Describes Solid Waste Classification, Characteristics, Process, Treatment Methods, Disposal Methods, 3R Principles, Advantages and Limitation of each Disposal Method, Case Study of Indore City

1. Submitted To:
Dr. D.J.Killedar
Er. Devendra Dohare
Submitted By:
Sonal Garg
0801CE14MT23

2. Overview
 Objective of Solid Waste Management
 Sources of Waste
 Structure of Solid Waste
 Composition of Solid Waste
 Growth of Solid Waste In India
 Characteristics of Solid Waste
 Elements of MSW
 Methods of Disposal
 Products Obtained From Various Processes
 Case Study Of Indore City
 Impact On Humans
 Justifies 4R’s
 Preventive Measures
 Use Of Apps For SWM
 Conclusions

3. What is Wastes?
Waste (also known
as rubbish, refuse,
garbage, junk) is
unwanted or
useless materials.
In biology, waste is
any of the many
unwanted
substances
expelled from
living organisms,
metabolic waste;
such as urea and
sweat.

4. Objective Of Solid Waste
Management
The main objective of the study is
to find ways in which the
enormous quantity of solid wastes
currently disposed off on land can
be reduced by recovering materials
and energy from wastes, in a cost
effective and environmental
friendly manner.

5. SOURCES OF WASTE
(1.) Municipal Solid Waste

6. Major Polluting Industries in India
 Around 2500 tanneries discharge 24 million
cu m of waste water containing high level of
dissolved solids and 4,00,000 tonnes of
hazardous solid waste
 300 distilleries discharge 26 million kilo-
litres of spend wash per year containing
several pollutants
 Thermal power plants discharge huge waste
materials
(2.) Business and Industrial Waste

7. (3.) Agriculture Waste

8. (4.) Biomedical Waste or Hospital Waste
 Medicine bottles
 Expired medicines
 Syringes
 Medical instruments
such as scissors, blades
etc.

9. (5.) Nuclear Waste
It includes
radioactive
substances coming
from reactors, fuel
(uranium, thorium,
plutonium etc). It is
highly dangerous
and requires proper
disposal.

10. (6.) Hazardous Waste
 Wastes that pose a
substantial danger
immediately or over
a period of time to
human, plants, or
animal life are
classified as
hazardous wastes.
 It includes toxic
chemical, acids,
corrosive, ignitable
and reactive
materials, gases etc.

11. STRUCTURE OF SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste
Refuse Trash
Bulky wastes (TV, refrigerators goods,
Broken furniture, etc.)
Garbage Rubbish
non-degradable (glass, rubber,
Metals, plastics non-metals etc.)
Vegetables, Meat, food
Wastes and other readily
Degradable organic wastes slowly degradable (paper, wood
Products, textiles etc.)

13. Composition of Wastes
Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2013

14. WASTE GENERATIONS RATES OF SOME ASIAN
COUNTRIES

15. MSW GENERATION FROM THE METROPOLITANS
OF INDIA

16. Solid Waste in India
• 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste.
• One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year.
• Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes.
• In addition to this, industries discharges about 150 million tonnes
of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly
dumped on open low lying land areas.
Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest

17. Growth of Solid Waste In India
 Waste is growing by leaps & bounds.
 Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities.
 City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum, the
ever increasing waste has put pressure on hygienic condition of
the city.
 Estimated waste generation is 1,00,000 MT/day.
 Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.20 to 0.60 kg.
 Waste collection efficiency in bigger sized cities ranges from 70 to
90% and in small sized towns, it is up to 50-60%.
 Local authorities spend less than 5% of their budget on waste
disposal and maximum cost is incurred on street sweeping and
collection and transportation of waste.
Source: The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi

18. Characteristics of Solid Waste

19. (1.) Physical Characteristics
This includes the determination of percentage contents of various
ingredients of the solid waste.
Bulk Density is generally calculated.
It is a function of location, season, storage time, equipment used,
& processing (compaction, shredding, etc.)
Used in volume calculations.
(2.) Chemical characteristics
Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy (WTE)
calculations but can also be used to estimate biological and
chemical behaviours.
Waste consists of combustible (i.e. paper) and non-combustible
materials (i.e. glass).

20. Fusing Point of Ash
 Clinker (agglomerations of carbon and metals) formation
temperature, 2000 to 2200 F
Ultimate Analysis
 Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.)
Energy Content
 Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters

21. (3.) Biological characteristics
Biodegradability
 Organic fraction often equated with the volatile solids (VS)
content of the waste.
 However, not all organic materials are easily degradable.
 Degradation produces odours
• Hydrogen sulphide, H2S (rotten eggs)
• Methyl Mercaptan, CH3SH (garlic/rotten cabbage)
• Amino butyric acid, C4H9NO2
• Methane, CH4
 Attracts flies, vermin, rodents.

22.  The general anaerobic transformation of solid waste with the help of microorganisms can
be described by the following equation.
Organic matter + H2
O + Bacteria + temperature
→ New cells + resistant organic matter + CO2
+ CH4
+ NH3
+ H2
S -- (1)
 Under the reducing condition, sulphate reduces to sulphide which subsequently combines with
hydrogen to form H2
S.
2CH3
CHOHCOOH + SO4
2-
→ 2CH3
COOH + S2-
+ 2H2
O + 2CO2
-- (2)
(Lactate) (Sulphate) (Acetate) (Sulphide)
Ion
4H2
+ SO4
2-
→ S2-
+ 4H2
O -- (3)
S2-
+ 2H+
→ H2
S -- (4)
(Hydrogen sulphide)
The biochemical reduction of an organic compound containing sulphur radical can lead to the
formation of Methyl Mercaptan as shown in the schematic equation.
CH3
SCH2
CH2
CH (NH2
) COOH → CH3
SH + CH3
CH2
CH2
(NH2
) COOH -- (5)
(Methionine) (Methyl (Amino butyric acid)
Mercaptan)

23. Elements of MSW

24. Identification of Waste & It’s Minimization
At The Site

25. (A.) Types of collection
Municipal Collection Services:
1) Curb
2) Alley
3) Set out and set back
4) Backyard collection
Commercial-Industrial Collection Services:
1) Large movable and stationary containers
2) Large stationary compactors

26. (1.) Curb Service
•House owner is responsible for
placing solid waste containers at
the curb on scheduled day.
•The work man come, collect and
empty the container and put back at
the curb.
•House owner is required to take
back the empty containers from the
curb to his house.
•Quickest/ economical
•Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
• No need to enter property

27. (2.) Alley Service
The containers are
placed at the alley
line from where they
are picked up by
workmen from refuse
vehicles who deposit
back the empty
container.

28. (3.) Set Out & Set Back Service
•Collectors have to enter
property
•Set out crew carries full
containers from resident
storage location to curb/ alley
before collection vehicle
arrives.
•Collection crew load their
refuse into vehicle
•Set-back crew return the
container to storage area.

29. (4.) Backyard Service
•The workers with
the vehicles carry a
bin, wheel – barrow
or sack or cloth to
the yard and empty
the solid waste
container in it.
•The bin is taken to
solid waste vehicles
where it is emptied.

30. Collection Frequency:
 Residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days
 Communal/Commercial : daily
 Food waste : max. period should not exceed :
 the normal time for the accumulation of waste to fill a
container.
 the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and emit fouls
odor.
 the time of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days).

31. (B.) Segregation of Waste
Segregation means
collecting the solid waste in
different bins or plastic bags.

32. (C.) Transportation of Solid Waste
 Waste is transported from the storage depots to the disposal
sites in tractor trolleys or ill designed open trucks.
 It has been instructed by the law that the transportation must be
done in closed containers only. The industrial waste must be
transported separately and must be disposed in a safe way after
suitable treatment.
 Any type of the Hazardous waste should be labeled and coded
so that in case of an accident the emergency services know how
to handle a spillage.

35. There are the various methods for disposal of the solid
waste such as:
(1.) Landfill
(2.) Incineration
(3.) Biomethanation
(4.) Pyrolysis
(5.) Gasification
(6.) Composting
i. Indore Method
ii. Bangalore Method
Methods of Disposal

36. (1.) LAND FILL
 It is the most traditional method of
waste disposal.
 Waste is directly dumped into disused
quarries, mining voids or borrow pits.
 Disposed waste is compacted and
covered with several inches of soil
 Gases generated by the decomposing
waste materials are often burnt to
generate power.
 It is generally used for domestic waste.
 Composite liners requirements—
include a flexible membrane (geo-
membrane) of compacted clay soil,
lining the bottom and sides of the
landfill, to protect groundwater and the
underlying soil from leachate releases

37. Site selection criteria for a landfill
 It should not be too close to airports (bird hazard to
aircrafts)
 It should not be on a flood plain/wetland
 It should not be too close to a fault (200 feet or less)
 It should not be within seismic zones
 It should not be located on unstable areas, such as
landslide-prone areas, areas with sinkholes etc.

38. Properly designed Sanitary landfills:
 Prevent water infiltration and leaching of toxic
fluids
(LEACHATE = a liquid that has passed through or
emerged from solid waste and contains soluble,
suspended, or miscible materials removed from such
waste)
 Prevent water pollution
 Reduce Vermin and pests
 Reduce smell, toxic gases and fire hazard

40. ADVANTAGES
Landfill site is a cheap waste
disposal option for the local
council.
Jobs will be created for local
people.
Lots of different types of
waste can be disposed of by
landfill in comparison to other
waste disposal methods.
The gases given off by the
landfill site could be collected
and used for generating power.
DISADVANTAGES
The site will look ugly while it
is being used for landfill.
Dangerous gases are given off
from landfill sites that cause
local air pollution and contribute
to global warming.
Local streams could become
polluted with toxins seeping
through the ground from the
landfill site.
Once the site has been filled it
might not be able to be used for
redevelopment as it might be too
polluted.

41.  Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of
solid waste at 1000C.
 Waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.
 The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and
gases due to organic waste.
 The heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power.
(2.) Incineration

42. ADVANTAGES
 Minimum of land is
needed compared to other
disposal methods.
 The weight of the waste is
reduced to 25% of the
initial value.
 No risk of polluting local
streams and ground waters
as in landfills.
 Gases are used to generate
power.
DISADVANTAGES
Expensive
Requires skilled labour.
The chemicals that would be
released into the air could be
strong pollutants and may
destroy ozone layer (major
disadvantage).
High energy requirement.

43. (3.) Pyrolysis
 Pyrolysis is a thermo chemical decomposition of organic
material at elevated temperatures without the participation
of oxygen.
 It involves the simultaneous change of chemical
composition and physical phase, and is irreversible.
 External source of heat is employed in this process.

44. 1 2
3

45. Application of Pyrolysis Process
1) In several cooking procedures, such as baking, frying, grilling.
2) It is a tool of chemical, for example, in mass spectrometry and
in carbon-14 dating.
3) Many important chemical substances, such
as phosphorus and sulfuric acid, were first obtained by this
process.
4) Pyrolysis has been assumed to take place during catagenesis (the
conversion of buried organic matter to fossil fuels)
5) The pyrolysis of wood, which starts at 200–300 °C , occurs for
example in fires where solid fuels are burning or when
vegetation comes into contact with lava in volcanic eruptions

46. 6.) Use of Pyrolysis Process in Chemical Industry
 To produce charcoal, activated carbon, methanol, and other
chemicals from wood
 To convert ethylene dichloride into vinyl chloride to make PVC
 To produce coke from coal
 To convert biomass into syngas and bio-char
 To turn waste into safely disposable substances, and
 For transforming medium weight hydrocarbon from oil into
lighter ones like gasoline.
These specialized uses of pyrolysis may be called various
names, such as dry distillation, destructive distillation,
or cracking.

47. (4.) Biomethanation
 It is one of the most essential processes for treating the Bio-
degradable portion of Municipal Solid Waste.
 In this process the organic matter is converted into biogas that is a
very useful form of energy.
 For the bio-methanation process, the bio-methanation process
reactor, called Bio-digester are used in which the temperature and
atmospheric pressure is controlled for the process to occur.
 Anaerobic processing of organic material is a two-stage process,
where large organic polymers are fermented into short-chain volatile
fatty acids. These acids are then converted into methane and carbon
dioxide.
 Both the organic polymers fermentation process and acid conversion
occur at the same time, in a single-phase system. The separation of
the acid-producing bacteria from the methane producing bacteria
results in a two-phase system.

48. The main feature of anaerobic treatment is the concurrent waste
stabilization and production of methane gas, which is an energy
source.
The retention time for solid material in an anaerobic process can
range from a few days to several weeks, depending upon the
chemical characteristics of solid material and the design of the bio-
gasification system (e.g., single stage, two-stage, multi-stage, wet or
dry, temperature and pH control).

49. (5.) Gasification
 Gasification is a flexible, reliable, and clean energy technology that can turn a
variety of low-valued feedstock's into high-value products, help reduce our
dependence on foreign oil and natural gas, and can provide a clean alternative source
of base load electricity, fertilizers, fuels and chemicals.
 Gasification is a step-wise process.
 There are various zones for each process to take place.
 In this the solid biomass is converted by a thermo-chemical process into clean
gaseous form, syngas in solid bio-residue gasifier.
 This syngas can be burned to produce electricity and with the help of catalytic
convertor can be turned to various products such as fertilizers, chemicals, and
synthetic natural gas (SNG).
Gasification takes place in a unit called as a Gasifier.
There are various types of gasifier that are currently in use at certain places:-
1) Up draught or counter current gasifier
2) Downdraught or co-current gasifiers
3) Cross-draught gasifier
4) Fluidized bed gasifier

50. Source of
Municipal Biomass
• College
•Residential Garden
•Commercial inst.
•Carpentry waste
Step 1:
Feedstock
treatment
dry
waste
Reactor
Air &oxygen
Cyclone
Cooling
System
Biomass
Filter 1
Biomass
Filter 2
Fabric
Filter
Orifice
Meter
Burner / Electric
generator
Step 2:
Gasification
Step 3:
Synthetic gas
cleaning
Step 4:
Conversion
into Flame
Tar

51. Process of Gasification
 The dehydration or drying process occurs at around 100°C. Typically the resulting
steam is mixed into the gas flow and may be involved with subsequent chemical
reactions, notably the water-gas reaction if the temperature is sufficiently high
enough.
 The combustion process occurs as the volatile products and some of the char reacts
with oxygen to primarily form carbon dioxide and small amounts of carbon
monoxide, which provides heat for the subsequent gasification reactions.
 Letting C represent a carbon-containing organic compounds, the basic reaction here is
C + O2 CO2
 The gasification process occurs as the char reacts with carbon and steam to produce
carbon monoxide and hydrogen, via the reaction
C + H2O H2 + CO
 In addition, the reversible gas phase reaction reaches equilibrium very fast at the
high temperatures in a gasifier. This balances the concentrations of carbon monoxide,
steam, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
CO + H2O CO2 + H2

52. Gasification ProductsGasification Products
MSW
Gasification
Tar as
by
product
Tar as
by
product
Synthetic GasSynthetic Gas
Steam
Power
Fertilizer
Substitute of natural
gas
Cooking Fuel

53. Main Product (Syn Gas)
1. Urban Areas (Mass Cooking)
High calorific value ensures sufficient
flammability
2. Rural Areas (Electricity Generation)
1kg biomass can produce 1 KWh of
electricity.
Application of Gasification
By Product
1.Tar
(Excellent binding agent and
can be used for road
construction and other such
type of construction)
2. Ash (Manure)
60 kg biomass can
replace one domestic
LPG cylinder.

54. (6.) Composting
 Composting is the purposeful biodegradation of organic matter, such as
yard and food waste.
 The decomposition is performed by micro-organisms, mostly bacteria, but
also yeasts and fungi in low temperature phases.
 The end product of composting process is called compost which is a rich
fertilizer.
 There are three methods of composting:
(1) Composting by Trenching
i. Indore Method
ii. Bangalore Method
(2) Open window composting
(3) Mechanical Composting

55. Composting By Trenching
 In this method trenches 3 to 12 m long, 2 to 3 m wide and 1 to 2 m deep are
excavated with clear spacing of 2 m.
 The trenches are then filled up with dry solid waste in layers of 15 cm.
 On top of each layer 5 cm thick sandwiching layer of night soil animal dung is
spread in semi liquid form.
 On the top layer protruding about 30 cm above the surrounding ground layer, a layer
of earth having thickness of around 10 cm is laid so that there is no problem of flies.
 Intensive biological action starts in 2 to 3 days and organic matter decomposition
starts.
 In this process considerable heat is generated and temperature of the composting
mass rises up to 750 C. Due to this fly breeding does not take place.
 The solid waste stabilizes in 4 to 6 months and gets changed in to a brown colored,
odorless, innocuous powdery form known as humus having high manure value
because of nitrogen content.
 The stabilized mass is then removed from trenches screened to remove coarse inert
materials like stones brick bats, glass pieces plastic articles etc.

57. i.) Indore Method
 It is aerobic method of waste stabilization.
 In this method solid waste, night soil and animal dung etc.
are placed in brick lined pits 3 m x 3 m x 1 m deep in
alternate layers of 7.5 to 10 cm height, till the total height
becomes 1.5 m.
 Chemical insecticides are added to prevent fly breeding.
 The material is turned regularly for a period of about 8 to 12
weeks and then stored on ground for 4 to 6 weeks.
 In about 6 to 8 turnings and period of 4 months, compost
becomes ready for use as manure.
 Insecticide used in Indore method was DDT but now
because of very high half life of DDT in nature, other
suitable insecticide is recommended, e.g. Gamaxine.

58. i.) Bangalore Method
 The solid waste is stabilized anaerobically.
 Earthen trenches of size 10 x 1.5 x 1.5 m deep are filled
up in alternate layers of solid waste and night soil/cow
dung.
 The material is covered with 15 cm earthen layer and
left for biodegradation.
 In about 4-5 months the compost becomes ready to use,
normally a city produces 200 to 250 kg/capita/year of
refuse and 8 to 10 kg / capita/year of night soil.

59. Indore Method
Bangalore Method

60. Open Window Composting
 In This method large materials like broken glass pieces, stone, plastic articles etc. are first
removed & remaining solid waste is dumped on ground in form of piles of (0.6 to 1m) height,
the width and the length of piles are kept as 60%. The piles are then covered with night soil,
animal dung to supply necessary organisms for biodegradation.
 The temperature rises because of biological activities in the waste piles and microbial action
shift from misophilic to thermophilic stage.
 After this pile is turned up for cooling and aeration to avoid anaerobic decomposition.
 The temperature of pile again rises to 75 0
C and process of turning cooling and aeration are
repeated.
 The complete process may taker 4 to 6 weeks and finally compost is ready to use as fertilizers

61. Mechanical Composting
 In this Mechanical devices are
employed in turning the solid waste
undergoing composting.
 It is very fast process. The
stabilization of the wastes takes
only about 3 to 6 m days.
 The operation involves
(1) Reception and refuse
(2) Segregation
(3) Shredding
(4) Stabilization
(5) Marketing the humus.

62. Products Obtained
Some of the major products that can be obtained by using the above
technologies are:-
1) RDF (Refused Derived Fuel)
2) Biogas
3) Fly ash
4) Syngas
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) or solid recovered fuel/ specified recovered fuel (SRF) is a
fuel produced by shredding and dehydrating solid waste (MSW) with a Waste Converter
technology. RDF consists largely of combustible components of municipal waste such
as plastics and biodegradable waste. RDF processing facilities are normally located near
a source of MSW and, while an optional combustion facility is normally close to the
processing facility, it may also be located at a remote location.

63. Other than their direct use, they can also be used to re-produce some
entities which are very important from civil engineering point of view
like:-
1) Eco-bricks
2) Eco-friendly concrete
3) Eco-friendly doors and windows
The above products will nearly satisfy the concept of Green Building
and hence safeguard the environment.
Eco-BricksGreen Concrete

64. Case Study On Indore
 A survey of waste disposal site in Indore revealed that presently, the city generates about
908 Tonnes/day of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) .
 Presently, the IMC (Indore Municipal Corporation) only removes about 70% of generated
solid waste from the city.
 The waste is crudely dumped on the Devguradia trenching ground, about 12 km away from
the city. Through a questionnaire and field visits revealed that in the year 2011, there were
69 wards in the city which generated 478.702 Tonnes/day of waste, from which 335.939
tonnes/day of waste was collected for disposal at 71.1% collection efficiency. The
remainder was disposed of in abandoned land, which is not identified as waste disposal
site.
 Two major methods are being employed for the disposal of wastes in these sites, i.e.
landfill and open dumping.
 The Indore Municipal Corporation has awarded the MSW transportation contract of entire
city to a private contractor. The contract is for a period of 5 years. Under this contract, the
contractor has to transport the MSW from IMCs designated community collection spots to
Devguradia trenching ground.
Source:International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

65. Continue…
 The payment to contractor is made on weight basis & it is @ Rs 300 per Tonnes of
MSW transported.
 The vehicles required for transportation are owned by IMC & are operated &
maintained by the contractor during the contract period.
 ‘At present IMC has only 1 transfer stations (at Kabitkhedi), while the city needs to
have four transfer stations to economize & smoothens the waste transportation upto the
disposal facility.’, said the health Incharge of Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC)
Munnalal Yadav.
Source: Times Of India
Devguradia Disposal Site (Smoking)

66. Continue…
 ‘Not satisfied with the present waste disposal rate of the AtoZ Company, the Indore
Municipal Corporation (IMC) has directed the company for enhancing garbage
disposal capacity from existing 300 tonnes per day to 500 tonnes per day and working
in two shifts for achieving the same.’ said the IMC's health wing Incharge Munnalal
Yadav .
 The AtoZ Company lifts around 600 to 700 tonnes of solid garbage across the city
daily.
 This waste is processed at company's trenching ground based plant for producing
compost.
 But company's processing plant based at Devguradia has an installed capacity of
around 3,000 tonnes.
 Munnalal Yadav said that ever since the establishment of IMC, solid waste is being
compiled at 100acre trenching ground. But as the huge piles of solid waste are yet to
be processed at the trenching ground, several problems including serious pollution is
being witnessed in the recent past.
Source: Dainik Bhaskar.com

67. Source: SWM Dept., IMC

69. Justifies the 4 R’s

71. Use Of Apps For Solid Waste Management
Various
applications have
been available
nowadays for the
management of
solid waste which
helps us to keep
our environment
clean. One of
such app is
‘Mission Clean
Rewari’

73. Conclusion
 Our Earth is under the terrible effect of Global Warming. If not controlled in right time, we
will have to see many impacts of it in our environment. To overcome all the problems earth is
currently facing and to mitigate the future impacts, we came up with Municipal Solid Waste
Management as a solution. It is turning a boom and has huge prospects in future development.
MSWM is a major part of our model proposed using total waste produced in the city for
revenue generation in our own city of Indore. We uses advanced technologies to reduce
emissions and eventually earn revenue.
 When we look at Biomethanation, we can produce a very huge amount of energy which can
be used at various places and when we consider Gasification, we produce syngas, tar and
other manure which can be utilized to produce cooking gas and electricity in the longer run.
 By applying the same model in major cities of India, huge revenue can be earned. Later,
many technologies have come up and there are several ways by which trading can be done.
But present technologies are harmful for our environment. Hence, to achieve sustainable
development and to meet our ever- increasing power requirement, renewable sources of
energy must be brought up. This will further improve India’s statistics in terms of revenue
generation and help in making India a green country.

74. References
 Solid Waste Management Manual (2000), Central Public Health and Environmental
Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), Government of India.
 Solid Waste Management in Greater Bombay, (September 2004)
 Times Of India
 Dainik Bhaskar
 SWM Dept., IMC
 International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management
(IJAIEM)
 Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
 The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi
 Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest
 www.atsdr.cdc.gov
 Gupta, Sanjay K (April 2004), “Waste Management”, India Together
 www.indiatogether.org/2004/apr/env-rethink.htm.
 Environmental Protection Agency
 http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/index.htm
 http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/index.htm
 Environmental Studies -R Rajagopalan
 www.greenpeace.org
 w.teri.res.in

75. THANK YOU