This paper presents a new structure to implement compact narrowband high-rejection microstrip band-stop filter (BSF). This structure is the combination of two traditional BSFs: Spurline filter and BSF using defected ground structure (DGS). Due to inherently compact characteristics of both Spurline and interdigital capacitance (used as DGS), the proposed filter shows a better rejection performance than Spurline filter and open stub conventional BSF without increasing the circuit size. From, the proposed BSF has a rejection of better than 20dB and the maximum rejection level of 41dB.
3D FSS with multiple transmission zeros and pseudo elliptic responsejournalBEEI
The three-dimensional frequency selective surface (3D FSS) with band reject multiple transmission zeros and pseudo-elliptic response is designed from two-dimensional (2D) periodic array of shielded micro strip lines to realize wide out-of–band radio wave rejection. The 3D FSS array consists of multimode cavities whose coupling with air can be controlled to obtain a desired frequency range. The proposed FSS with shorting via to ground exhibits pseudo-elliptic band-reject response in the frequency range from 6GHz to 14GHz. As the plane wave of linear polarization incidents perpendicularly to the shielded micro strip line with perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary walls, two quasi-TEM modes are obtained known as air mode and substrate mode. The first 3D FSS design is a combination of two or more resonators. Furthermore, second 3D FSS design with three shorting vias result more elliptic band reject frequency response and a pass band transmission pole. All in phase resonators of design give transmission poles and out of phase combination of resonators give transmission zeros respectively. The proposed 3D FSS is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS software. These designs exhibit an improved performance for many practical applications such as antenna sub-reflector, and spatial filters.
In this paper, UWB technology operating in broad
frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz has shown great achievement
for high- speed wireless communications. to satisfy the UWB
system requirements, a band pass filter with a broad pass
band width, low insertion loss, and high stop-band suppression.
UWB band-pass filter (BPF) with wireless local area network
(WLAN) notch at 5.8 GHz and 3-dB fractional bandwidth of
108% using a microstrip structure is presented. Initially a
two transmission pole UWB band pass filter in the frequency
range 3.1-10.6 GHz is achieved by design a parallel-coupled
microstrip line with defective ground plane structure using
GML 1000 substrate with specification: dielectric constant 3.2
and thickness 0.762 mm at centre frequency 6.85 GHz. In this
structure a ë/4 open circuited stub is introduced to achieve the
notch at 5.8 GHz to avoid the interference with WLAN
frequency with lies the desired UWB band. The design
structure was simulated on electromagnetic circuit simulation
software and fabricated by microwave integrated circuit
technique. The measured VNA results show the close
agreement with simulated results.
Numerical parametric study on interval shift variation in simo sstd technique...eSAT Journals
Abstract SSTD (Single Station Time Domain) technique is one of the efficient methods used to extract modal parameters of a structure. Instead of extracting the parameters in frequency domain by utilising Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) as used by some other methods, this technique only relies on free decay responses to obtain the required parameters. In this paper, a parametric study on time shift interval on algorithm method is investigated. The accuracy assessment is made using simulated analytical data with known properties where percentage error between the results of simulated and this method can be calculated and compared. Keywords: SSTD (Single Station Time Domain), FFT, EMA
In this work, a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) unit cell is simulated in a waveguide with electromagnetic field solver High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Analytical calculations of the inductance and capacitance have been also carried out to obtain the resonant frequencies for SRR dimensions. A comparison between calculated and simulated resonance frequencies)) is done. A good correlation between simulated and measured resonance frequencies is achieved.
3D FSS with multiple transmission zeros and pseudo elliptic responsejournalBEEI
The three-dimensional frequency selective surface (3D FSS) with band reject multiple transmission zeros and pseudo-elliptic response is designed from two-dimensional (2D) periodic array of shielded micro strip lines to realize wide out-of–band radio wave rejection. The 3D FSS array consists of multimode cavities whose coupling with air can be controlled to obtain a desired frequency range. The proposed FSS with shorting via to ground exhibits pseudo-elliptic band-reject response in the frequency range from 6GHz to 14GHz. As the plane wave of linear polarization incidents perpendicularly to the shielded micro strip line with perfect electric conductor (PEC) and perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) boundary walls, two quasi-TEM modes are obtained known as air mode and substrate mode. The first 3D FSS design is a combination of two or more resonators. Furthermore, second 3D FSS design with three shorting vias result more elliptic band reject frequency response and a pass band transmission pole. All in phase resonators of design give transmission poles and out of phase combination of resonators give transmission zeros respectively. The proposed 3D FSS is designed and simulated using Ansys HFSS software. These designs exhibit an improved performance for many practical applications such as antenna sub-reflector, and spatial filters.
In this paper, UWB technology operating in broad
frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz has shown great achievement
for high- speed wireless communications. to satisfy the UWB
system requirements, a band pass filter with a broad pass
band width, low insertion loss, and high stop-band suppression.
UWB band-pass filter (BPF) with wireless local area network
(WLAN) notch at 5.8 GHz and 3-dB fractional bandwidth of
108% using a microstrip structure is presented. Initially a
two transmission pole UWB band pass filter in the frequency
range 3.1-10.6 GHz is achieved by design a parallel-coupled
microstrip line with defective ground plane structure using
GML 1000 substrate with specification: dielectric constant 3.2
and thickness 0.762 mm at centre frequency 6.85 GHz. In this
structure a ë/4 open circuited stub is introduced to achieve the
notch at 5.8 GHz to avoid the interference with WLAN
frequency with lies the desired UWB band. The design
structure was simulated on electromagnetic circuit simulation
software and fabricated by microwave integrated circuit
technique. The measured VNA results show the close
agreement with simulated results.
Numerical parametric study on interval shift variation in simo sstd technique...eSAT Journals
Abstract SSTD (Single Station Time Domain) technique is one of the efficient methods used to extract modal parameters of a structure. Instead of extracting the parameters in frequency domain by utilising Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) as used by some other methods, this technique only relies on free decay responses to obtain the required parameters. In this paper, a parametric study on time shift interval on algorithm method is investigated. The accuracy assessment is made using simulated analytical data with known properties where percentage error between the results of simulated and this method can be calculated and compared. Keywords: SSTD (Single Station Time Domain), FFT, EMA
In this work, a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) unit cell is simulated in a waveguide with electromagnetic field solver High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Analytical calculations of the inductance and capacitance have been also carried out to obtain the resonant frequencies for SRR dimensions. A comparison between calculated and simulated resonance frequencies)) is done. A good correlation between simulated and measured resonance frequencies is achieved.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPACT UWB BAND PASS FILTERijeljournal
This paper presents design, implementation and analysis of an ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass-filter using parallel-coupled microstrip line with defective ground plane and a uniform multi-mode resonator. The structure of the filter is designed on microwave substrate GML 1000 of dielectric constant 3.2 and height is 0.762 mm. Simulation is carried out by CST MSW software and optimized structure is fabricated. The frequency response is measured on vector analyzer and measured results show close approximation with simulation results. In this article modeling of the proposed filter is also reported. The electric model of the filter is analyzed by circuit theory and MATLAB. This model is validated by comparing the results with the CST simulation and VNA measured results. This filter is compact in size of dimension 30˟1.87 mm2 may be useful for modern wireless application of communication.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Different ShapedPatch Array Antenna with Liquid Crystal Substrate (LCS)IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper is mainly dealing with three different types of patch antennas which are list in fig(1), fig (2) and fig (3) respectively. These proposed antennas are design on liquid crystal substrate liquid crystal substrate. Enhancement factor to improve these proposed antenna performances are introduced. The selected operated frequencies is covering the rang between (1-45) GHz. The objective of these proposed antenna designs are to provide antenna dual band width as well as high gain. All the designs will be implemented on liquid crystal substrate of dielectric constant εr=2.2 and thickness of 0.175 mm. These antennas are narrow and dual band. The gain this work is satisfied our results.
Multilayered low pass microstrip filter using csrreSAT Journals
Abstract Multi-tracking system is a real time tracking platform which uses integration of technologies such as GPS and GSM. The platform supports multiple tracking devices for variety of applications such as live vehicle tracking, personal tracking and also assets tracking. The GPS device installed in the vehicle continuously moves with the vehicle and will calculate the co-ordinates with other related information at each position and then transmit this information via GSM to the tracking server, thus storing it in the database; which further can be viewed on electronic map, i.e., Google Map via Internet providing up-to-date information. This proposed system also supports for real time control like, if owner sends an SMS, it automatically turns of the ignition of vehicle or other different purposes. The overall system will be implemented in Micro-soft .NET technology in which C#.Net will be used for system components & for web based ASP.Net will be used. Keywords: GPS, GSM, SMS, Socket Listener, Tracking server.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Simulation of Compact Wideband Rectangular Dielectric Resonator An...ijsrd.com
An objective of the paper is to optimize the parameters, and simulation analysis of compact wideband rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA). In this paper, a compact wideband, rectangular dielectric resonator antenna is presented using relatively low dielectric constant material and using double microstrip patch. The rectangular DRA is fed with a modified stepped microstrip feed to ensure efficient coupling between the RDRA and the feeder. The performance of the proposed antenna has been significantly improved by loading the RDRA with two narrow conducting metallic strips of suitable widths, which results in dual-resonance excitation and leads to a wider operating bandwidth (16.274-18.200 GHz). The frequency characteristics and radiation performance of the proposed antenna are successfully optimized. Design and simulation results are in excellent agreement.
Metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antenna for quad band operationeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, a novel design for miniaturization of microstrip patch antenna with multiband operation of microstrip antenna is proposed. The technique is based on etching out of Complimentary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) on the radiating edge of the patch antenna. Numerical simulations are presented for a patch antenna with and without CSRRs by using IE3D simulation software and measured practically. The measured results shows that antenna with CSRRs on the radiating edge of the patch antenna is resonating at four different frequency points i.e., 4.96GHz, 6.05GHz, 8.62GHz and 11.25GHz., whereas, antenna without CSRR i.e., conventional microstrip antenna is resonating at 5.98GHz. The size reduction of 16.92% is achieved and the antenna gives the overall bandwidth of 17.88%. These antennas find application in Wireless Communications. Keywords: microstrip antenna, CSRR, return loss, miniaturization, bandwidth.
MINIATURIZATION OF BRANCH-LINE COUPLERS USING OPEN STUBS AND STEPPED IMPEDANC...csijjournal
In this paper, two proposed structures of the compact Branch-Line Couplers BLCs are designed and simulated. Three different technologies of miniaturization BLC are used together, open ended stubs, meandering transmission lines, and stepped impedance. The results of the two designed BLC are compared to previously published results work at the same frequency 1.8GHz, the two proposed structures are designed and simulated using CST full wave simulator. The first and second structures are occupied only 61.8% and 50.8%, respectively, from the area of the conventional design. The paper presents a comparative study between simulated results of the two proposed designs and the measured results, the results show good agreement especially in the stepped impedance BLC.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Tenser Product of Representation for the Group CnIJERA Editor
The main objective of this paper is to compute the tenser product of representation for the group Cn. Also
algorithms designed and implemented in the construction of the main program designated for the determination
of the tenser product of representation for the group Cn including a flow-diagram of the main program. Some
algorithms are followed by simple examples for illustration.
Effect of growth regulators on the in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus H...IJERA Editor
Bamboos are versatile multipurpose forest product, which are important economically and are often referred to
as ‘GREEN GOLD’. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is one of the economically important species of Bamboo in
India. Government of India is running National Bamboo Mission to encourage the production of Bamboos in
India. The present work was undertaken to study the effect of Auxins and Cytokinins on the in vitro
multiplication of nodal cuttings with axillary buds Dendrocalamus hamiltonii a bamboo species growing in
North east region of India and north western Himalayas. The growth medium used was MS (1962) basal
medium supplemented with BAP, Kn and NAA at varying concentrations. The multiplication rate of shoots
increased with increasing the concentration of NAA and Kn. However the optimum results were obtained on
MS medium supplemented with a combination of 0.5 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l Kn and 1 mg/l BAP. Effect of TDZ
concentration was also observed, and the results revealed that 0.25 mg/l TDZ, 0.25 mg/l PGH with 1 mg/l BAP
were found to be most suitable for in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii.
An Efficient Fault Tolerance System Design for Cmos/Nanodevice Digital MemoriesIJERA Editor
Targeting on the future fault-prone hybrid CMOS/Nanodevice digital memories, this paper present two faulttolerance
design approaches the integrally address the tolerance for defect and transient faults. These two
approaches share several key features, including the use of a group of Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem (BCH)
codes for both defect tolerance and transient fault tolerance, and integration of BCH code selection and dynamic
logical-to-physical address mapping. Thus, a new model of BCH decoder is proposed to reduce the area and
simplify the computational scheduling of both syndrome and chien search blocks without parallelism leading to
high throughput.The goal of fault tolerant computing is improve the dependability of systems where
dependability can be defined as the ability of a system to deliver service at an acceptable level of confidence in
either presence or absence falult.ss The results of the simulation and implementation using Xilinx ISE software
and the LCD screen on the FPGA’s Board will be shown at last.
Application ofBoost Inverter to Multi Input PV systemIJERA Editor
With the shortage of the energy and ever increasing of the oil price, research on the renewable and green energy
sources, especially the solar arrays and the fuel cells, becomes more and more important. How to achieve high
step- up and high efficiency DC/DC converters is the major consideration in the renewable power applications
due to the low voltage of PV arrays and fuel cells. The conventional boost converters increase the harmonics
rate and add an extra stage of power conversion. This paper proposes a boost dc-ac inverter that can invert and
boost the output voltage in a single stage. In this paper the proposed boost dc-ac inverter is applied to the solar
power panels and is simulated using Simulink. The output results of the boost inverter are worthy promising.
Soa Readiness Assessment, a New MethodIJERA Editor
One of the initial steps to implement Service Oriented Architecture is organization's readiness assessment for acceptance and utilization of this architecture. Organization’s readiness assessment is a method that taking advantages of it investigated various organization aspects and each part of organization preparation for acceptance of service oriented architecture can be measured. Because the implementation of Service Oriented Architecture is a key and large scale project in organizations and organizations are faced with many problems in SOA adoption process. Taking advantage of organization readiness assessment to assess organization readiness is necessary to implement Service Oriented Architecture. In this paper a review on SOA and its adoption and implementation challenges performed. Some researches and tools for service oriented architecture readiness assessment are introduced. A new method for SOA readiness assessment is proposed. Main approach of this method is facilitating SOA implementation by assessing organization readiness to implement this architecture in order to decrease spending time and resources. Most important features of proposed method are that it is based on standards and principles of readiness assessment to implement Service Oriented Architecture and consist comprehensive view on the identified factors to assess organizational readiness.
Design and Implementation of Digital PLL using Self Correcting DCO SystemIJERA Editor
The mainstay of the paper is to use a PLL using self healing pre-scalar. When a CMOS technology approaches to a nanometer scale, the non-idealities like variability and leakage current may affect the circuit performances. The process variability leads to the large variations to degrade the device matching and performances. The leakage current is highly dependent upon the process variations. In the existing method the key parameter is to be change the modulus value of the pre- scalar. By changing the value of the pre-scalar the PLL frequency range will be extended. In the proposed design we are planning to implement the digital PLL technique with self correcting DCO. The structure utilizes the DDR synthesizer as a base for generating the DCO frequency, so many methods are there to correct the DCO errors , here we detect the error or delay and correct it by using smooth jumping method. The DPLL varies from minimum system clock frequency 60 to 1489 MHZ (Minimum) maximum of GHZ frequency of any range we can generate, since our design act as a general platform for any kind of application.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPACT UWB BAND PASS FILTERijeljournal
This paper presents design, implementation and analysis of an ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass-filter using parallel-coupled microstrip line with defective ground plane and a uniform multi-mode resonator. The structure of the filter is designed on microwave substrate GML 1000 of dielectric constant 3.2 and height is 0.762 mm. Simulation is carried out by CST MSW software and optimized structure is fabricated. The frequency response is measured on vector analyzer and measured results show close approximation with simulation results. In this article modeling of the proposed filter is also reported. The electric model of the filter is analyzed by circuit theory and MATLAB. This model is validated by comparing the results with the CST simulation and VNA measured results. This filter is compact in size of dimension 30˟1.87 mm2 may be useful for modern wireless application of communication.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Different ShapedPatch Array Antenna with Liquid Crystal Substrate (LCS)IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper is mainly dealing with three different types of patch antennas which are list in fig(1), fig (2) and fig (3) respectively. These proposed antennas are design on liquid crystal substrate liquid crystal substrate. Enhancement factor to improve these proposed antenna performances are introduced. The selected operated frequencies is covering the rang between (1-45) GHz. The objective of these proposed antenna designs are to provide antenna dual band width as well as high gain. All the designs will be implemented on liquid crystal substrate of dielectric constant εr=2.2 and thickness of 0.175 mm. These antennas are narrow and dual band. The gain this work is satisfied our results.
Multilayered low pass microstrip filter using csrreSAT Journals
Abstract Multi-tracking system is a real time tracking platform which uses integration of technologies such as GPS and GSM. The platform supports multiple tracking devices for variety of applications such as live vehicle tracking, personal tracking and also assets tracking. The GPS device installed in the vehicle continuously moves with the vehicle and will calculate the co-ordinates with other related information at each position and then transmit this information via GSM to the tracking server, thus storing it in the database; which further can be viewed on electronic map, i.e., Google Map via Internet providing up-to-date information. This proposed system also supports for real time control like, if owner sends an SMS, it automatically turns of the ignition of vehicle or other different purposes. The overall system will be implemented in Micro-soft .NET technology in which C#.Net will be used for system components & for web based ASP.Net will be used. Keywords: GPS, GSM, SMS, Socket Listener, Tracking server.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Simulation of Compact Wideband Rectangular Dielectric Resonator An...ijsrd.com
An objective of the paper is to optimize the parameters, and simulation analysis of compact wideband rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA). In this paper, a compact wideband, rectangular dielectric resonator antenna is presented using relatively low dielectric constant material and using double microstrip patch. The rectangular DRA is fed with a modified stepped microstrip feed to ensure efficient coupling between the RDRA and the feeder. The performance of the proposed antenna has been significantly improved by loading the RDRA with two narrow conducting metallic strips of suitable widths, which results in dual-resonance excitation and leads to a wider operating bandwidth (16.274-18.200 GHz). The frequency characteristics and radiation performance of the proposed antenna are successfully optimized. Design and simulation results are in excellent agreement.
Metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antenna for quad band operationeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, a novel design for miniaturization of microstrip patch antenna with multiband operation of microstrip antenna is proposed. The technique is based on etching out of Complimentary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) on the radiating edge of the patch antenna. Numerical simulations are presented for a patch antenna with and without CSRRs by using IE3D simulation software and measured practically. The measured results shows that antenna with CSRRs on the radiating edge of the patch antenna is resonating at four different frequency points i.e., 4.96GHz, 6.05GHz, 8.62GHz and 11.25GHz., whereas, antenna without CSRR i.e., conventional microstrip antenna is resonating at 5.98GHz. The size reduction of 16.92% is achieved and the antenna gives the overall bandwidth of 17.88%. These antennas find application in Wireless Communications. Keywords: microstrip antenna, CSRR, return loss, miniaturization, bandwidth.
MINIATURIZATION OF BRANCH-LINE COUPLERS USING OPEN STUBS AND STEPPED IMPEDANC...csijjournal
In this paper, two proposed structures of the compact Branch-Line Couplers BLCs are designed and simulated. Three different technologies of miniaturization BLC are used together, open ended stubs, meandering transmission lines, and stepped impedance. The results of the two designed BLC are compared to previously published results work at the same frequency 1.8GHz, the two proposed structures are designed and simulated using CST full wave simulator. The first and second structures are occupied only 61.8% and 50.8%, respectively, from the area of the conventional design. The paper presents a comparative study between simulated results of the two proposed designs and the measured results, the results show good agreement especially in the stepped impedance BLC.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Tenser Product of Representation for the Group CnIJERA Editor
The main objective of this paper is to compute the tenser product of representation for the group Cn. Also
algorithms designed and implemented in the construction of the main program designated for the determination
of the tenser product of representation for the group Cn including a flow-diagram of the main program. Some
algorithms are followed by simple examples for illustration.
Effect of growth regulators on the in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus H...IJERA Editor
Bamboos are versatile multipurpose forest product, which are important economically and are often referred to
as ‘GREEN GOLD’. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is one of the economically important species of Bamboo in
India. Government of India is running National Bamboo Mission to encourage the production of Bamboos in
India. The present work was undertaken to study the effect of Auxins and Cytokinins on the in vitro
multiplication of nodal cuttings with axillary buds Dendrocalamus hamiltonii a bamboo species growing in
North east region of India and north western Himalayas. The growth medium used was MS (1962) basal
medium supplemented with BAP, Kn and NAA at varying concentrations. The multiplication rate of shoots
increased with increasing the concentration of NAA and Kn. However the optimum results were obtained on
MS medium supplemented with a combination of 0.5 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l Kn and 1 mg/l BAP. Effect of TDZ
concentration was also observed, and the results revealed that 0.25 mg/l TDZ, 0.25 mg/l PGH with 1 mg/l BAP
were found to be most suitable for in vitro multiplication of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii.
An Efficient Fault Tolerance System Design for Cmos/Nanodevice Digital MemoriesIJERA Editor
Targeting on the future fault-prone hybrid CMOS/Nanodevice digital memories, this paper present two faulttolerance
design approaches the integrally address the tolerance for defect and transient faults. These two
approaches share several key features, including the use of a group of Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem (BCH)
codes for both defect tolerance and transient fault tolerance, and integration of BCH code selection and dynamic
logical-to-physical address mapping. Thus, a new model of BCH decoder is proposed to reduce the area and
simplify the computational scheduling of both syndrome and chien search blocks without parallelism leading to
high throughput.The goal of fault tolerant computing is improve the dependability of systems where
dependability can be defined as the ability of a system to deliver service at an acceptable level of confidence in
either presence or absence falult.ss The results of the simulation and implementation using Xilinx ISE software
and the LCD screen on the FPGA’s Board will be shown at last.
Application ofBoost Inverter to Multi Input PV systemIJERA Editor
With the shortage of the energy and ever increasing of the oil price, research on the renewable and green energy
sources, especially the solar arrays and the fuel cells, becomes more and more important. How to achieve high
step- up and high efficiency DC/DC converters is the major consideration in the renewable power applications
due to the low voltage of PV arrays and fuel cells. The conventional boost converters increase the harmonics
rate and add an extra stage of power conversion. This paper proposes a boost dc-ac inverter that can invert and
boost the output voltage in a single stage. In this paper the proposed boost dc-ac inverter is applied to the solar
power panels and is simulated using Simulink. The output results of the boost inverter are worthy promising.
Soa Readiness Assessment, a New MethodIJERA Editor
One of the initial steps to implement Service Oriented Architecture is organization's readiness assessment for acceptance and utilization of this architecture. Organization’s readiness assessment is a method that taking advantages of it investigated various organization aspects and each part of organization preparation for acceptance of service oriented architecture can be measured. Because the implementation of Service Oriented Architecture is a key and large scale project in organizations and organizations are faced with many problems in SOA adoption process. Taking advantage of organization readiness assessment to assess organization readiness is necessary to implement Service Oriented Architecture. In this paper a review on SOA and its adoption and implementation challenges performed. Some researches and tools for service oriented architecture readiness assessment are introduced. A new method for SOA readiness assessment is proposed. Main approach of this method is facilitating SOA implementation by assessing organization readiness to implement this architecture in order to decrease spending time and resources. Most important features of proposed method are that it is based on standards and principles of readiness assessment to implement Service Oriented Architecture and consist comprehensive view on the identified factors to assess organizational readiness.
Design and Implementation of Digital PLL using Self Correcting DCO SystemIJERA Editor
The mainstay of the paper is to use a PLL using self healing pre-scalar. When a CMOS technology approaches to a nanometer scale, the non-idealities like variability and leakage current may affect the circuit performances. The process variability leads to the large variations to degrade the device matching and performances. The leakage current is highly dependent upon the process variations. In the existing method the key parameter is to be change the modulus value of the pre- scalar. By changing the value of the pre-scalar the PLL frequency range will be extended. In the proposed design we are planning to implement the digital PLL technique with self correcting DCO. The structure utilizes the DDR synthesizer as a base for generating the DCO frequency, so many methods are there to correct the DCO errors , here we detect the error or delay and correct it by using smooth jumping method. The DPLL varies from minimum system clock frequency 60 to 1489 MHZ (Minimum) maximum of GHZ frequency of any range we can generate, since our design act as a general platform for any kind of application.
A Stochastic Model for the Progression of Chronic Kidney DiseaseIJERA Editor
Multistate Markov models are well-established methods for estimating rates of transition between stages of
chronic diseases. The objective of this study is to propose a stochastic model that describes the progression
process of chronic kidney disease; CKD, estimate the mean time spent in each stage of disease stages that
precedes developing end-stage renal failure and to estimate the life expectancy of a CKD patient. Continuoustime
Markov Chain is appropriate to model CKD. Explicit expressions of transition probability functions are
derived by solving system of forward Kolmogorov differential equations. Besides, the mean sojourn time, the
state probability distribution, life expectancy of a CKD patient and expected number of patients in each state of
the system are presented in the study. A numerical example is provided. Finally, concluding remarks and
discussion are presented.
Modeling of RF Power Amplifier with Memory Effects using Memory PolynomialIJERA Editor
Power Amplifier is one of the most important component in a communication system. It is inherently non-linear and having memory effects. But current communication systems require highly linear response as nonlinearities contribute to gain compression and produce harmonic distortion. But for linearization of power amplifier, it is necessary to model PA's memory behavior accurately. So in this paper, a memory polynomial based power amplifier model is presented which takes into account its memory effects for wideband applications. This paper also presents a comparison of proposed model with actual RF power amplifier in terms of power spectral density and AM/AM characteristics. Simulation results shows its efficiency and accuracy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel miniature coplanar band-pass filter for ISM applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents a novel approach to design a compact miniature coplanar band-pass filter by using rectangular split ring resonator. This proposed circuit is designed for the Industrial, Scientific and, Medical (ISM) frequency band applications at 2.4 GHz. At the first stage, a metamaterial resonator is designed and simulated in a TEM waveguide to verifiy its electromagnetic proprieties around the desired frequency bands. At the second stage, a band pass filter is designed using the proposed metamaterial resonator. Many parametric studies are realized to investigate the effect and influence of some resonator parameters on the proposed BPF performances. ADS Agilent and CST-MWS solvers are used in order to verify the simulated results. The circuit frequency responses show an excellent insertion loss and good return loss in the passband.
Coupled Line Band Pass Filter with Defected Ground Structure for Wide Band Ap...IJERA Editor
In this paper a novel wideband microstrip band pass filter is proposed. The band pass filter is designed with coupling between two L-shaped microstriplines and is terminated with a high impedance line. The three circle shapes are etched out at the ground plane and is called defected ground structure (DGS), which provides better return loss as well as it reduces harmonics. Simulated and measured results both are in true agreement with each other. Results show that the defected microstrip filter has a good performance, including a wide pass band of 3.0 GHz to 5.6 GHz at 3dB cut off frequencies with bandwidth of 2.6 GHz, and a small insertion loss. The return loss is found to be higher than 15 dB.
Comparative Study and Designing of Different Radiating Patch in Microstrip Pa...ijsrd.com
Microstrip patch antennas are low profile , conformable, easy, inexpensive, and versatile in terms of realization and are thus been widely used in a various useful applications. This paper discusses different microstrip patch antennas designed over an operating frequency range 1.5 GHz using the substrate material Flame Retardant 4 (FR-4) lossy which has a dielectric constant of 4.3. These circuits were designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The parameters such as return loss, efficiency and directivity are simulated, analyzed and compared.
A design of triple band slot loaded circular microstrip antenna for c- and x-...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper presents a novel reconfigurable bandpass filter with three reconfigurable states used for C band wireless applications. The frequency reconfigurable is achieved using the combination of a different microstrip coupled resonator structure and switching device as PIN diodes. The open-loop filter structure provides three narrow band states at 5.1, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz. The frequency reconfiguration is obtained without compromising performances. The compact size of the proposed designed along with the targeted frequency bands at lower wireless local area network (WLAN) (5.1, 5.2 GHz), and worldwide interoper ability for microwave access (WiMAX) (5.8 GHz) applications. The prototype is constructed on an RT duroid 5880 substrate and tested for validation in vector
network analyzer (VNA). The designed filter provides excellent selectivity and
good rejection at desired resonant frequencies.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Wideband Branch Line Coupler with Open Circuit Coupled Lines IJECEIAES
This paper focuses on the design of a Wideband Branch Line Coupler by using open circuits coupled lines technique. The design is implemented by adding four open circuits coupled lines to the structure of the Conventional Branch Line Coupler. The proposed design of Wideband Branch Line C 3 z -3 orts. The prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the simulated results. A similar Wide Bandwidth is observed on simulation and measurement. The structure achieved a fractional bandwidth of 42.63%, and return loss of 21 dB compared to the Conventional Branch Line Coupler (BLC).
Similar to Compact Microstrip Spurline Bandstop Filter with Defected Ground Structure (Dgs) (20)
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Compact Microstrip Spurline Bandstop Filter with Defected Ground Structure (Dgs)
1. Abhijeet Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 2), August 2014, pp.146-150
www.ijera.com 146 | P a g e
Compact Microstrip Spurline Bandstop Filter with Defected Ground Structure (Dgs) Abhijeet Kumar1, Prity Mishra2, Savita Kadian3 1M.Tech Scholar, CBS Group of Institutions, Jhajjar 2Asst. Prof. ECE Deptt. , Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research, Delhi 3Asst. Prof. ECE Deptt.,CBS Group of Institutions, Jhajjar ABSTRACT This paper presents a new structure to implement compact narrowband high-rejection microstrip band-stop filter (BSF). This structure is the combination of two traditional BSFs: Spurline filter and BSF using defected ground structure (DGS). Due to inherently compact characteristics of both Spurline and interdigital capacitance (used as DGS), the proposed filter shows a better rejection performance than Spurline filter and open stub conventional BSF without increasing the circuit size. From, the proposed BSF has a rejection of better than 20dB and the maximum rejection level of 41dB.
KEYWORDS- Microstrip, Bandstop filter (BSF), Spurline, Defected ground structures (DGS)
I. INTRODUCTION
Filters are essential component in any communication system. They are used to select or confine RF or microwave signals within assigned spectral limit so as to share the limited Electromagnetic spectrum. Emerging application in wireless communication demand RF microwave filter with even more stringent requirement: small size, lighter weight, low cost along with better performance. Depending on requirement and specification, RF and microwave filters are realized on various transmission lines such as waveguide, coaxial line and microstrip line. Development of compact filter using resonators in microstrip configurations has been discussed.
II. SPURLINE BANDSTOP FILTER
Most conventional microstrip bandstop filters have open-circuited stubs and shunt stubs of a quarter wavelengths. The conventional microstrip bandstop filter may be designed using a conventional procedure. The microstrip bandstop filter using open circuited stubs consists of one main transmission line coupled to a half-wavelength resonator; it is generally electrically and magnetically coupled [5]. The resonant frequency depends on the half-wavelength resonator. However, the open-circuited stubs are large. The microstrip bandstop filter with the shunt stubs of a quarter wavelengths still must be larger than the quarter-wavelength resonator. Therefore, reducing the size of such filters is essential. In 1970, Alley proposed interdigital capacitors for use in lumped-element microwave integrated circuits [11]. The microstrip interdigital resonator is analogous to the planar interdigital capacitor, whose operating
frequency can be changed by control of the capacitances. Hence, an interdigital resonator is described herein to realize a lumped element interdigital bandstop filter. The interdigital capacitance then can be referred to a periodic structure of transmission line. Moreover, the admittance matrix may be calculated from each pair of interdigital coupling lines by even- and odd-mode analysis.
Fig.1 Structure of the novel bandstop filter with one microstrip interdigital resonator and tapped I/O.
The analyses were based on lossless microstrip coupled lines and lossy coupled microstrip lines. A more accurate characterization of these capacitors can be performed if the capacitor geometry is divided into basic microstrip sections such as the single microstrip line, coupled microstrip lines, open-end discontinuity, unsymmetrical gap, 90° bend, and T- junction discontinuities as shown in figure 2. This method provides an approximate solution, due to several assumptions in the grouping of subsections
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Abhijeet Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 2), August 2014, pp.146-150
www.ijera.com 147 | P a g e
and does not include interaction effects between the basic microstrip sections. Figure.3 shows a simple EC model used to describe the characteristics of the interdigital capacitors shown in Figure1.
Fig.2 The interdigitated capacitor and its subcomponents.
Fig.3 Lumped-element EC models of the interdigital capacitor low frequency An approximate expression for the interdigital capacitance is given by
Where C is the capacitance per unit length along W‟, A1 (the interior) and A2 (the two exterior) are the capacitances per unit length of the fingers, N is the number of fingers, and the dimensions W‟ and l, are shown in Fig.1 and expressed in microns. For infinite substrate thickness (or no ground plane), A1 = 4.409×10^6 pF/mm and A2 = 9.92 ×10^6pF/mm. The total capacitance of an interdigital structure of length l, is expressed as
For a finite substrate, the effect of h must be included in A1 and A2. In the final design, usually S = W and, l = λ /4. Approximate expressions for A1and A2 are obtained by curve fitting the data already given.
These expressions are as follows:
The series resistance of the interdigital capacitor is given by
Where Rs is the sheet resistivity in ohms per square of the conductors used in the capacitors. The effect of metal thickness t plays a secondary role in the calculation of capacitance. The Q of this capacitor is given by
The capacitance Cs and inductance L are approximately calculated on the basis that for S/h<< 1, magnetic field lines do not loop around each finger but around the cross section of the interdigital width W‟ (Fig.1). Under this assumption L and Cs are calculated from microstrip transmission-line theory using, as the length of the structure. Here Cs is half of the microstrip total shunt capacitance. Expressions for these quantities are given next:
Where Zo and εre are calculated using W‟ and h microstrip parameters and c=3×10^10 cm/s is the velocity of light in free space. A general expression for the total series capacitance of an interdigital capacitor can also be written as
Where, is in microns, N is the number of fingers, and εre is the effective dielectric constant of the
3. Abhijeet Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 2), August 2014, pp.146-150
www.ijera.com 148 | P a g e
microstrip line of width W. The ratio of complete elliptic integral of first kind K (k) and its complement K „(k) is given by
And
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
In previous section we discussed the analysis and design equation of microstrip spurline and interdigital defected ground structure bandstop filter. In this section we will briefly see the software used for simulation of our structure and the best results. Basically for verification of results of previous research paper and our structure‟s software stimulation, we used HFSS v10 for generating our structure‟s simulation and their respective comparison. HFSS is a high-performance full-wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device modeling that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation, visualization, solid modeling, and automation in an easy-to-learn environment where solutions to your 3D EM problems are quickly and accurately obtained. Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM), adaptive meshing, and brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all of your 3D EM problems. Ansoft HFSS can be used to calculate parameters such as S Parameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields. The simulation technique used to calculate the full 3D electromagnetic field inside a structure is based on the finite element method. Although its implementation is largely transparent, a general understanding of the method is useful in making the most effective use of HFSS. It provides an overview of the finite element method and its implementation in HFSS. They also describe how modal S- parameters are computed from the simulated electric and magnetic fields and how they can be converted to "nodal" or "voltage" based pseudo-S-parameters used in circuit theory. 3.1 Structure design and result of spurline bandstop filter at 6 GHz
Fig.3Structure design of spurline BSF at 6GHz Fig.4 Result of spurline filter at 6 GHz 3.2 Structure design and result of interdigital capacitance bandstop filter at 6 GHz
Fig.5 Structure design of interdigital capacitance bandstop filter at 6 GHz
Fig.6 Result of interdigital capacitance bandstop filter at 6 GHz
4. Abhijeet Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 2), August 2014, pp.146-150
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3.3 Structure design and result of proposed structure at 6 GHz
Fig.7 Structure design of proposed structure at 6 GHz
Fig.8 Result of Proposed structure at 6 GHz
IV. COMPARISON
Table below have shown the graph of comparison of Spurline bandstop filter, interdigital bandstop filter and proposed structure i.e. spurline with interdigital defected ground structure bandstop filter results.
Structure
Frequency
S21(dB)
Spurline
6 GHz
-24
Interdigital
6 GHz
-20
Proposed
6 GHz
-40
V. CONCLUSION
The aim of this paper is the analysis of Compact Microstrip Spurline Bandstop Filter and interdigital Defected Ground Structure (DGS) bandstop (notch) filter at designed frequency and its effect with and without diagonal coupling between interdigital structures. In this paper, lossless conditions are taken into account and the substrate used is RT duroid 3003 with dielectric constant 3 with the thickness of 30mil (0.762mm) and structure calculations have got simulated results with very good attenuation. Proposed structure consist of combination of spurline bandstop filter with interdigital Capacitance as defected ground structure (DGS) from which a sharpness of the roll-off response can be achieved, which is important in wireless communication systems. With proposed structure we can achieve sharp and steep rejection notch. We successfully reduced the radiation losses, dielectric losses, lowered the extra cost due to defected structure and also provide adjustable rejection band. We can achieve bandstop notch tunability at desired low frequency by changing the length of interdigital capacitance. Thus with reduced size and improved rejection notch and bandstop filtering performance and comparison to typical Spurline filter without DGS.
VI. FUTURE SCOPE
The work can be extended i.e. future scope of this is different shapes of spur line with different configurations can be further design and analyzed. Fabrication with active devices can be done to give tunability to the circuit to reduce the structure length.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Priyanka Singh, Tata Consultancy Service, Kolkata and Purshottam Singh, HMR Institute of Technology and Management, Delhi for his technical assistance and for his helpful discussion REFRENCES [1]. Wen-Hua Tu, Kai Chang, “Compact Microstrip Bandstop Filter using Open Stub and Spurline” IEEE Microwave and Wireless components Letters Vol. 15, No.4, april 2005 [2]. R.N. Bates, “Design of microstrip spur-line band-stop filters” MICROWAVES, OPTICS AND ACOUSTICS, NOVEMBER 1977, Vol. l, No. 6. [3]. Sajjad Ur Rehman, abdel Fatteh Sheta, Majeed Alkanhal, “ Compact Bandstop Filter using Defected Ground Structure(DGS)” , IEEE 2011
[4]. Wang Wenping, Kuang Jialong, Zhao Leil, Mei Xiaohan, “ Microstrip Bandstop Filter Using Spurline and Defected Ground Structures(DGS)” Cross Strait Quad- Regional Radio Science and Wireless
5. Abhijeet Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 2), August 2014, pp.146-150
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Technology Conference,pp.630-633, July 26-30, 2011 [5]. Ru-Yuan Yang, Min-Hung Weng, Cheng- Yuan Hung, Han-Jan Chen, and Mau-Phon Houng, “Novel Compact Microstrip Interdigital Bandstop Filters” ieee transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, vol. 51, pp.1022- 1025, no. 8, august 2004 [6]. L.-H. Hsieh and K. Chang, “Tunable microstrip band pass filters with two transmission zeros,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 51, no.2, pp. 520–525, Feb. 2003. [7]. G. L. Matthaei, L. Oung, and E. M. T. Jones, Microwave Filters,Impedance Matching Networks and Coupling Structures. New York: McGraw Hill, 1964. [8] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications. New York: Wiley, 2001. [9]. R. E. Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966. [10]. G. D. Alley, “Interdigital capacitors and their application to lumped-element microwave integrated circuits,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1028–1033, 1970. [11] David M.Pozar, “ Microwave Engineering,” Wiley.