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A microwave active filter for nanosatellite’s receiver front-ends at s-bandsIJECEIAES
In satellite technology, the communication between space segment and ground segment plays a vital role in the success of the mission. This paper is targeted at study, design and fabrication of a microwave active filter for the receiver front-ends using coupled line filter structure, which can be applied to the nanosatellite’s communication subsystem. The whole active filter module is a combination of a microstrip bandpass filter and a preceding two-stage wideband low noise amplifier using FET devices. The proposed module operates in the frequency range of 2 - 2.4 GHz, which can be divided to 10 frequency slots of about 40 MHz for each. These frequency slots will be used for the S-band multi-frequency receiving function of the ground station, as well as the nanosatellite. The simulated and measured results of this active filter configuration are presented.
Design of Microstrip UWB Bandpass Filter using open-circuited resonatorsIJERD Editor
A compact band pass filter with a fractional bandwidth of 59% is designed for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications using a microstrip structure consisting of open circuit resonators. Transmission zeros are utilized at the passband edges to enhance the signal selectivity. The filter is characterized by sharp roll-off characteristics due to the presence of transmission zeros. The insertion loss and return loss are found to be 0.1dB and -15dB respectively. This filter has a measured 3-dB passband of (3 to 5.5) GHz, with a compact size of (13.2 x 9.7) mm. The filter offers desirable performance for the lower-band frequency of a UWB system and exhibits low insertion loss. As the structure comprises of only transmission line sections and no coupling gap, the filter is made easy for fabrication. This UWB BPF is useful to alleviate the strong WLAN signals interference to UWB receivers. To illustrate the concept, band pass filter was designed using Agilent® ADS software and simulated results are obtained.
Microstrip low pass filter designs using defected ground structureeSAT Journals
Abstract The microwave filters play an important role in most RF/microwave applications. They are designed to remove undesired harmonics to reduce the system noise or to remove spurious mixing products. DGS slot with an interdigital shape are introduced here in two elliptic low pass filter designs. Here a fifth order low pass filter was designed, simulated and fabricated for a cut off frequency of 3GHz. Finally a prototype model were designed based on the simulation results obtained. These prototype filter designs have more than 20 dB of stop band rejection and a good return loss in the pass band. The fabricated results proved to be better than the simulation results. In the first low pas filter design the central aperture was replaced with the interdigital slot structure which improved the stop band response at the resonant frequency around 7.8 GHz. To improve the stop band rejection two interdigital structures were introduced in the bottom layer (Ground). Key Words: Defected ground structure (DGS), low pass filters, microstrip filter, transmission zero.
A microwave active filter for nanosatellite’s receiver front-ends at s-bandsIJECEIAES
In satellite technology, the communication between space segment and ground segment plays a vital role in the success of the mission. This paper is targeted at study, design and fabrication of a microwave active filter for the receiver front-ends using coupled line filter structure, which can be applied to the nanosatellite’s communication subsystem. The whole active filter module is a combination of a microstrip bandpass filter and a preceding two-stage wideband low noise amplifier using FET devices. The proposed module operates in the frequency range of 2 - 2.4 GHz, which can be divided to 10 frequency slots of about 40 MHz for each. These frequency slots will be used for the S-band multi-frequency receiving function of the ground station, as well as the nanosatellite. The simulated and measured results of this active filter configuration are presented.
Design of Microstrip UWB Bandpass Filter using open-circuited resonatorsIJERD Editor
A compact band pass filter with a fractional bandwidth of 59% is designed for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications using a microstrip structure consisting of open circuit resonators. Transmission zeros are utilized at the passband edges to enhance the signal selectivity. The filter is characterized by sharp roll-off characteristics due to the presence of transmission zeros. The insertion loss and return loss are found to be 0.1dB and -15dB respectively. This filter has a measured 3-dB passband of (3 to 5.5) GHz, with a compact size of (13.2 x 9.7) mm. The filter offers desirable performance for the lower-band frequency of a UWB system and exhibits low insertion loss. As the structure comprises of only transmission line sections and no coupling gap, the filter is made easy for fabrication. This UWB BPF is useful to alleviate the strong WLAN signals interference to UWB receivers. To illustrate the concept, band pass filter was designed using Agilent® ADS software and simulated results are obtained.
Microstrip low pass filter designs using defected ground structureeSAT Journals
Abstract The microwave filters play an important role in most RF/microwave applications. They are designed to remove undesired harmonics to reduce the system noise or to remove spurious mixing products. DGS slot with an interdigital shape are introduced here in two elliptic low pass filter designs. Here a fifth order low pass filter was designed, simulated and fabricated for a cut off frequency of 3GHz. Finally a prototype model were designed based on the simulation results obtained. These prototype filter designs have more than 20 dB of stop band rejection and a good return loss in the pass band. The fabricated results proved to be better than the simulation results. In the first low pas filter design the central aperture was replaced with the interdigital slot structure which improved the stop band response at the resonant frequency around 7.8 GHz. To improve the stop band rejection two interdigital structures were introduced in the bottom layer (Ground). Key Words: Defected ground structure (DGS), low pass filters, microstrip filter, transmission zero.
Experimental Study for the Different Methods of Generating Millimeter WavesIJERA Editor
In this paper a analytical comparison and experimental implementation of different methods used in generating a low phase noise millimeter wave signals is presented. Four techniques were experimented and compared, Multiplication, phase lock loop (PLL), Injection locking (IL), and Injection locking with phase lock loop (ILPLL). The comparison and experimental results of a laboratory discussed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Performance Evaluation of DCF Length for High Scalability NG-PON2TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Next Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2 (NG-PON2) have to resolve the problem like demand each user, for example, HDTV, 3DTV, Hologram and Telemedicine. The research designed Passive Optical Network (PON), which is meet requirements of NG-PON2. Using stacked 4 Optical Line Terminal (OLT) with an aggregate 40 Gbps transmitted on fiber Single Mode Fiber (SMF) and Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) by comparing the system without DCF cable. On the condition of minimum standards, the range of 40 km with a power splitter 1:64 only 9:01% power difference while the increased in the Q factor of 65.5%. With these results, it can be said that systems using DCF can be used optimally. In addition, with the power splitter 1: 4 and a lower power worth 0 dBm can produce a range of 150% further. With the same distance as far as 40 km, this research increasing power splitter 6 times increase compared with previous research.
Design and simulation of printed micro strip low pass filter based on the ele...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper proposes a compact size design of wideband bandpass filter (BPF). The broad-side coupling microstrip-slot technique is used to accomplish a good passband response with very low insertion loss across a wideband frequency range. The BPF that is designed using Rogers RO4003C substrate shows a good performance with the respective maximum reflection coefficient and insertion loss of -10 dB and 1.2 dB between 0.92 GHz and 5 GHz. This type of BPF filter is useful in any communication applications.
Transferring quantum information through theijngnjournal
Transmission of information in the form of qubits much faster than the speed of light is the important
aspects of quantum information theory. Quantum information processing exploits the quantum nature of
information that needs to be stored, encoded, transmit, receive and decode the information in the form of
qubits. Bosonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum
communication. This paper does the study of quantum channels and how best it can be implemented with
the existing infrastructure that is the classical communication. Multiple access to the quantum network is
the requirement where multiple users want to transmit their quantum information simultaneously without
interfering with each others.
A Compact UWB BPF with a Notch Band using Rectangular Resonator Sandwiched be...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a compact design of an ultra wide band bandpass filters with a notch band using interdigital structure. The aim of the design is to reduce the size of filter, reduce the complexity of the design, and improve the performance of filter response. The proposed filter comprises of a rectangular resonator sandwiched between Interdigital structures, with rectangular slot as defected microstrip structure at the input and output ports. This design has been used for the first time to achieve the above aim. The advantage with this design is that, it does not use any via or defected ground structure. The insertion loss of proposed filter, in passband between 3.1 GHz to 10.8 GHz, is less than 0.7dB, and for the notched band it is 21.5 dB centred at 7.9 GHz. The proposed filter is fabricated, tested and compared with simulated results. The proposed design was small in size with less complexity, and shows performance better than the other designs available in the literatures at this dimension.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and optimization of a new compact 2.4 GHz-bandpass filter using DGS te...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this work is the study, the design and the optimization of an innovative structure of a network of coupled copper metal lines deposited on the upper surface of a R04003 type substrate of height 0.813 with a ground deformed by slots (DGS). This structure is designed in an optimal configuration for use in the design of narrowband bandpass filter for wireless communication systems (WLAN), the aim of use the defected ground structure is to remove the unwanted harmonics in the rejection band, the simulation results obtained from this structure using CST software show a very high selectivity of the designed filter, a very low level of losses (less than-0.45 dB) with a size overall size of 43.5x34.3 mm.
Multilayered low pass microstrip filter using csrreSAT Journals
Abstract Multi-tracking system is a real time tracking platform which uses integration of technologies such as GPS and GSM. The platform supports multiple tracking devices for variety of applications such as live vehicle tracking, personal tracking and also assets tracking. The GPS device installed in the vehicle continuously moves with the vehicle and will calculate the co-ordinates with other related information at each position and then transmit this information via GSM to the tracking server, thus storing it in the database; which further can be viewed on electronic map, i.e., Google Map via Internet providing up-to-date information. This proposed system also supports for real time control like, if owner sends an SMS, it automatically turns of the ignition of vehicle or other different purposes. The overall system will be implemented in Micro-soft .NET technology in which C#.Net will be used for system components & for web based ASP.Net will be used. Keywords: GPS, GSM, SMS, Socket Listener, Tracking server.
Experimental Study for the Different Methods of Generating Millimeter WavesIJERA Editor
In this paper a analytical comparison and experimental implementation of different methods used in generating a low phase noise millimeter wave signals is presented. Four techniques were experimented and compared, Multiplication, phase lock loop (PLL), Injection locking (IL), and Injection locking with phase lock loop (ILPLL). The comparison and experimental results of a laboratory discussed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Performance Evaluation of DCF Length for High Scalability NG-PON2TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Next Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2 (NG-PON2) have to resolve the problem like demand each user, for example, HDTV, 3DTV, Hologram and Telemedicine. The research designed Passive Optical Network (PON), which is meet requirements of NG-PON2. Using stacked 4 Optical Line Terminal (OLT) with an aggregate 40 Gbps transmitted on fiber Single Mode Fiber (SMF) and Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) by comparing the system without DCF cable. On the condition of minimum standards, the range of 40 km with a power splitter 1:64 only 9:01% power difference while the increased in the Q factor of 65.5%. With these results, it can be said that systems using DCF can be used optimally. In addition, with the power splitter 1: 4 and a lower power worth 0 dBm can produce a range of 150% further. With the same distance as far as 40 km, this research increasing power splitter 6 times increase compared with previous research.
Design and simulation of printed micro strip low pass filter based on the ele...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper proposes a compact size design of wideband bandpass filter (BPF). The broad-side coupling microstrip-slot technique is used to accomplish a good passband response with very low insertion loss across a wideband frequency range. The BPF that is designed using Rogers RO4003C substrate shows a good performance with the respective maximum reflection coefficient and insertion loss of -10 dB and 1.2 dB between 0.92 GHz and 5 GHz. This type of BPF filter is useful in any communication applications.
Transferring quantum information through theijngnjournal
Transmission of information in the form of qubits much faster than the speed of light is the important
aspects of quantum information theory. Quantum information processing exploits the quantum nature of
information that needs to be stored, encoded, transmit, receive and decode the information in the form of
qubits. Bosonic channels appear to be very attractive for the physical implementation of quantum
communication. This paper does the study of quantum channels and how best it can be implemented with
the existing infrastructure that is the classical communication. Multiple access to the quantum network is
the requirement where multiple users want to transmit their quantum information simultaneously without
interfering with each others.
A Compact UWB BPF with a Notch Band using Rectangular Resonator Sandwiched be...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a compact design of an ultra wide band bandpass filters with a notch band using interdigital structure. The aim of the design is to reduce the size of filter, reduce the complexity of the design, and improve the performance of filter response. The proposed filter comprises of a rectangular resonator sandwiched between Interdigital structures, with rectangular slot as defected microstrip structure at the input and output ports. This design has been used for the first time to achieve the above aim. The advantage with this design is that, it does not use any via or defected ground structure. The insertion loss of proposed filter, in passband between 3.1 GHz to 10.8 GHz, is less than 0.7dB, and for the notched band it is 21.5 dB centred at 7.9 GHz. The proposed filter is fabricated, tested and compared with simulated results. The proposed design was small in size with less complexity, and shows performance better than the other designs available in the literatures at this dimension.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and optimization of a new compact 2.4 GHz-bandpass filter using DGS te...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this work is the study, the design and the optimization of an innovative structure of a network of coupled copper metal lines deposited on the upper surface of a R04003 type substrate of height 0.813 with a ground deformed by slots (DGS). This structure is designed in an optimal configuration for use in the design of narrowband bandpass filter for wireless communication systems (WLAN), the aim of use the defected ground structure is to remove the unwanted harmonics in the rejection band, the simulation results obtained from this structure using CST software show a very high selectivity of the designed filter, a very low level of losses (less than-0.45 dB) with a size overall size of 43.5x34.3 mm.
Multilayered low pass microstrip filter using csrreSAT Journals
Abstract Multi-tracking system is a real time tracking platform which uses integration of technologies such as GPS and GSM. The platform supports multiple tracking devices for variety of applications such as live vehicle tracking, personal tracking and also assets tracking. The GPS device installed in the vehicle continuously moves with the vehicle and will calculate the co-ordinates with other related information at each position and then transmit this information via GSM to the tracking server, thus storing it in the database; which further can be viewed on electronic map, i.e., Google Map via Internet providing up-to-date information. This proposed system also supports for real time control like, if owner sends an SMS, it automatically turns of the ignition of vehicle or other different purposes. The overall system will be implemented in Micro-soft .NET technology in which C#.Net will be used for system components & for web based ASP.Net will be used. Keywords: GPS, GSM, SMS, Socket Listener, Tracking server.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DUAL PORT COGNITIVE RADIO ANTENNA USING TUNABLE BAND PASS FILTERjmicro
In this paper a dual port microstrip antenna with tunable band pass filter is proposed for cognitive radio applications. In single port reconfigurable antennas for cognitive radio, sensing and communication is done simultaneously. This can lead to failure of real time communication, also it may induce interference to primary user, dual antenna system solves this problem. The proposed antenna consist of one UWB microstrip antenna for sensing the holes in spectrum and other is communication antenna. Communication antenna is made tunable by using varacter diode in ‘G’ shaped DMS(defected microstrip structure) filter integrated in feedline.The sensing antenna is having UWB bandwidth from 3.4 GHz to 13.2 GHz and efficiency of more than 80%. The narrowband antenna has dual and triple operating frequencies which is tunable in the range of 4-5 GHz, 6-10 GHz and 10-11 GHz according to the biasing of varacterdiode. This antenna as efficiency more than 70%.
Hybrid Microstrip Diplexer Design for Multi-band WiMAX Application in 2.3 and...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a design of hybrid microstrip diplexer is proposed for multiband Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) application in 2.3 and 3.5 GHz bands. The diplexer consists of a combination of two different filter designs. These filters were designed based on microstripline coupling techniques in order to obtain minimum insertion losses and achieve the desired frequency bandwidth. Therefore, a coupled open loop ring resonator was chosen for the filter design in 2.3 GHz band and a folded coupled line resonator was chosen for the filter design in 3.5 GHz band. Then, these filters were combined with a ring manifold matching network to be a hybrid microstrip diplexer. Based on the results, good agreements were achieved between the simulation and measurement results in terms of insertion loss, return loss and bandwidth in the 2.3 and 3.5 GHz bands.
Band pass filter comparison of Hairpin line and square open-loop resonator me...journalBEEI
The selection of the right filter design method is a very important first step for a radio frequency engineer. This paper presents the comparison of two methods of band pass filter design using hairpin-line and square open-loop resonator. Both methods were applied to obtain filter designs that can work for broadcasting system in digital television community. Band pass filter was simulated using design software and fabricated using epoxy FR-4 substrate. The results of simulation and measurement shown return loss value at 27.3 dB for hairpin line band pass filter and 25.901 for square open-loop resonator band pass filter. Voltage standing wave ratio parameter values were 1.09 and 1.1067 for hairpin line and square open-loop band pass filter respectively. The insertion loss values for the Hairpin line band pass filter and square open-loop band pass filter were 0.9692 and near 0 dB, respectively. Fractional bandwidth, for hairpin line band pass filter, was 6.7% while for square open-loop band pass filter was 4.8%. Regarding the size, the dimension of square open-loop resonator was approximately five times larger than hairpin-line band pass filter. Based on the advantages of the hairpin line method, we recommend that researchers choose the filter for digital TV broadcasting.
Microstrip band-stop filter based on double negative metamaterialIJECEIAES
In this work, we present a novel miniature band stop filter based on double negative metamaterial, this circuit is designed on a low-cost substrate FR-4 of relative permittivity 4.4 and low tangential losses 0.002. The proposed filter has a compact and miniature size of 15 mm in length and 12mm in width without the 50 Ω feed lines. The resonator was studied and analyzed with a view to achieving a band-stop behavior around its resonant frequency. The band-stop characteristics are obtained by implementing the metamaterial resonator on the final structure. The obtained results show that this microstrip filter achieves fractional bandwidth of 40% at 2 GHz. Furthermore, excellent transmission quality and good attenuation are achieved. This filter is an adequate solution for global system for mobile communications (GSM).
Design of an Interdigital Structure Planar Bandpass Filter for UWB Frequency IJECEIAES
A new topology of miniaturized interdigital structuremicrostrip planar bandpass filter for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) frequency has been discussed in this paper. The proposed design and its simulation have been carried out by using an electromagnetic simulation software named CST microwave studio. The Taconic TLX-8 microwave substrate has been used in this research. The experimental result and analysis have been performed by using the microwave vector network analyzer. The experimental result showed that the -10dB bandwidth of the filter is 7.5GHz. The lower and upper corner frequencies of the filter have been achieved at 3.1GHz and 10.6GHz respectively. At the center frequency of 6.85GHz, the -1dB insertion loss and the -7dB return losshave been observed. The simulated and experimental results are well agreed with a compact size filter of 19×21×0.5mm 3 .
This paper presents a new structure to implement compact narrowband high-rejection microstrip band-stop filter (BSF). This structure is the combination of two traditional BSFs: Spurline filter and BSF using defected ground structure (DGS). Due to inherently compact characteristics of both Spurline and interdigital capacitance (used as DGS), the proposed filter shows a better rejection performance than Spurline filter and open stub conventional BSF without increasing the circuit size. From, the proposed BSF has a rejection of better than 20dB and the maximum rejection level of 41dB.
A novel miniature coplanar band-pass filter for ISM applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents a novel approach to design a compact miniature coplanar band-pass filter by using rectangular split ring resonator. This proposed circuit is designed for the Industrial, Scientific and, Medical (ISM) frequency band applications at 2.4 GHz. At the first stage, a metamaterial resonator is designed and simulated in a TEM waveguide to verifiy its electromagnetic proprieties around the desired frequency bands. At the second stage, a band pass filter is designed using the proposed metamaterial resonator. Many parametric studies are realized to investigate the effect and influence of some resonator parameters on the proposed BPF performances. ADS Agilent and CST-MWS solvers are used in order to verify the simulated results. The circuit frequency responses show an excellent insertion loss and good return loss in the passband.
Design and manufacturing of iris waveguide filters for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose in this paper, two bandpass filters in waveguide technology having rectangular symmetrical discontinuities with a half-radius r, designed and operating respectively in the X-Band (9-11.5) GHz and C-Band (3.5-5.5) GHz. These filters consists of eight irises placed symmetrically respectively on standard rectangular waveguides WR90 and WR229 in which resonant irises are inserted. These irises are used to couple the sections very strongly in this filter, which allows the bandwidth to be increased and the matching to be controlled. The comparison between the numerical and electromagnetic results, which we obtained for the filters, constitutes a means of validation of computer simulation technology (CST) environment and Mician for the design of the other circuit elements in the various frequency bands. We observed excellent consistency between the simulation curves and those of the measurements. The results obtained are promising and pave the way for the use of these structures in the fields of telecommunications.
Design of a CMOS-based microwave active channelized bandpass filterTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A two-branch microwave active bandpass filter is designed through the channelized filtering technique as well as the transversal concept. Both the main and the auxiliary branches, connected without power dividers/combiners, rely on C-coupled active third order Chebyshev bandpass filters. A lumped element signal delay circuit is also introduced in the main channel. Active inductors based on the gyrator-C topology, are involved in the Chebyshev filters’ structure. CMOS-based Operational Transconductor Amplifier (OTA) circuits are the building blocks of these inductors. The proposed active transversal channelized filter produces an elliptic narrow band response, centered at 1.13 GHz. Simulation results, obtained by means of the PSPICE code according to the 0.18 μm TSMC MOS technology, indicate excellent performances illustrating good impedance matching, low insertion losses and high selectivity. Finally, the noise analysis shows that the filter has a low noise figure in the bandwidth.
Enhanced Bandwidth of Band Pass Filter Using a Defected Microstrip Structure ...IJECEIAES
In this paper, the bandwidth enhancement of bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed by utilizing defected microstrip structure (DMS). The initial micro strip BPF which is designed to have the bandwidth 1GHz with the center frequency of 3.5GHz is deployed on FR4 Epoxy dielectric substrate with overall size and thickness of 14mm x 24mm and 1.6mm, respectively. The proposed filter consists of two parallel coupled lines centred by ring-shaped, to enhance the bandwidth response, an attempt is carried out by applying DMS on the ligne center with a ring-shaped of initial filter. Here, the proposed DMS is constructed of the arrowhead dumbbell. Some parametrical studies to the DMS such as changing to obtain the optimum geometry of DMS with the desired bandwidth response. From the characterization result, it shows that the utilization of DMS on to the microstrip ligne of filter has widened 3dB bandwidth response up to 1.8GHz ranges from 2.55GHz to 4.35GHz yielding an enhanced wideband response for various wideband wireless applications.
Similar to Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD) (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 5, Issue 11 (February 2013), PP. 57-67
Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave
Bandpass Filter with Reduced Harmonics
Ibrahim Azad1, Md.Amran Hossen Bhuiyan2, S. M. Yahea Mahbub3
1,2
Dept. Of Computer Science and Telecommunication Engineering
Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.
3
Dept. Of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering
Pabna Science and Technology University, Pabna-6600, Bangladesh.
Abstract:- Many technologies require installation of different filters with advanced features.
Microwave bandpass filter is one of those filters that can be used for wireless LAN and Bluetooth .This
paper describes how to design a interdigital microwave bandpass filter for 2.45GHz. So, this work
focuses on the design of parallel coupled line bandpass filter, two sets of interdigital band-pass filter at
2.45 GHz on singlelayer structures, compare among these filters, proposed one suitable for users.
Primarily coupled line filter, then asymmetrical and symmetrical interdigital band pass filter has been
designed for single layer structure. To design these filters and to study simulation results, highly
efficient, powerful application software Advanced Design System ® and Sonnet EM responses were
used frequency transmission coefficient Forward |S21|, Forward reflection coefficient |S11| were
represented and comparative studies among designed filters were performed. Simulated results are
very close to the desired response. The results showed that each filter works well at operating
frequency. Asymmetric filters have excellent return loss at centre frequency, very sharp roll off factor.
In contrast, symmetrical interdigital band-pass filters have narrow bandwidth and minimized ripple.
Keywords:-Bandpass Filter, Chebyshev Filter, Interdigital, Coupled-line, SAI, and SSI
I. INTRODUCTION
A microwave filter is a two-port network which provides transmission at frequencies within the pass
band of the filter and attenuation in the stop band of the filter for controlling the frequency response at a certain
point in a microwave system. Generally speaking, a filter is any passive or active network with a predetermined
frequency response in terms of amplitude and phase. The microwave filter is used to pass energy at a specified
resonant frequency at microwave range. Filters play important roles in much RF/microwave applications. Now
communication industry needs more stringent requirements—higher performance, smaller size, lighter weight,
and lower cost. There are many recent developments in novel materials and fabrication technologies, such as
high-temperature superconductors (HTS), low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC), monolithic microwave
integrated circuits (MMIC), microelectromechanic system (MEMS), and micromachining technology. To
fabricate more efficient device using these novel materials, more functional filters are needed which can be used
in wireless LAN and Bluetooth application.
In recent electronic communication systems, like Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) and Bluetooth
technology, high performance and small size bandpass filters are essentially required to enhance the system
performance and to reduce the fabrication cost. Existing Parallel coupled microstrip filters have been widely
used in the RF front end of microwave and wireless communication systems for decades. But their large size is
incompatible with the systems where size is an important consideration. The length of parallel coupled filter is
too long and it further increases with the order of filter. To solve this, the compact filter structures are required
in demand for space-limited operations. Interdigital filter is one of the available compact configurations. There
are many advantages using this structure. This paper focuses on the performances of Coupled line microstrip
Bandpass filter, asymmetrical and symmetrical interdigital filter configuration on single layer.
II. RELATED WORKS
The basic concept of filters was proposed in 1915 independently by Campbell and Wagner. Their
results were obtained from earlier work on loaded transmission lines and classical theory of vibrating systems.
Afterwards, two different filter theories were developed, known as image parameter theory and insertion loss
theory [1], [2].
The image parameter method was developed in the 1920s by Campbell, Zobel, and some others. This
method involves specification of the passband and stopband characteristics for a cascade of 2-port networks.
57
2. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
The image viewpoint, used in this method is similar to the wave viewpoint used in the analysis of transmission
lines. Hence, this method provides a link between practical filters and infinite periodic structures [3]. Simple
filters can be designed without requiring a computer.
However, sometimes impractical component values can be obtained using image parameter method [4].
This approximate technique was the only practical filter design method until computers become widespread.
The insertion loss theory, also known as modern filter theory, is far more complex but accurate design
technique. It owns its origin to the work of Cauer and Darlington who put forward a theory that involves a set of
problems relating to modern network synthesis [5]. This design method consists of two basic steps: determination
of a transfer function that approximates required filter specification and synthesis of electrical circuit using
frequency response estimated by the previous transfer function. Although this method was very efficient, it had
become widely used only since high speed computers, used to make all necessary complex calculations, became
widely available.
Nowadays, lowpass prototype network with angular cutoff frequency of 1 rad/s terminated by in 1-Ω
impedances is normally used as a starting point in the design of microwave filters. The final design of lumped-
element lowpass, bandpass, bandstop and highpass filters can be obtained from lowpass prototype using
frequency and impedance transformation. Modern filter theory is expanded from lumped element (LC)
resonators to distributed resonators, such as waveguide, coaxial and micro-strip/strip-line. In the design of many
distributed resonator filters values of elements of lowpass prototype network are used to determine important
transmission characteristic of filters using formula derived for each type of filters [6].
In wireless communications bandpass filters are the most widely used filter. For the design of microstrip
bandpass filters, several various techniques exist and most of proposed novel filters with advanced
characteristics are based on these several structures [7].
Interdigital filters consist of parallel coupled quarter-wavelength lines which are short-circuited at one
end and open-circuited at another end [8]. Interdigital filters have the first spurious harmonic at 3f0. Coupling
between interdigital lines is stronger than between comblines and gap between resonators can be larger, making
interdigital filters simpler to fabricate for high frequency and wide bandwidth applications, when dimensions of
filters are quite small [9]. Accurate design of interdigital filters in micro-strip also involves optimization
techniques, for example aggressive space mapping optimization [10]or optimization that uses an accurate
computer aided design method which is based on the identification of direct and parasitic coupling of each
resonator [11].
Due to the development of wireless communications and the appearance of new systems there is high
demand in small size, low cost filters with high performance. Therefore, miniaturization of bandpass filters with
improvement of their characteristics is a big challenge in modern filters design. This is achieved by
improvement of conventional concepts and approaches, as well as by introduction of new topologies and
designs like interdigital filter.
III. PARALLEL COUPLED-LINE BANDPASS FILTERS
Fig. 3.1 illustrates a general structure of parallel coupled-line microstrip bandpass filter that uses
half-wavelength line resonators. They are positioned so that adjacent resonators are parallel to each other along
half of their length. This parallel arrangement gives relatively large coupling for a given spacing between
resonators, and thus, this filter structure is particularly convenient for constructing filters having a wider
bandwidth as compared to the other structures.
Fig. 3.1: General structure of parallel coupled-line microstrip bandpass filter
The design equations for this type of filter are given by[5]
J 01 FWB
………………. (1)
Y0 2 g0 g1
58
3. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
J j , j 1 FWB 1
j 1ton 1 ……….. (2)
Y0 2 g j g j 1
J n,n1 FWB
………………. (3)
Y0 2 g n g n1
Where, n is a number of filter order, and g0, g1, . . . gn are the element of a ladder-type lowpass
prototype with a normalized cutoff Ωc = 1, and FBW is the fractional bandwidth of bandpass filter. Jj,j+1 are the
characteristic admittances of J-inverters and Y0 is the characteristic admittance of the terminating lines. This is
because of the both types of filter can have the same lowpass network representation. However, the
implementation will be different.
To realize the J-inverters obtained above, the even- and odd-mode characteristic impedances of the coupled
microstrip line resonators are determined by
1 J j , j 1 J j , j 1
2
( Z 0e ) j , j 1 1 j 0ton … (4)
Y0 Y0 Y0
1 J
2
J
( Z0o ) j , j 1 1 j , j 1 j , j 1 j 0ton … (5)
Y0 Y0 Y0
The use of the design equations and the implementation of microstrip filter of this type will be illustrated after
few sections.
IV. INTERDIGITAL BAND PASS FILTER
The Interdigital configuration is the most compact filter where the resonators are placed side by side
with one end short circuited and other end open circuited alternatively as shown in Fig.4.1 [11]. The filter
configuration shown, consists of an array of n TEM- mode or quasi-TEM- mode transmission line resonators,
each of which has an electrical length 90º at center frequency, f0 . In general, the physical dimensions of the line
elements or the resonators can be the same or different depending on the designs. Coupling is achieved by the
way of the fields fringing between adjacent resonators separated by spacing Si,i+1 for i = 1 .. n-1. The filter input
and output used tapped lines, each with a characteristic admittance, Yt which may set to be equal to the source
or load characteristic admittance Y0. An electrical length is θt, measured away from the short circuited end of the
input or output resonator, indicates the tapping position, where Y1= Yn denotes the single microstrip
characteristic impedance of the input or output resonator.
Interdigital band pass filters shown in Fig 4.1 have several features such as [12]
Very compact structures.
The tolerances required in manufacture are relatively relaxed because of the relatively large spacing between
resonator elements.
The second pass band is centered at three times the center frequency of the first pass band. Besides that, there
are no possibility spurious responses in between.
Filter can be fabricated in structural forms, which are self-supporting so that dielectric material need not be
used. Thus, electric loss can be eliminated.
Strength of the stop band and rates of cutoff can be enhanced by multiple order poles of attenuation at dc and
even multiples of the center frequency of the first pass band.
59
4. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
Fig. 4.1: Interdigital band pass filter structure
W0 = width of characteristic impedance
W = width of resonator
K = coupling efficiency
S = space between resonator
L= length of resonator
This type of microstrip band pass filter is compact, but requires use of grounding microstrip resonator,
which is accomplished with via holes. However, because the resonators are quarter-wavelength long using the
grounding, the second pass band filter is centered at about three times the center frequency of the desired first
pass band, and there are no possibilities of any spurious response in between.
A. INTERDIGITAL BAND PASS FILTER DESIGN
Original theory and design procedure for interdigital band pass filters with coupled-line input or output
are described here. Explicit design equations for the type of band pass filter with tapped line are explained in
this section [11].
The electrical length can be obtained from
FBW
1 ………….(6)
2 2
Where, FBW is the fractional bandwidth and gi represents the element values of a ladder type of low pass
prototype filter with normalized cutoff frequency at Ωc=1.
The admittance is,
Y1
Y ………………. (7)
tan
Inverter admittance of each resonator is expressed by
Y
J i ,i 1 for i=1 to n-1………(8)
gi gi 1
Yi ,i 1 J i ,i 1 sin for i=1 to n-1………(9)
Self Capacitance, Ci (i = 1 to n) per unit length for the each line elements can be obtained from
Y1 Y1,2
C1
v
Y1 Yn 1,n
Cn ………….(10)
v
Y1 Yi 1,i Yi ,i 1
Ci fori 2 to n 1
v
Mutual Capacitance, Ci,i+1 (i = 1 to n - 1) per unit length for the each line elements can be obtained from
Yi ,i 1
Ci ,i 1 for i=1 to n-1……………(11)
v
Ct is the capacitance to be loaded to the input and output resonators in order to compensate for resonant
frequency shift due to the effect of the tapped input and output.
It can be obtained from
cos t sin 3 t ………………………(12)
Ct
1 cos 2 sin 2 t
0Yt 2
Y0 Yt 2
Y sin 2
sin 1
Where, Y2 and Y0 g 0 g1 .....………. (13)
Yt Y
1
1,2
t
Y1 FBW
1
2
It may also be desirable to use the even and odd mode impedances for filter designs. The self and
mutual capacitances per unit length of a pair of parallel – coupled lines denoted by a and b may be related to the
line characteristic admittances and impedances by:
60
5. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
Yoe vCa
a
Yoo v(Ca 2Cab )
a
Yoe vCb
b
Yoo v(Ca 2Cab )
b
Ca C 2Cab
Z oe
a
Z oe b
a
vF vF
Cb Ca 2Cab
Z oo
b
Z oe
b
vF vF
F Ca Cb Cab (Ca Cb ) ….....………………. (14)
In order to obtain the desired even and odd mode impedances, the coupled lines in association with
adjacent coupled resonators will generally have different line widths, resulting in pairs of symmetric coupled
lines. The two modes, which are also termed ―c‖ and ―π‖ modes, correspond to the even and odd modes in the
symmetric case have different characteristic impedances. This may cause some difficulty for filter design. To
overcome it, an approximate design approach is used.
The designs equations are:
1 1
Z oo1,2 Y , Z oo1,2 Y
Y1 Y1,2 Y1 Y1,2
1
Z oei ,i 1 Y for i=2 to n-2
2Y1 1/ Z oei 1,i Yi.i 1 Yi 1,i
1
Z ooi ,i 1 for i=2 to n-2
2Yi ,i 1 1/ Z oei 1,i
1 1
Z oen 1,n , Z oon 1, n ………………(15)
Y1 Yn 1,n Y1 Yn 1,n
Where, Z oei ,i 1 and Z ooi ,i 1 are the even and odd mode impedances of coupled lines associated with
resonator i and i + 1. For a asymmetrical coupled lines filter design, each of the even and odd mode
impedances may be seen as an average of the two ―c‖ mode impedances for adjacent coupled lines. Similarly,
each of the odd mode impedances may be seen as an average of the two associated modes impedances. The
normalized coupling coefficient of a pair of resonators is given by
f 2 f1
K n ,n 1 ……….. (16)
f0 g g gn1
Where, f0 f2 f1 / 2 , the center frequency, are the low pass prototype element values normalized to
c 1 and r=1.
The single loaded Q for the filter is given by
f 0 g1 f g
QL 0 n 1 ………. (17)
f 2 f1 f 2 f1
The position of the input and output line point’s l can be calculated from
QL ………. (18)
Z 0 / Z 01 4 sin 2 / 2 L
B. ASYMMETRICAL INTERDIGITAL BAND PASS FILTER
Asymmetrical interdigital band pass filter is interdigital band pass filter with asymmetrical coupled
lines. This means that the resonator will not have same line widths [11]. Fig. 4.2 shows an example of
asymmetrical interdigital band pass filter.
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6. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
Fig. 4.2: Asymmetrical interdigital band pass filter
C. SYMMETRICAL INTERDIGITAL BAND PASS FILTER
In symmetrical interdigital band pass filter, all the resonators will have the same line width [11]. There
are two advantages of this configuration. Firstly, the more design equations and data on symmetric coupled lines
are available for the filter design. Secondly, the unloaded quality factor of each resonator will be much the same.
However, a difficulty arises because it is generally not possible to realize arbitrary even and odd mode
impedances with a fixed line width.
Therefore, instead of matching to the desired Z 0 ei ,i 1 and Z 0 oi ,i 1 , the spacing Si,i+1 are adjusted for matching to
Z0ei ,i 1 Z0oi ,i 1
Ki ,i 1 ………. …. (19)
Z0ei ,i 1 Z0oi ,i 1
Fig. 4.3: Symmetrical interdigital band pass filter
V. DESIGN & SIMULATION
In general there are two types of filter, one is composed of lumped elements and another is of
distributed elements. But, at high frequency (e.g. Microwave frequency) the distributed effect will be dominant,
and this is the cause of the degradation of performance of lumped element filter. Due to this reason, most of the
microwave bandpass filters are based on distributed elements (e. g. waveguides, microstrip lines, coplanar
waveguide lines).The easy integration technique and low cost make them the main candidates for microwave
filter designs. To design an efficient filter, use of filter synthesizer technique is very important. There are two
main filter synthesizer techniques: parameter method and insertion loss method [13]. In this work, insertion loss
method is used because it gives complete specification of physically realizable frequency characteristics over
the entire pass and the stop bands from which the microwave filters are synthesized or designed preferable.
A. INSERTION LOSS METHOD
Basic design microwave filters are made from a prototype low pass design. In this method, a physically
realizable network is synthesized that will give the desired insertion loss versus frequency characteristic. This
method consists of the steps below:
Design a prototype low pass filter with the desired pass band characteristic.
Transformation of this prototype network to the required band pass filter with the specified centre and band
edge frequencies.
Realization of the network in the microwave form by using sections of microwave transmission lines, whose
reactance corresponds to those of distributed circuit elements.
B. CHEBYSHAPE PROTOTYPE FILTER
For Chebyshape lowpass filter with an insertion loss L Ar=0.2dB at the cutoff Ωc=1, the element values
computed by (2.50) .The values for n=3 are given below
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7. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
Table 1: Element values for Chebyshape lowpass prototype filters (n=3,Ω c=1, LAr=0.2dB)
g0 g1 g2 g3 g4
1.0 1.228 1.153 1.228 0.1
C. SIMULATOR USED
In this work, Advanced Design Studio 2009(ADS) and Sonnet Lite 12.53 has been used. They could be
integrated within themselves and provide a friendly interface for the user. Some features of them are discussed
below.
D. DESIGN SPECIFICATION
For the first step of designing bandpass filter principle, the number of sections from the specified
attenuation characteristics has to determine. Table (2) shows the chosen of design specification to use for design
bandpass filter response.
Table 2: The Design Specification
Filter type Chebyshev
Number of order ,n 3
Center frequency ,f0 2.45GHz
Fractional Bandwidth ,∆f 0.122 or 12.24%
The board parameters are as follows:
Name = Rogers TMM10
Dielectric constant = 9.6
Substrates thickness = 1.27 mm
Metal thickness = 0.035 mm
1) Parallel Coupled Line Filter Design:
From Table (1), we got the element values for a 3rd order Chebyshape Bandpass filter. Using those values,
design specification and equation (1) to (5), we get the following table:
Table 3: The values of even and odd characteristic impedance for 3rd order coupled line filter
n gn Z0Jn Z0eJn Z0oJn
1 1.228 0.395752 77.6185285 38.0433886
2 1.153 0161633 59.3879113 43.2246113
3 1.228 0161633 59.3879113 43.2246113
4 1 0.395752 77.6185285 38.0433886
Using LineClac of Advanced Design System [14], the values for the resonator spacing’s, the length and
the width of the traces can be obtained. We get the following table:
Table 4: The values of Width, Length and Sapcing for 3rd order coupled line filter
Length,l(mm)
n Width,w(mm) Spacing,s(mm)
(90°)
1 0.852495 0.349528 12.3555
2 1.169040 1.122310 12.0910
3 1.169040 1.122310 12.0910
4 0.852495 0.349528 12.3555
The calculated values are then implemented using Advanced Design Studio 2009. ―MCFIL‖ blocks are
used as coupled lines. The corresponding tuned values are then put on their respective fields of the blocks. Input
and output are terminated with 50. line as ―MLIN‖ blocks. The circuit schematic view is shown in Fig. 5.1.
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8. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
Fig. 5.1: Schematic View of 3rd order Coupled Line Filter
2) Single Layer Interdigital Filter Design
2.1. Single Layer Asymmetrical Interdigital Filters (SAI): Using the values of table 1 for a 3rd order Chebyshape
filter, design specification and equation (6) to (15), we get the following table of even and odd mode
impedances
Table 5: The values of Even and Odd mode characteristics impedance
n Z0ei,i+1 Z0oi,i+1
1 49.442 40.062
Filter dimension of the SAI filter is calculated from graph of even and odd mode characteristic
impedances for coupled microstrip lines[14].From this graph, we get the width of two coupled lines ( W) and
spacing between them (s) are shown in Table (6).
Table 6: SAI filter design parameter
L
W1 W3 L S12 S23
m
W2
m m m m re re Wt
e o
t
mm mm m
m m m m m
m
11. 7. 5.
1.7 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 3
76 1 6
And the tuned parameter values are
Table 7: Tuned parameter values for SAI filter design
W2 L S12 Lt
W1
m
W3
m m
S23 re re Wt
e o
m
mm mm mm mm
m m m m
10. 7. 5.
1.7 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.5
3 1 6
Those values are than implemented using ADS-2009. Here we use the following T-line Microstrip,
MACLIN3 used as a coupled section
MLSC used as short circuited end
MLEF used as open circuited end
MTEE-ADS used as tapped line connector
MLIN used as tapped line
Circuit schematic view is shown in Fig 5.2.
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9. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
Fig.5.2: Schematic view of SAI Filter circuit
2.2. Single Layer Symmetrical Interdigital Filters (SSI): Using the values of table 1 for a 3rd order Chebyshape
filter, design specification and equation (19), we get the following Table of coupling coefficient of SSI filter.
Table 8: the values of Coupling Coefficient
i Ki,i+1
1 0.101
Taking w/h=0.7, we can calculate the Width. From coupling coefficient and Q of interdigital filter (J. S.
Wong [28]), we get spacing between the resonators as summarized below. From the same graph, we get the
Physical length measured from the input or output resonator to tap point. The values are shown in Table 3.9.
Table 9: SSI filter design parameter
W(mm) L(mm) S12(mm) S23(mm) Wt(mm) Lt(mm)
0.9 11.1 2.1 2.1 1.2 2.1
The values are than tuned, to get the desired frequency response.
Table 10: Tuned parameter values for SSI filter design
W(mm) L(mm) S12(mm) S23(mm) Wt(mm) Lt(mm)
0.9 11.6 2.1 2.1 1 3
Those values are than implemented using ADS-2009. Here we use the following Tline- Microstrip,
MACLIN3 used as a coupled section
MLSC used as short circuited end
MLEF used as open circuited end
MTEE-ADS used as tapped line connector
MLIN used as tapped line
Circuit schematic view is is shown in Fig 5.3.
Fig. 5.3: Schematic view of SSI Filter circuit
VI. RESULT & DISSCUSION
Once the designing process has been completed, the this work moves onto the next step, where the
simulations are being done to see the result of this project and to analyze whether the project had attained the
objective, target and concept. The simulation process covers the entire coupled line filter, single layer
asymmetric interdigital and single layer symmetric interdigital filter.
A. SIMULATION RESULT OF PARALLEL COUPLED LINE BANDPASS FILTER
Analysis of the parallel coupled line Bandpass filter has been made from the simulation results. The
performance of the Parallel Coupled line Bandpass filter is summarized in Table (11).
Table 11: Coupled line filter simulation responses
Bandwidth at
|S11| at 2.45 GHz |S21| at 2.45GHz
Filter n 3dB
(dB) (dB)
(GHz)
Parallel Coupled
line Bandpass 3 -13.915 -0.180 0.36
filter
65
10. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
Fig. 6.1: Return Loss and Insertion Loss for Parallel Coupled line filter
In the Fig 6.1, blue and red colored line shows the |S(11)| and |S(21)| response of a microstrip coupled
line bandpass filter. At Y-axis, gain in dB has plotted and in X-axis, frequency in GHz has been plotted.
Here, we have seen that the insertion loss is higher, but the bandwidth at -3dB is at 0.36GHz.It is a little bit
higher than the desired bandwidth (0.3GHz) of 0.06GHz.
B. SIMULATION RESULT OF SAI & SSI FILTERS
Analysis has been made from the simulation results. Table (11) summarized the performances of the
SAI and SSI filters. And Fig. 6.2 and Fig. 6.3 depicts the graphs of the performances.
Fig. 6.2: Return Loss and Insertion Loss for SAI filter Fig. 6.3: Return Loss and Insertion Loss for SSI filter
Table 11: SAI & SSI filter simulation responses
Filter n |S11| at |S21| at Bandwidth
2.45GHz 2.45GHz at 3dB
(dB) (dB) (GHz)
SAI 3 -14.02 -0.176 0.4
filter
SSI 3 -14.53 -0.156 0.25
filter
Here, from Fig 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3, it is evident that the insertion loss in SAI and SSI filter is lower than
the microstrip coupled line bandpass filter, and SSI has lower than the SAI filter of -0.02 dB. The bandwidth at -
3dB is at 0.4GHz for SAI filter and 0.25GHz for SSI filter. Here SAI has a bandwidth higher than the desired
bandwidth (0.3GHz) of 0.1GHz and SSI has a lower bandwidth than desired bandwidth of 0.05GHz.
SSI has a sharper slope than SAI filter, but the ripple in SSI is larger compared to SAI filters.
Fig. 6.4:|S21| response of Coupled line BPF
Another problem is that, in case of coupled line BPF, the passband ripple in first harmonic. The
passband ripple is at 4.3GHz to 5.3GHz. Fig 6.4 shows passband ripples of coupled line BPF from 1 GHz to 10
66
11. Design and Performance Analysis of 2.45 GHz Microwave…
GHz range. For SAI and SSI, insertion loss and return loss are good enough compared to coupled line filter. So
the harmonics that produced in the coupled line filter are significantly reduced by using interdigital filter.
VII. CONCLUSION
The goal of this work is to design a microstrip line microwave single layer interdigital Chebyshev band
pass filter of centre frequency 2.45GHz and fractional bandwidth 0.122 has been nearly achieved using ADS
2009 and sonnet EM software. In this work, 3rd order Chebyshev microstrip line filter of coupled line and
interdigital filter structures have been compared using Rogers TMM10 material as substrate. The optimum
structure of the filter has found to be 3 rd order interdigital structure. The designed filters were simulated for its
input return loss |S11| and insertion loss |S21| responses.
However, the simulated results were close to the desired specification but not exactly matched with the desired
specification. One main reason for this scenario is the software limitations. This could be due to the personal
computer inability to handle large memory simulation files. There were some software limitations to complete
the simulation in a satisfactory time frame with accurate results. Although the designed filter did not meet the
specification perfectly therefore there are rooms for further improvement.
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