 cubic feet per
capita per day.
– A bin with capacity of 1.5 cubic feet for a
family of 5 members if collection is done every
3 days.
• Public bins.
Storage of solid wastes
95. INSANITARY METHODS
Dumping
– Refuse dumped in low lying areas
– Bacterial action over time, decreases volume of
refuse which is gradually converted into humus
– Disadvantages
• Smell
• Unsightly appearance
• Free access to flies, rodents, hogs, dogs etc.
• Dispersal by wind
• Pollution of surface and ground water
Hog feeding
97. 1. Sanitary landfill / Controlled
tipping
–Laying of dry and condensed refuse in a
trench or other prepared area with
intervening earth coverings.
–Anaerobic digestion of the refuse takes
place. The process takes 4-6 months to
complete.
SANITARY METHODS
100. • Trench method
– Level ground
– Trenches 4-12 m wide, 2-3 m deep
– Refuse is compacted and then covered with
excavated earth
• Ramp method
– Sloping terrain
• Area method
– Land depressions, disused quarries, pits
– May need soil from outside sources to cover
the compacted refuse
101. 2. Composting
–Method of combined disposal of refuse
and nightsoil or sludge.
–Organic matter breaks down under
bacterial action, producing “compost” –
used as manure.
SANITARY METHODS
109. 3. Incineration
–Suitable for areas where land is not
available for sanitary landfill
–Example: Hospitals
–Disadvantages:
•Expensive
•No useful by-product
•Air pollution
SANITARY METHODS
110. 4. Manure pits
–Used in rural households
–Covered with earth after each days
dumping
–Two pits
–Within 5-6 months decomposed refuse
which is used as fertilizer
SANITARY METHODS
111. 5. Burial
–Suitable for small settlements/camps
–Decomposed matter may be ready for
use as manure within 4-6 months
SANITARY METHODS
1.5 m
2m
20-30 cm
40 cm
1 m
200 persons
1 week
112. 6. Biogas plant
• Biogas is produced by
the anaerobic breakdown
of solid waste /excreta.
• Biogas (Methane, CO2,
Hydrogen) can be used
as a fuel for any heating
purpose, such as
cooking.
SANITARY METHODS
116. Methods of excreta disposal
INSANITARY METHODS
1. Open defecation
2. Conservancy system/Cartage
SANITARY METHODS
WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
117. 1. Pit latrine
SANITARY METHODS
Methods of excreta disposal
2. Pour flush/Water seal latrine
3. Composting latrine
4. Aquaprivy
5. Septic Tank
6. Sulabh Shauchalya
7.Chemical closet
8. Biogas plant
9. Latrines suitable for camps and
temporary use
a. Simple pit latrine
b. VIP latrine
c. ROEC
a. Direct (Shelter over pit) & Indirect
(Offset pit)
b. Single pit & Double pit
c. PRAI & RCA latrine
a. Trench latrine
i. Shallow trench latrines
ii. Deep trench latrine
b. Bore hole latrine
119. 1. Open defecation
2. Cartage (Conservancy
system)
•Example: Bucket latrine
•Disadvantages:
Smell
Flies
Health risk to people handling
the excreta
Health risk from food crops
fertilized with raw excreta
Bucket
latrine
127. • Pour flush latrines use a pit for excreta
disposal and have a special pan provided
with a “water-seal” of 20-30 mm.
• They need 1-3 liters of water for flushing
each time they are used.
• Advantages:
– No fly or smell problems
– Easy maintenance
• Disadvantages:
– Water is needed for their operation
– More expensive than pit latrines
2. Pour Flush/Water-seal
Latrine
132. 2c. PRAI & RCA Latrine
• PRAI Latrine was developed by the
Planning, Research & Action Institute,
Lucknow
• RCA latrine was developed by the
Research Cum Action project of the
Ministry of Health
133. The RCA Latrine
1. Location
2. Squatting plate
3. Pan
4. Trap
5. Connecting pipe
6. The pit
7. Superstructure
8. Maintenance
9. Modifications
134. Location
•Depends on porosity of soil and ground water level
•Usually, at least 15 m away from water source
Squatting plate
•Made of impervious material (cement concrete)
•3’x3’x2”
•Raised footsteps
Pan
•Receives nightsoil, urine and water
Trap
•A bent pipe connected to the pan
•Holds water and serves as a water seal (2 cm depth)
135. Connecting pipe
•Needed when pit is sited away from squatting plate
•Not needed in Direct type RCA Latrine
•3.5” diameter with a bend at the end
The pit
•Covered, rectangular/circular
•75 cm diameter, 3-3.5 m deep
• Underneath squatting plate(Direct) or offset (Indirect)
Superstructure
Maintenance
•Regular cleaning of the squatting plate
•Flushing with 1-2 lts of water after every use
137. 3. Composting Latrine
• Composting latrines are shallow vaults,
into which excreta, kitchen waste and
similar wastes are added.
• The waste & excreta breakdown together
to produce compost – fertilizer.
• Two shallow vaults are usually provided -
when one is full it is covered with soil and
left for at least two years – compost.
• The vaults must not receive water
138. Advantages&Disadvantages
• Advantages:
– Does not need to be moved and
new vaults do not have to be dug.
– Produces compost used as a
fertilizer
– Disposes kitchen waste as well
• Disadvantages:
– More expensive and more difficult
to build than VIP or WS latrine
139. • The aquaprivy is a water tight tank filled
with water into which excreta fall via a
drop pipe, connected to a seepage pit
(soakaway) to dispose of sullage and
effluent.
• Drop pipe must reach below surface of the
water.
4. Aquaprivy
141. Advantages&Disadvantages • Advantages:
– Cannot be blocked with bulky anal
cleaning material
– Nil problem with odor or flies
– Can be connected to a sewerage
system at a later date
• Disadvantages:
– Expensive to build
– Need large volumes of water to work
– Water seal may be hard to maintain
– Tanks must be emptied about every 3
years
142. • Septic tanks are watertight chambers
(single, double or multi chambered) which
receive excreta and wastewater.
• They are connected to a soakaway which
receives liquid overflowing from the tank.
5. Septic Tank
143.
144.
145. WorkingofSepticTank
• Solids (“sludge”) settle down and are
purified by anaerobic digestion.
• The liquids (“effluent”) undergoes
aerobic oxidation in the upper layers
of the soil, outside the septic tank
proper.
146. Advantages&Disadvantages • Advantages:
– Isolation and treatment of excreta
– No odor or fly problems
– May be connected to sewerage system at
a later date
• Disadvantages:
– High cost of construction
– Need for periodic mechanical emptying
– Need for large volumes of flushing water
– Only suitable where flush toilets are used
147. • A low cost, water seal type of latrine
connected to a 3’x3’x3’ pit. It is a modified
handflush latrine with a specially designed
pan and trap – needs very little water for
flushing.
• Sulabh International, an NGO, maintains
Sulabh Community Latrines – ‘pay-and-
use system – in many parts of India.
6. Sulabh Shauchalaya
148. • It consists of a metal tank containing a
disinfectant fluid (Formaldehyde). A seat
with cover is placed directly over the tank.
• Water should not be thrown into the tank.
7. Chemical closet
154. 9b. Bore Hole Latrine
• Introduced in India by Rockefeller
Foundation in 1930’s as a component of
hookworm control programme.
• Consists of a circular hole dug by an
equipment called “auger”.
167. Greenhouse Gas Generation from Municipal Solid
Waste
• Based on the solid-waste generation in India, the approximate
greenhouse gas generation
• is calculated as follows.
• • Total solid waste generated in India 100,000 MT/day
• • Carbon content in waste 20–25% by weight
• • In biomethanation, 50% of the gas is converted into CO2
• and the rest is converted into CH4
• • Total quantity of greenhouse gas generation* 7,500 MT/day
• *Greenhouse gas generation = 100,000 × (20/100) × (12/16)
170. Geographic Details of Delhi
Local Body Area (sq km) Population (millions)
NCT Delhi 1,484.46 14.27
MCD 1,399.26 13.67
NDMC 42.4 0.46
Delhi Cantonment
Board
42.8 0.14
171. Sources of Solid Waste
• Sources Composition
• Residential units 1,800,000
• Commercial units 140,000
• Shopping complexes 7,600
• Weekly markets 100
• Wholesale establishments 24,600
• Hotels/restaurants 340
• Floating population 500,000
• Road sweeping length (single lane width) 30,000 km
• Delhi generates about 60,000 MT of hazardous waste per year from its 150,000
industrial
• units located in 28 approved industrial areas and several nonapproved areas. The
hazardous
• waste consists of cyanide sludge, paint/pigment waste, oil waste, effluent treatment
plant
• sludge, insecticide, and acidic/alkaline slurry. Industrial units dealing with
electroplating, dying,
• and pickling units generate most of the hazardous waste and sludge.
172. The Current Legal Framework for MSW in Delhi
• Act of 1957 relating to municipal solid-waste management are described with the
• following important sections.
• Section 42: Obligatory function of the corporation—the scavenging, removal, and disposal
• of filth, rubbish, and other noxious or polluted matters
• Section 350: Provision for daily cleansing of streets and removal of rubbish and filth
• Section 351: Rubbish, etc. to be the property of the Corporation
• Section 352: Provision for the appointment of receptacles, depots, and places for rubbish,
• etc.
• Section 353: Duty of owners and occupiers to collect and deposit rubbish, etc.
• Section 354: Collection and removal of filth and polluted matter
• Section 355: Collection and removal of filth and polluted matter through municipal
• agency
• Section 356: Removal of rubbish, etc. accumulated on premises from factories, workshops,
• etc.
• Section 357: Prohibition against accumulation of rubbish, etc.
• Section 358: Commissioner’s power to get premises scavenged and cleansed
• Fines
• Violations of sections 353, 354, 355(s), 356, and 357 are subject to fines ranging from
• INR25–100
• Section 357(1) “Keeping rubbish and filth for more than 24 hours” carries an additional
• daily fine of INR10
• In brief, the obligation of the MCD is to provide containers, depots, and places for waste
• disposal (and not necessarily as house-to-house collection).
174. Solid-Waste Characteristics and Quantification
• The solid waste generated in Delhi is approximately 6,000–6,500
MT per day with a
collection efficiency of 95%.
• The chemical characteristics of solid waste are as follows: moisture
(43.65%), silt/inert (34%),
• organic carbon (20.47%), nitrogen (0.85%), potassium (0.69%), and
phosphorus (0.34%).
175. Key Elements of SWM
• 1.Collection and Sweeping
• The public roads and streets are swept by 49,000 sweepers. They
clean the roads and
• streets with large brooms on a daily basis, from 7 a.m. until night.
Generally, the sweepers
• sweep areas varying from 3,000 sq m to 12,000 sq m per day
• The Status of Environmental Compliance
• In compliance to the MSW rules, the following actions have been taken in the collectionof Municipal Solid Waste.
• House-to-house collection of waste: 70% of the area is covered by Resident Welfare
• Associations (RWA)/NGOs, which provide them with collection facilities.
• • Biomedical/industrial waste is not to be mixed with MSW. Biomedical waste is the
• responsibility of the hospital authorities.
• • The development of a collection and treatment facility for industrial waste in the city is
• in process.
• • Construction/demolition waste and horticulture waste are to be kept separately. There is
• partial compliance.
• • As per executive order, waste burning is banned.
• • No animals are allowed at community waste containers. There is partial compliance.
176. 2.Segregation and Awareness Program with All
Stakeholders
• Segregation of Municipal Solid Waste: On average, 10% of Delhi’s
area is covered, and
• citizens are practicing segregation.
• • Recycling and Recovery: 10% of the waste is being recycled in the
informal sector by
• rag pickers/kabariwalas.
• • Awareness Program and Community Participation: Group
awareness/training programs
• for waste segregation have been organized.
177. IMPLEMENTATION MEASURE
• Twin-chamber dhalao/receptacle, roadside bins based on the field survey
• Refuse removal trucks and refuse collectors for bins
• Twin-chamber rickshaws and specially designed wheelbarrows
• Safety devices and handling equipment like brooms, belchas, and panchangras
• Awareness campaigns through posters and flyers
• One-to-one meetings with the Resident Welfare Associations (RWA) for problem
identification and remedial measures Organization of training/awareness sessions for
the RWAs concerning segregation and composting by the community
• Training on composting in collaboration with the horticulture department and self-
helpgroups
• Development of training module for the MCD staff (in-house)
• The MCD has identified the manufacturers of biodegradable plastic bags and
community bins. These are provided to the community at predetermined places.
• MCD engaged private-sector operators in six MCD Zones (City, South, West, Central,
Karol Bagh, and Sadar Paharganj) to collect and transport solid waste.
178. 3.Storage
• The MCD has constructed 2,500 masonry-type community
receptacles/containers approximately
• 4 × 4 × 4 meters. These receptacles can accommodate around 12–
16 tons of garbage.
• Wherever the segregation of garbage is not taking place, rag pickers
segregate it at community
• receptacles. As per a survey done by an NGO, there are around
60,000 rag pickers working at
• receptacles in Delhi.
179. 4.Transport
• There are two kinds of systems existing in the city to transport waste
from community bins to landfill sites.
• 1. Conventional system: The MCD has provided 727 trucks and 120
loaders. To avoid
• spilling waste on the roads, plastic Hessian sheets are used to cover
the trucks.
• 2. Modified system: As mentioned above, the MCD has already
procured 1,100 color coded
• bins to segregate waste in selected areas. Biodegradable and non
biodegradable
• waste from these bins is transported by closed, hydraulically
operated vehicles to the
• landfill sites. The modified system has drastically reduced the
manual handling of waste.
180. 5.Treatment Processing
• Setting up of waste processing and disposal facilities by 31
December 2003: compost
• plant of 500 MT was commissioned in 2000
Monitoring the performance of waste processing and disposal
facilities once every six months: partial compliance
• Biodegradable waste free from contamination to be composted:
partial compliance Waste recycling: 10% being recycled by
unorganized sector
181. 6.Disposal
• The MCD has three controlled landfill sites for the disposal of MSW,
Bhalswa, Ghazipur,and Okhla, in different parts of the city. These
landfill sites are equipped with 3 computerized weighbridges, 26
bulldozers, 8 hydraulic excavators, and 6 backhoe loaders for
compacting and leveling the MSW received. Although these landfill
sites are not provided with liners, the leachate is being recirculated
through channels. The day-to-day mixed waste received at the SLF
sites is covered with building debris and earth. Wherever segregated
waste is received,separate biocells are created for its composting at
the SLF sites.
• Although landfill sites are barricaded and fenced ample number of
rag pickers can be seen at landfill sites.
• Monitoring the performance of waste processing and disposal
facilities once in six
• months: Partial compliance. Waste at disposal site should not be
burnt: Full compliance.
182. 6.Implemented Measures
• The technologies to be adopted for the disposal of solid waste have
been identified through the master plan study carried out with UNDP
assistance to the MCD.
• These technologies are as follows: windrow composting, in-vessel
composting, bio cell landfill, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), mass-burn
incineration, bio methanation, and processing construction and
demolition waste.
• Environment Management Plan of the Existing Landfill Sites
• The environment management plan of the three existing landfill sites
is in progress.
• These landfill sites are: Bhalaswa which receives more than 2,000
MT/day, Okhla, Phase 1, which receives more than 1,000 MT/day,
and Gazipur, which receives more than 2,000 MT/day
183. 7.Financial aspects
• The introduction of new landfills will increase transportation
considerably (127–144%).
• Solid-waste treatment will reduce the overall transport work by 15–
21%, compared to merely adding additional landfills in the future.
• The revenue model will depend on the income generated by
charges to the users of the facility.
• Sale of recyclable material
184. 8.Summary of the Financial Analysis for MSW
Treatment Technology Options,
2005–24 (in INR millions)
Technology Option Investments/Capital
Costs
O&M Costs
Composting 1,223.6 2,244.3
Bio-methanation 4,802.3 1,198.8
RDF with power generation 3,000.5 5,364.2
Construction debris and demolition
waste processing facility
775.0 975.8
Sanitary landfill with gas recovery
and power
generation, including closure costs
11,222.9 6,391.4
Total 21,024.3 16,174.5
• Sale of compost and power generation due to waste treatment
• The possibility of obtaining CDM credits through methane capture
185. 9.Comparison of Revenue Generation with
Respect to Treatment Technologies,
2004–24 (in INR millions)
• Revenue Source Estimated Revenue
• Power generation 14,731.3
• Sale of compost 1,759.3
• Sale of carbon credits 4,131.5
• Sale of C and D waste products 3,149.1
• Scrap value of plants and machinery in 2024 4,785.8
• Total 28,557.0
• The master-plan-project period deficit has been estimated at
INR8,641.7 million.
187. 11.Issues to be strengthen
• Applying SWM without a local perspective would be misleading on the part of
developing countries. It is desirable to introduce locally suited SWM technology after
a detailed study.The study should address the following points.
• Efficient collection systems through color-coded bins
• Collection at fixed times
• Street and footpath sweeping on a daily basis
• Transporting waste in colored trucks based on the designated route
• An R&D cell for each municipality
• Controlled waste treatment and disposal facilities
• Route planning and time-motion studies
• Upgrading existing landfill sites and a system to manage the collection of gas
• Select new landfill sites for the next 20 years
• Safety kits and regular medical check-ups for workers
• New engineered SLF sites as legislated, with a gas-management and leachate-
collection system and encouraging private-sector participation by providing tipping
charges payable by the municipality