Abstract Multi-tracking system is a real time tracking platform which uses integration of technologies such as GPS and GSM. The platform supports multiple tracking devices for variety of applications such as live vehicle tracking, personal tracking and also assets tracking. The GPS device installed in the vehicle continuously moves with the vehicle and will calculate the co-ordinates with other related information at each position and then transmit this information via GSM to the tracking server, thus storing it in the database; which further can be viewed on electronic map, i.e., Google Map via Internet providing up-to-date information. This proposed system also supports for real time control like, if owner sends an SMS, it automatically turns of the ignition of vehicle or other different purposes. The overall system will be implemented in Micro-soft .NET technology in which C#.Net will be used for system components & for web based ASP.Net will be used. Keywords: GPS, GSM, SMS, Socket Listener, Tracking server.

1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 455
MULTILAYERED LOW PASS MICROSTRIP FILTER USING CSRR
Prachi Agrawal1
, Vandana V. Thakare2
1
Student, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior,
India
2
Associate Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science,
Gwalior, India
Abstract
In the present paper a multilayered microstrip low pass filter using complementary split ring resonator is proposed. A design for
prominent stop band characteristics with minimized ripples is presented, while maintaining the filter pass-band performance. By
properly designing and integrating the complementary split ring resonators with the low pass filter, the proposed structure exhibit
superior pass band and stop band characteristics by eliminating unwanted spurious signals. Since the literature is multi-layered, no
structure is designed at the ground plane and the problem of distortion of ground plane structure while packaging is resolved. The
measured results indicate that the proposed structure achieves significantly improved band characteristics with minimum distortion,
when compared with the simulated one.
Keywords: Low Pass filter; Multilayered; Metamaterial; Complementary split ring resonator ( CSRR) structure
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1. INTRODUCTION
A microwave filter is a two port network used to control the
frequency response at a certain point in a microwave system
[1]. More specifically a low pass filter is a filter that passes low
frequency signals but attenuates signals with frequencies higher
than cut off frequency as shown in Fig.1. The paper describes
about the design and fabrication of multilayered low pass filter
by using microstrip layout which works at 2GHz.
Fig. 1 Response of low pass filter
Recently, there has been a growing interest for the use of
metamaterials in the development of compact microwave
components constructed using printed circuit board technology.
Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have
properties that may not be found in nature. Metamaterial
usually gain its properties from structure rather than
composition, using small inhomogeneities to create effective
macroscopic behavior. Specifically, the development of
Complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), originally
proposed by Pendry et al. [2] was a major breakthrough for
implementing left-handed techniques in planar circuit
technology. Pendry et al. proposed that the frequency selective
property of SRRs was due to the negative effective
permeability, produced at resonance. Another interesting
particle proposed is the complementary split ring resonator
(CSRR) .This is a negative image of the SRR and hence is its
dual counterpart. The CSRR behaves as an element, which is
able to produce a negative effective permittivity at resonance.
CSRRs can be etched in the ground plane, beneath the
microstrip for stop band filter design and to eliminate the
unwanted spurious signals. A general CSRR structure is shown
in Fig. 2
Fig. 2 A general CSRR structure

2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 456
Low-pass filters have been studied and exploited extensively as
a key block in modern communication systems. A planar
microwave filter is widely used in microwave systems because
of its easy fabrication. According to microstrip theory, in order
to control the characteristic impedance of a microstrip segment,
the physical dimensions of the microstrip line are adjusted. The
physical dimensions namely length (l) and width (w) depends
on substrate thickness (d) and dielectric constant.
The paper describes about the design and fabrication of
microwave low pass filter by using micro strip layout which
resonates at 2.0GHz. It has been demonstrated that the
selectivity of the filter increases and the filter size reduces by
the use of multilayer structure. Since the design is multi-
layered, no structure is designed at the ground plane so the
problem of distortion of ground plane structure while packaging
and handling is resolved.
2. FILTER DESIGNING
The proposed multi-layered low pass filter is designed and
simulated using CST software with dielectric constant of 4.4
and substrate height of 1.67mm for a cut off frequency of
2.0GHz.
Richard’s transformation and Kuroda’s identities are used to
translate a lumped element filter to a transmission line filter.
Both identities are used to calculate the impedance of each
transmission line segment based on its equivalent lumped
element. In order to accommodate for Richard’s Transformation
and Kuroda’s identities, it is essential to control the
characteristic impedance of each lumped element or each
transmission line segment.
The design of the low-pass micro strip filter having a resonant
frequency 2.0GHz requires a series of steps. In order to design a
low-pass filter with such specification it is required to design
the filter using electronic circuit theory at normalized values.
Further Richard’s transformation is used to convert the series
inductors to the equivalent series stubs, and the shunt capacitors
to the equivalent shunt stubs. The Kuroda’s identities are used
to transform the series stubs into shunt stubs due to the
difficulty of implementing series stubs in microstrip form. The
lengths of the shunt stubs are frequency scaled to meet the cut
off frequency requirement and the circuit is impedance scaled
to 50. Subsequently, the filter’s segments are converted into
microstrip stubs using microstrip theory. The proposed
microstrip filter is then designed and simulated using CST
software and fabricated to compare the results.
On top layer a ninth order microstrip low pass filter is designed
at a resonant frequency 2.0 GHz. Circuit diagram of a low pass
filter with lumped element is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Circuit diagram of low pass filter
In order to design the microstrip low pass filter with a 3dB
ripple, the first step is to model the microstrip using electronic
circuit theory. The normalized prototype low pass filter values
are tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1 Normalized Low Pass Prototype Element Values
g1 1.1957 C1
g2 1.1426 L2
g3 2.1346 C3
g4 1.16167 L4
g5 2.2054 C5
g6 1.16167 L6
g7 2.1346 C7
g8 1.1426 L8
g9 1.0 C9
The lumped values are further converted into distributed
elements by using Richard’s and Kuroda’s identities. The
impedance of each stub, excluding the center shunt stub, are
multiplied by a factor so that the impedances of the stubs are
equivalent to those as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Low pass filter showing required impedance values
The values of length (l) and width (w) of series and shunt stubs
are calculated using the following equations [3]:
For W/h ≤ 2
(1)
With
(2)

3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 457
And for W/h ≥ 2
(3)
With
(4)
The calculated values of length and width of the proposed
microstrip low pass filter corresponding to their impedances are
tabulated in Table II.
Table 2 Calculated Values Of Length And Width
Impedance(ohm) Length(mm) Width(mm)
50 10.275 3.0599
91.8 10.7175 .890836
109.75 10.85625 .5416
63.625 9.9675 1.9976
195.95 11.2275 .050929
56.9 10.365 2.4524
202.45 11.2425 .04262
30.9 9.7575 9.90406
The proposed low pass filter is designed on top layer using CST
software as shown in Fig. 5(a) and hardware design in Fig. 5(b),
where the series stub represent inductance and shunt stub
represent capacitance.
Fig. 5(a) Top layer with proposed low pass filter
Fig. 5(b) Top layer view of proposed low pass filter
And the CSRR structures are simulated on the middle layer as
shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6(a) Middle layer with CSRR structure
Fig. 6(b) Hardware design of middle layer with CSRR structure
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The design of the multilayered microstrip low pass filter with a
resonant frequency 2.0 GHz with low pass structure on the top
layer, CSRR on the middle layer and an empty ground layer is
designed and simulated.
Two glass epoxy printed circuit boards were patterned, stacked
and attached closely for fabrication of the proposed filter. A
photograph of the fabricated low pass filter is shown in Fig.7.
Fig. 7(a) Photograph of fabricated low pass filter (top view)
Fig. 7(b) Photograph of fabricated low pass filter (bottom view)
The filter responses obtained by simulating using CST and
hardware are in close approximation with each other as shown
in Fig. 8.

4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 458
Fig. 8 Response of low pass filter (simulated v/s measured)
From Fig. 8 it can be seen that the filter has a pass band from 0
to 2.0GHz. The filter has approximately zero ripples in pass
band and in stop band as suggested by the property of CSRR
structures. As can be seen, the simulated and measured results
are well in accordance with each other. The measured result
shows a gain of -53dB whereas the simulated result shows a
gain of -35dB. Thus inferring that that the fabricated filter has a
better performance as compared to the simulated one. Thus the
overall performance of the final design of the multilayered
microstrip low pass filter easily met the proposed requirements.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Professor Dr. P. K. Singhal,
department of Electronics and Communication, MITS, Gwalior
and Assistant Professor Deepti Gupta, department of electronics
and Communication, HCST, Mathura for their helpful
discussion.
REFERENCES
[1] David Pozar, “Microwave Engineering”, Third Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p.405.
[2] Ali, Z. Hu, “Negative permittivity metamaterial
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and reduced size”, 2008.
[3] Jia-Sheng Hong, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters for
RF/Microwave Applications”, Third Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 2001, p.80-81.
[4] Ying Xu and Arokiaswami Alphones, “Novel DGS-
CSRR-based microstrip low pass filter with ultra wide
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[5] Hon Kuan, Yueh-Ling Lin, Ru-Yuan Yang, Yu-Chi
Chang “A Multi-layered parallel coupled microstrip
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BIOGRAPHIES
Prachi Agrawal received her B.Tech. Degree
from Gautam Buddha Technical University,
India, in 2012 And she is currently working
toward the M.Tech. Degree in Microwave
Engineering from Madhav Institute of Science
and Technology, India Her research interest
includes the design, development, and modeling of microstrip
structures and their applications.
Dr. Vandana V. Thakare received the B.Tech.
Degree from Rani Durgawati University, India
in 1999 She received her M.Eng. Degree and
Ph.D. degree from Rajeev Gandhi Prodyogik
Vishwavidhyalaya, India, in 2003 and 2011,
respectively She has been into technical teaching
for 14 years in the field of Electronics and Communication. She
has received National ISTE best women Engineer teacher
award in 2011. Her research field includes Microwave
Engineering.