A scalable and highly accurate RF/Microwave symmetricalinductor has been designed using microstrip line. The 18 circular and 18 square structures are optimized with 600MHz operating frequency. The characteristic interest on high frequency operating circuits is inductance value and quality factor of the spiral inductor. The value of the spiral inductor is depends on conductor width (W) space between the conductor (S), turns (n) outer diameter and inner diameter of the spiral inductor. In this design change the distribution of an inner diameter from 5mil to 10milfor 3 to 5 turns of spiral inductors. The optimization of inner diameter distribution is done by keeping space (1mil)between the conductor and width (2mil) of the conductor as constant. The changing inner diameter will effect to change in magnitude of the inductance and quality factor due passive capacitive and inductive reactance effect. These spiral inductors are designed using aluminum (Al) substrate material with 15mil height from the ground plane. The cupper material is used as a conductor of thickness 0.302mm. The aim of this paper is to compare the electromagnetic simulated results with simple equations of modified wheeler (MW), current sheet Approximation (CSA) and monomial equation (ME). The passive component effect the spiral inductor is examines the variation of inductance and quality factor. The observed electromagnetic field simulated results gives better agreement with standard simple mentioned equations with 600MHz operating frequency. The validation of spiral inductor is done with different inner diameter (5mil to 10mil) and number of turns (3turns to 5 turns) of the spiral inductor.
Planar transmission line is one of the physical medium used to transmit high frequency signal. The signal flow through the transmission line depends on the important electrical parameter, the frequency. As the signal frequency increases in a conductor, current carriers start to move towards the edges of the conductor. Flow of carriers on the conductor synchronizes with the substrate to achieve better efficiency. The signal flow in the transmission line depends on the dielectric constant of the material and the loss tangent value. The paper shows the simulation studies on return loss and insertion loss of planar transmission lines with constant frequency of 10GHz. To design planar transmission lines different dielectric materials are being selected. In our design, parameters like input impedance, conductor (silver) thickness and conductor height are kept constant. The design and analysis is done using Applied Wave Research (AWR) tool. The obtained results shows unique response and it depends on the type of dielectric medium selected.
Six-port Interferometer for W-band Transceivers: Design and CharacterizationIJECEIAES
The study has presented an extensive analysis of an integrated millimeter wave six-port interferometer, operating over a 10 GHz band, from 80 to 90 GHz. It has covered both semi-unlicensed point-to-point links (81-86 GHz), and imaging sensor system frequencies (above 85 GHz). An in-house process is used to fabricate miniaturized hybrid millimeter wave integrated circuits on a very thin ceramic substrate. Two-port S-parameter measurements are performed on a minimum number of circuits integrated on the same die, exploiting the circuit’s physical symmetry and chosen to collect enough data for full-port characterization. Based on these measurements on an integrated prototype, a six-port circuit computer model implemented and advanced system simulations performed for circuit analysis. Interferometer performances evaluated using several methods: analysis of harmonic balance, qi points’, homodyne quadrature demodulation, and error vector modulation (EVM). The analysis showed that this circuit can directly perform, without any calibration, the demodulation of various PSK and QAM signals over the 10 GHz band, with very good results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of stiffness and geometryeSAT Journals
Abstract This research work present buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic stiffness and geometric stiffness. The stiffness matrices were developed using energy variational principle. Two deformable nodes were considered at the centre and at the two ends of the continuum which brings the number of deformable node to six. The six term Taylor McLaurin’s shape function was substituted into strain energy equation and the result functional was minimized, resulting in a 6 x 6 stiffness matrix used herein. The six term shape function is also substituted into the geometric work equation and minimized to obtain 6 x 6 geometric stiffness matrix for buckling analysis. The two matrices were employed, as well as traditional 4 x 4 matrices in classical buckling analysis of four line continua. The results from the new 6 x 6 matrices of stiffness and geometry were very close to exact results, with average percentage difference of 2.33% from exact result. Whereas those from the traditional 4 x 4 matrices and 5 x 5 matrices differed from exact results, with average percentage difference of 23.73% and 2.55% respectively. Thus the newly developed 6 x 6 matrices of stiffness and geometry are suitable for classical buckling analysis of line continuum. Keywords: 6x6 stiffness system; buckling; geometry; line continuum; variational principle; deformable node; shape function; classical; numerical; analysis; beam
Bit error rate analysis of wimax physical layer under sui and awgn channel mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Requirement of portable, mobile and high speed connectivity for internet access is increasing day by day. WiMAX will be playing an important role in the Broadband Wireless Technology (BWT) sector, since it is more cost-effective and easy to install technology. It is a fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system based on the IEEE 802.16 standards and will be used to provide “last mile” access to the broadband and Internet access services. The WiMAX technology is based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air Interface Standard and is rapidly proving itself as a technology that will play a significant role in fixed broadband wireless metropolitan area networks. It is based on the concept of orthogonal frequency division multiple access technique in wireless communication. This paper investigates the performance of WiMAX network under AWGN and SUI Channel Model by varying physical layer parameter such as higher M-ary modulation, coding scheme and cyclic prefix. Keywords: BWA, BWT, WiMAX, OFDM, CP, WLAN
Wideband Modeling of Twisted-Pair Cables for MIMO ApplicationsLantiq
Computer modeling and simulation approach to speed development of broadband networking technologies. http://bit.ly/1853xoY
More on our expertise: http://www.lantiq.com
A new approach for impedance matching rotman lens using defected ground struc...journalBEEI
Many recent radar applications and smart antenna are based on the electronically steerable beam in order to increase the performance of targeting the desired scan angle with the high performance of gain and directivity. Scanning angle with ±26o based on Microstrip Rotman lens and design frequency 2.45 GHz is presented in this study. Five beam ports provide five output beams directed the beams in five different scanning angles in the azimuth plane is provided. The traditional matching method by tapering the transmission line in order to guarantee a smooth energy transition from the 50 Ω input ports is replaced by Defected Ground Structure to achieve an acceptable return loss with a linear progressive phase for each beam port. The new approach is providing increasing in the scan angle. Besides, the size miniaturization is achieved by removing the tapering length and reduces the total size of the lens length by 23.67 mm. The proposed model is implemented using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) using the FR-4 substrate and the measurements lead to a good validation.
Planar transmission line is one of the physical medium used to transmit high frequency signal. The signal flow through the transmission line depends on the important electrical parameter, the frequency. As the signal frequency increases in a conductor, current carriers start to move towards the edges of the conductor. Flow of carriers on the conductor synchronizes with the substrate to achieve better efficiency. The signal flow in the transmission line depends on the dielectric constant of the material and the loss tangent value. The paper shows the simulation studies on return loss and insertion loss of planar transmission lines with constant frequency of 10GHz. To design planar transmission lines different dielectric materials are being selected. In our design, parameters like input impedance, conductor (silver) thickness and conductor height are kept constant. The design and analysis is done using Applied Wave Research (AWR) tool. The obtained results shows unique response and it depends on the type of dielectric medium selected.
Six-port Interferometer for W-band Transceivers: Design and CharacterizationIJECEIAES
The study has presented an extensive analysis of an integrated millimeter wave six-port interferometer, operating over a 10 GHz band, from 80 to 90 GHz. It has covered both semi-unlicensed point-to-point links (81-86 GHz), and imaging sensor system frequencies (above 85 GHz). An in-house process is used to fabricate miniaturized hybrid millimeter wave integrated circuits on a very thin ceramic substrate. Two-port S-parameter measurements are performed on a minimum number of circuits integrated on the same die, exploiting the circuit’s physical symmetry and chosen to collect enough data for full-port characterization. Based on these measurements on an integrated prototype, a six-port circuit computer model implemented and advanced system simulations performed for circuit analysis. Interferometer performances evaluated using several methods: analysis of harmonic balance, qi points’, homodyne quadrature demodulation, and error vector modulation (EVM). The analysis showed that this circuit can directly perform, without any calibration, the demodulation of various PSK and QAM signals over the 10 GHz band, with very good results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of stiffness and geometryeSAT Journals
Abstract This research work present buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic stiffness and geometric stiffness. The stiffness matrices were developed using energy variational principle. Two deformable nodes were considered at the centre and at the two ends of the continuum which brings the number of deformable node to six. The six term Taylor McLaurin’s shape function was substituted into strain energy equation and the result functional was minimized, resulting in a 6 x 6 stiffness matrix used herein. The six term shape function is also substituted into the geometric work equation and minimized to obtain 6 x 6 geometric stiffness matrix for buckling analysis. The two matrices were employed, as well as traditional 4 x 4 matrices in classical buckling analysis of four line continua. The results from the new 6 x 6 matrices of stiffness and geometry were very close to exact results, with average percentage difference of 2.33% from exact result. Whereas those from the traditional 4 x 4 matrices and 5 x 5 matrices differed from exact results, with average percentage difference of 23.73% and 2.55% respectively. Thus the newly developed 6 x 6 matrices of stiffness and geometry are suitable for classical buckling analysis of line continuum. Keywords: 6x6 stiffness system; buckling; geometry; line continuum; variational principle; deformable node; shape function; classical; numerical; analysis; beam
Bit error rate analysis of wimax physical layer under sui and awgn channel mo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Requirement of portable, mobile and high speed connectivity for internet access is increasing day by day. WiMAX will be playing an important role in the Broadband Wireless Technology (BWT) sector, since it is more cost-effective and easy to install technology. It is a fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system based on the IEEE 802.16 standards and will be used to provide “last mile” access to the broadband and Internet access services. The WiMAX technology is based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air Interface Standard and is rapidly proving itself as a technology that will play a significant role in fixed broadband wireless metropolitan area networks. It is based on the concept of orthogonal frequency division multiple access technique in wireless communication. This paper investigates the performance of WiMAX network under AWGN and SUI Channel Model by varying physical layer parameter such as higher M-ary modulation, coding scheme and cyclic prefix. Keywords: BWA, BWT, WiMAX, OFDM, CP, WLAN
Wideband Modeling of Twisted-Pair Cables for MIMO ApplicationsLantiq
Computer modeling and simulation approach to speed development of broadband networking technologies. http://bit.ly/1853xoY
More on our expertise: http://www.lantiq.com
A new approach for impedance matching rotman lens using defected ground struc...journalBEEI
Many recent radar applications and smart antenna are based on the electronically steerable beam in order to increase the performance of targeting the desired scan angle with the high performance of gain and directivity. Scanning angle with ±26o based on Microstrip Rotman lens and design frequency 2.45 GHz is presented in this study. Five beam ports provide five output beams directed the beams in five different scanning angles in the azimuth plane is provided. The traditional matching method by tapering the transmission line in order to guarantee a smooth energy transition from the 50 Ω input ports is replaced by Defected Ground Structure to achieve an acceptable return loss with a linear progressive phase for each beam port. The new approach is providing increasing in the scan angle. Besides, the size miniaturization is achieved by removing the tapering length and reduces the total size of the lens length by 23.67 mm. The proposed model is implemented using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) using the FR-4 substrate and the measurements lead to a good validation.
Design and modeling of solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo in high frequ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, the design and modeling of the solenoid inductor are discussed. The layout of integrated inductors with magnetic cores and their geometrical parameters are developed. The quality factor Q and inductance value L are derived from the S-parameters and plotted versus frequency. The effect of solenoid inductor geometry on inductance and quality factor are studied via simulation using MATLAB. The solenoid inductor geometry parameters considered are the turn’s number, the magnetic core length, the width of a magnetic core, the gap between turns, the magnetic core thickness, the coil thickness, and solenoid inductor oxide thickness. The performance of the proposed solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo is compared with other solenoid inductors.
Design of wideband Rotman lens for wireless applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
An electrically steerable beam is an essential standard in the recent wireless application in order
to increase the gain and reduce the interference. However, high performance of amplitude besides low
phase error difficult to achieve without indicators are used to set lens parameters to desired optimum
performance design level. In this paper, the introduced microstrip lens has examined a comprehensive
explanation for parameters and indications amid a full wave structure methodology. Further, Phase and
energy coupling between excited ports and received ports besides phase error and its relation with
the lens parameters design are explained in detailed. A wideband beamforming network based on a
printed microstrip Rotman lens with a ±26o scanning angle was designed in this study. The designed lens
operates at 2.45 GHz with 592 MHz bandwidth. The lens consists of five switchable ports (input ports) with
four output ports that connected to the microstrip patch antennas. The five switchable ports were used to
realize the scanning beams angle in the azimuth plane. The proposed model is simulated by CST
Microwave Studio and fabricated on FR-4 with 1.565 mm thickness and 4.2 permittivity. A good agreement
between simulation and measurement results were achieved.
Self-switching diodes as RF rectifiers: evaluation methods and current progressjournalBEEI
In the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications, widespread uses and applications of devices require higher frequency connectivity to be explored and exploited. Furthermore, the size, weight, power and cost demands for the IoT ecosystems also creates a new paradigm for the hardware where improved power efficiency and efficient wireless transmission needed to be investigated and made feasible. As such, functional microwave detectors to detect and rectify the signals transmitted in higher frequency regions are crucial. This paper reviewed the practicability of self switching diodes as Radio Frequency (RF) rectifiers. The existing methods used in the evaluation of the rectification performance and cut-off frequency are reviewed, and current achievements are then concluded. The works reviewed in this paper highlights the functionality of SSD as a RF rectifier with design simplicity, which may offer cheaper alternatives in current high frequency rectifying devices for application in low-power devices.
Temperature dependent analytical model for submicron GaAs-MESFETjournalBEEI
MESFET are used in circuitsof gigahertz frequencies as they are based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) having electron mobility six times higher than that of silicon. An analytical model simulating different device current-voltage characteristics, i.e., output conductance and output transconductance of a 0.3μm gate MESFET with temperature dependence is proposed. The model is validated by comparing the results of the proposed model and those of the numerical simulation. The parameter values are computed using an intrinsic MESFET of two-dimensional geometry. In this work, the distribution of different output loads for varied applied voltages is considered. Simulation results obtainedunder temperature variation effectsfor load distribution and applied driven voltage variation are considered. The RMS and average errors between the different models and GaAs MESFET simulations are calculated to evidence the proposed model accuracy. This was demonstrated by a good agreement between the proposed model and the simulation results, which are found in good agreement. The simulation results obtained under temperature variations were discussed and found to complement those obtained in the literature. This clarifies the relevance of the suggested model analytical.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Band-pass filter based on complementary split ring resonatorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This letter presents a new circuit of the band-pass filter designed by using microstrip technology. Based on complementary split ring resonator and various series of optimization technic and a specific design method, a miniature band-pass filter with excellent electrical performances is achieved. First of all, the metamaterial unit cell is studied to obtain a desired resonant frequency and it is implemented in the ground plan in order to increase the characteristics of the bandpass behavior and decrease its operating frequencies. This proposed circuit is designed on an FR-4 substrate having a relative permittivity of 4.4 tangential losses of 0.025 and thickness of 1.6 mm. This filter is developed by using CST Microwave. The obtained features allow this filter to be used in diverse wireless applications such as IMT-E and WiMax.
MODELING OF PLANAR METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECTIVE PARAMETER EXTRACTIONIAEME Publication
This paper is about designing a Metamaterial structure and the Scattering Parameter Extraction Method that has become a prime tool for Metamaterial characterization so that there is a better understanding of relation between their configuration and associated properties of these materials in terms of negative permittivity and negative permeability to explore application potential. A 2D planar Metamaterial structure has been designed, fabricated and analyzed. It consists of conducting patches and meander lines on a dielectric substrate. Electromagnetic modeling was carried out using Finite Difference Time Domain method based simulation tool EMPIRE XCcel.
Simulation Tool: AWR Microwave Office
•This project is an implementation of an IEEE paper "Design of Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler" by Myun-joo Park and Byungje Lee.
• Designed and simulated Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler for the operating frequency of 1.5Ghz and 3Ghz.
•The cross coupling in the branches introduce more design freedom.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design and optimization of a new compact 2.4 GHz-bandpass filter using DGS te...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this work is the study, the design and the optimization of an innovative structure of a network of coupled copper metal lines deposited on the upper surface of a R04003 type substrate of height 0.813 with a ground deformed by slots (DGS). This structure is designed in an optimal configuration for use in the design of narrowband bandpass filter for wireless communication systems (WLAN), the aim of use the defected ground structure is to remove the unwanted harmonics in the rejection band, the simulation results obtained from this structure using CST software show a very high selectivity of the designed filter, a very low level of losses (less than-0.45 dB) with a size overall size of 43.5x34.3 mm.
A new configuration of a printed diplexer designed for DCS and ISM bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a new study on the design of a microstrip diplexer configuration optimized and validated for ISM and DCS frequency bands. The achieved structure is based on microstrip technology, the goal was to design two printed bandpass filters one for ISM band and the other one for DCS frequency band.The two microstrip filters are associated by using a T-junction which permits to validate a diplexer in the frequency bands DCS-Band receiver [1.74–2 GHz] and ISM-Band transmitter [2.3–2.55 GHz]. The whole size of the final circuit is 130x50 mm2. After the validation of the proposed diplexer into simulation we have fabricated and tested it by using VNA which permits to have a good agremment between simulation and measurements.
Wavelet based double line and double line -to- ground fault discrimination i...IAEME Publication
In this paper, an accurate method to discriminate double line and double line to ground faults
in a three terminal transmission circuit based on wavelet transforms is presented. The proposed
algorithm uses the fault indices of three phase currents of all terminals. Fault indices are obtained by
1st level decomposition of current signals using Bior 1.5 mother wavelet considering the variations
in fault resistance, fault inception angle and distance along the transmission circuit. The entire test
results clearly show that the variation in the value of fault index of the healthy phase with the
presence of ground and constant value in the case of non- presence of ground which discriminates
double line fault from the double line to ground faults in the path along one terminal towards the
other terminal with variations in fault inception angle and fault resistance. The algorithm is proved to
be effective and efficient in detection and discrimination of faults.
Design & simulation of dual band t shaped slot micro strip antenna for c-...eSAT Journals
Abstract Microstrip patches radiate from the currents induced on the surface of the patch because of the electromagnetic cavity with significant resonant frequencies formed between patch and ground plane according to the frequencies applied with different feeding techniques. This paper presents the design and simulation of a T-shaped Dual band Microstrip patch antenna with operating frequencies 5.40GHz, and 6.60GHz for C-Band applications. The T-shape provides Dual band characteristics with good bandwidth which is required in wireless devices with significant design characteristics and can be easily mounted on air craft, space craft, satellites, missiles etc., An Edge-Fed microstrip with substrate FR4epoxy having dielectric constant 4.4 and substrate heights of 6.5mm, 4.56 mm, 3.048mm, and 1.524mm are designed and analyzed with different parameters like VSWR, Gain, Peak directivity, Return losses, Bandwidth, Radiation efficiency, FBR etc,. This antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. Keywords :T-shaped slot microstrip,Dual Band, C-Band, Edge-Fed, HFSS Software 13.0
Design and simulation of printed micro strip low pass filter based on the ele...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and modeling of solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo in high frequ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, the design and modeling of the solenoid inductor are discussed. The layout of integrated inductors with magnetic cores and their geometrical parameters are developed. The quality factor Q and inductance value L are derived from the S-parameters and plotted versus frequency. The effect of solenoid inductor geometry on inductance and quality factor are studied via simulation using MATLAB. The solenoid inductor geometry parameters considered are the turn’s number, the magnetic core length, the width of a magnetic core, the gap between turns, the magnetic core thickness, the coil thickness, and solenoid inductor oxide thickness. The performance of the proposed solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo is compared with other solenoid inductors.
Design of wideband Rotman lens for wireless applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
An electrically steerable beam is an essential standard in the recent wireless application in order
to increase the gain and reduce the interference. However, high performance of amplitude besides low
phase error difficult to achieve without indicators are used to set lens parameters to desired optimum
performance design level. In this paper, the introduced microstrip lens has examined a comprehensive
explanation for parameters and indications amid a full wave structure methodology. Further, Phase and
energy coupling between excited ports and received ports besides phase error and its relation with
the lens parameters design are explained in detailed. A wideband beamforming network based on a
printed microstrip Rotman lens with a ±26o scanning angle was designed in this study. The designed lens
operates at 2.45 GHz with 592 MHz bandwidth. The lens consists of five switchable ports (input ports) with
four output ports that connected to the microstrip patch antennas. The five switchable ports were used to
realize the scanning beams angle in the azimuth plane. The proposed model is simulated by CST
Microwave Studio and fabricated on FR-4 with 1.565 mm thickness and 4.2 permittivity. A good agreement
between simulation and measurement results were achieved.
Self-switching diodes as RF rectifiers: evaluation methods and current progressjournalBEEI
In the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications, widespread uses and applications of devices require higher frequency connectivity to be explored and exploited. Furthermore, the size, weight, power and cost demands for the IoT ecosystems also creates a new paradigm for the hardware where improved power efficiency and efficient wireless transmission needed to be investigated and made feasible. As such, functional microwave detectors to detect and rectify the signals transmitted in higher frequency regions are crucial. This paper reviewed the practicability of self switching diodes as Radio Frequency (RF) rectifiers. The existing methods used in the evaluation of the rectification performance and cut-off frequency are reviewed, and current achievements are then concluded. The works reviewed in this paper highlights the functionality of SSD as a RF rectifier with design simplicity, which may offer cheaper alternatives in current high frequency rectifying devices for application in low-power devices.
Temperature dependent analytical model for submicron GaAs-MESFETjournalBEEI
MESFET are used in circuitsof gigahertz frequencies as they are based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) having electron mobility six times higher than that of silicon. An analytical model simulating different device current-voltage characteristics, i.e., output conductance and output transconductance of a 0.3μm gate MESFET with temperature dependence is proposed. The model is validated by comparing the results of the proposed model and those of the numerical simulation. The parameter values are computed using an intrinsic MESFET of two-dimensional geometry. In this work, the distribution of different output loads for varied applied voltages is considered. Simulation results obtainedunder temperature variation effectsfor load distribution and applied driven voltage variation are considered. The RMS and average errors between the different models and GaAs MESFET simulations are calculated to evidence the proposed model accuracy. This was demonstrated by a good agreement between the proposed model and the simulation results, which are found in good agreement. The simulation results obtained under temperature variations were discussed and found to complement those obtained in the literature. This clarifies the relevance of the suggested model analytical.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Band-pass filter based on complementary split ring resonatorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This letter presents a new circuit of the band-pass filter designed by using microstrip technology. Based on complementary split ring resonator and various series of optimization technic and a specific design method, a miniature band-pass filter with excellent electrical performances is achieved. First of all, the metamaterial unit cell is studied to obtain a desired resonant frequency and it is implemented in the ground plan in order to increase the characteristics of the bandpass behavior and decrease its operating frequencies. This proposed circuit is designed on an FR-4 substrate having a relative permittivity of 4.4 tangential losses of 0.025 and thickness of 1.6 mm. This filter is developed by using CST Microwave. The obtained features allow this filter to be used in diverse wireless applications such as IMT-E and WiMax.
MODELING OF PLANAR METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECTIVE PARAMETER EXTRACTIONIAEME Publication
This paper is about designing a Metamaterial structure and the Scattering Parameter Extraction Method that has become a prime tool for Metamaterial characterization so that there is a better understanding of relation between their configuration and associated properties of these materials in terms of negative permittivity and negative permeability to explore application potential. A 2D planar Metamaterial structure has been designed, fabricated and analyzed. It consists of conducting patches and meander lines on a dielectric substrate. Electromagnetic modeling was carried out using Finite Difference Time Domain method based simulation tool EMPIRE XCcel.
Simulation Tool: AWR Microwave Office
•This project is an implementation of an IEEE paper "Design of Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler" by Myun-joo Park and Byungje Lee.
• Designed and simulated Dual Band Cross-Coupled Branch Line Coupler for the operating frequency of 1.5Ghz and 3Ghz.
•The cross coupling in the branches introduce more design freedom.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design and optimization of a new compact 2.4 GHz-bandpass filter using DGS te...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this work is the study, the design and the optimization of an innovative structure of a network of coupled copper metal lines deposited on the upper surface of a R04003 type substrate of height 0.813 with a ground deformed by slots (DGS). This structure is designed in an optimal configuration for use in the design of narrowband bandpass filter for wireless communication systems (WLAN), the aim of use the defected ground structure is to remove the unwanted harmonics in the rejection band, the simulation results obtained from this structure using CST software show a very high selectivity of the designed filter, a very low level of losses (less than-0.45 dB) with a size overall size of 43.5x34.3 mm.
A new configuration of a printed diplexer designed for DCS and ISM bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a new study on the design of a microstrip diplexer configuration optimized and validated for ISM and DCS frequency bands. The achieved structure is based on microstrip technology, the goal was to design two printed bandpass filters one for ISM band and the other one for DCS frequency band.The two microstrip filters are associated by using a T-junction which permits to validate a diplexer in the frequency bands DCS-Band receiver [1.74–2 GHz] and ISM-Band transmitter [2.3–2.55 GHz]. The whole size of the final circuit is 130x50 mm2. After the validation of the proposed diplexer into simulation we have fabricated and tested it by using VNA which permits to have a good agremment between simulation and measurements.
Wavelet based double line and double line -to- ground fault discrimination i...IAEME Publication
In this paper, an accurate method to discriminate double line and double line to ground faults
in a three terminal transmission circuit based on wavelet transforms is presented. The proposed
algorithm uses the fault indices of three phase currents of all terminals. Fault indices are obtained by
1st level decomposition of current signals using Bior 1.5 mother wavelet considering the variations
in fault resistance, fault inception angle and distance along the transmission circuit. The entire test
results clearly show that the variation in the value of fault index of the healthy phase with the
presence of ground and constant value in the case of non- presence of ground which discriminates
double line fault from the double line to ground faults in the path along one terminal towards the
other terminal with variations in fault inception angle and fault resistance. The algorithm is proved to
be effective and efficient in detection and discrimination of faults.
Design & simulation of dual band t shaped slot micro strip antenna for c-...eSAT Journals
Abstract Microstrip patches radiate from the currents induced on the surface of the patch because of the electromagnetic cavity with significant resonant frequencies formed between patch and ground plane according to the frequencies applied with different feeding techniques. This paper presents the design and simulation of a T-shaped Dual band Microstrip patch antenna with operating frequencies 5.40GHz, and 6.60GHz for C-Band applications. The T-shape provides Dual band characteristics with good bandwidth which is required in wireless devices with significant design characteristics and can be easily mounted on air craft, space craft, satellites, missiles etc., An Edge-Fed microstrip with substrate FR4epoxy having dielectric constant 4.4 and substrate heights of 6.5mm, 4.56 mm, 3.048mm, and 1.524mm are designed and analyzed with different parameters like VSWR, Gain, Peak directivity, Return losses, Bandwidth, Radiation efficiency, FBR etc,. This antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. Keywords :T-shaped slot microstrip,Dual Band, C-Band, Edge-Fed, HFSS Software 13.0
Design and simulation of printed micro strip low pass filter based on the ele...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Multistage interconnection networks a transition to opticaleSAT Journals
Abstract Several types of interconnection networks have been proposed for parallel processing. One of them is MIN’s (Multistage interconnection networks). With the better way of communication between processor and memory, MIN’s are less complex, good fault tolerance, high reliability, fast in communication and low cost. To achieving reliable, fast and flexible communication optical communication are necessary. Through optical networks we can achieve high performance and low latency also. With their great advantages over electronic networks, OMIN’s also having their own demands and problems. This paper focuses on the qualities of Optical MINs. Here we compare Optical MINs with electronic MIN’s with their design issues and gives some solution approaches for optical MINs to solve crosstalk.
Index Terms— Multistage Interconnection Networks (MIN), Optical networks, Crosstalk, Window methods.
Design and manufacturing of iris waveguide filters for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
We propose in this paper, two bandpass filters in waveguide technology having rectangular symmetrical discontinuities with a half-radius r, designed and operating respectively in the X-Band (9-11.5) GHz and C-Band (3.5-5.5) GHz. These filters consists of eight irises placed symmetrically respectively on standard rectangular waveguides WR90 and WR229 in which resonant irises are inserted. These irises are used to couple the sections very strongly in this filter, which allows the bandwidth to be increased and the matching to be controlled. The comparison between the numerical and electromagnetic results, which we obtained for the filters, constitutes a means of validation of computer simulation technology (CST) environment and Mician for the design of the other circuit elements in the various frequency bands. We observed excellent consistency between the simulation curves and those of the measurements. The results obtained are promising and pave the way for the use of these structures in the fields of telecommunications.
Miniature design of T-Shaped frequency Reconfigurable antenna for S-Band Appl...IJECEIAES
The article presents a miniature antenna with a simple geometry and a simple approach for reconfiguration. In order to make the T-shaped antenna frequency reconfigurable, we integrated Switches in specific positions. The location of the switches is determined following a study of the distribution of the surface currents of the suggested antenna. Indeed, we found that the insertion of switches in places where the concentrations of surface currents are high is irrelevant. In fact, to redirect current flow, the PIN diodes or RF Switch must be placed in positions where the distribution of the surface currents is of low concentration. These locations facilitate the establishment of new trajectories of the flux of current. As a result, a miniature tunable antenna dimension 20mm*20mm*1.6mm printed on FR4 substrate with 4.4 permittivity and with 0.04 loss tangent, the antenna can be adopted in many communication devices in view of its small size, its low manufacturing cost and performance on frequency sweep, the antenna operates in S-Band with an acceptable band and gain. The antenna is simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio.
Combined Defence Services Examination (II) - 2014Performance analysis of swcn...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Two, four, eight, and sixteen-element patch array antennas for beam switching are presented in this study. For a 1×2 array, an aperture-coupled feeding mechanism is used to feed patches while a slot line on the ground plane provides the phase delay between antenna elements. The 1×2 array is used to create the 2×2, 4×2, and 8×2 arrays, and an equal power divider provides the signal for each. For applications in the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency spectrum, the antennas are modeled. With -37.14 dB, -17.85 dB, -21.51 dB, and -26.03 dB return loss for two, four, eight, and sixteen-element array antennas respectively the simulation demonstrates that the antennas are properly matched at the resonant frequency. The antennas can switch its radiated beam to ±24 ◦ , ±24 ◦ , ◦ ±28 , and ±26 ◦ with gains of 8.97 dBi, 11.19 dBi, 13.23 dBi, and 16.24 dBi, respectively at the resonance frequency. The directivity of the proposed antenna is found to be 9.17 dBi, 11.20 dBi, 13.40 dBi, and 16.45 dBi respectively. The antennas are constructed with two 0.8 mm-thick Teflon substrate layers. The ground plane between the two substrate layers contains the aperture and the slot line that generates the phase delay.
Design of miniaturized patch crossover based on superformula slot shapesIJECEIAES
In this paper, miniaturized microstrip crossover circuits are proposed using slots shapes obtained using the superformula. The design starts by using a conventional half-wavelength square patch crossover. For miniaturization purposes, different superformula slot shapes are introduced on the square patch. The proposed crossovers are designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using a 0.8 mm thick FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4. The designs are simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). One of the miniaturized designs is fabricated and its scattering parameters are measured using a vector network analyzer. Simulated and measured results agree very well. At the design frequency, the measured input port matching is better than ˗19 dB, while 𝑆12, 𝑆13 and 𝑆14 have the values of ˗12 dB, ˗2.2 dB and ˗10 dB, respectively. Furthermore, a 71% size reduction is achieved as compared to the conventional crossover area.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Ijret20150424005
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EMBEDDED MICROSTRIP LINE TO STRIPLINE VERTICAL
TRANSITION USING LTCC TECHNIQUE
Beeresha R S1
, A M Khan2
, Manjunath Reddy H V3
, Ravi S4
1
Research Scholar, Department of Electronics, Mangalore University, Karnataka, India
2
Prof and Chairman, Department of Electronics, Mangalore University, Karnataka, India
3
General Manager, RF& Microwave Design,ICON Design Automation Ltd, Karnataka India
4
Research Scholar, Department of Electronics, Mangalore University, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) design technology is a present trend in high frequency application designs. The
behavior of passive RF/microwave frequency components needs to be investigated to understand transition effect of a signal in a
multilayer circuit. The aim of this paper is to design low-loss unlike-media transition model of microstrip to stripline in multilayer
circuits. The transition models were designed using different conducting materials like silver, gold and copper, also for simulation
studies an ideal reference model known as ‘perfect conductor’ (PEC) is used. The selected transition bandwidth is in the range
1GHz to 30GHz. The analysis of the transition effect is done with the help of scattering parameters. The perfect conductor is a
reference conductor for studying transition losses. The electromagnetic (EM) simulated results of the perfect conductor obtained
using NI/AWR EDA environment is compared with silver and copper conductor material models. The observed results of silver
and copper conductor models lies very close to the results obtained using PEC (perfect) conductor model. From the studies done
we conclude that the design & simulation of ultra-wide band transition microstrip line to stripline(1GHz to 30GHz) is possible
with good in insertion loss & return loss.
Keywords–NI/AWR, Copper conducting material, EM Simulation, LTCC, Microstrip line, PEC (perfect) conductor,
Silver conducting material, Stripline, System on Chip, Transition.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The embedded passive RF/Microwave components find wide
applications in the areas such as industries, medicine,
military and space. These automotive applications offer
certain challenges in terms of package density and design
technology with an increased efficiency.
These challenges are tried to overcome in unique technique
such as System on Chip (SoC). This technique is not only
good for package density but also is reliable in electrical and
thermal performances.
The research trend in SoC is focused on different packaging
technologies like Low-Temperature Co-fired Ceramic
(LTCC) and Multi-Chip Module (MCM). The traditional
multilayer Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuit (HMIC)
technique has few limitations like it has more packaging size,
difficult to edit PCB, not suitable for higher temperature
applications and is not economical. The LTCC technique is
used to overcome these flaws of HMIC [1].
The LTCC is most promising technique based on system on
chip (SOC) approach [2]. The potential of this approach
makes it more suitable to design and develop compact
RF/Microwave module [3], [4]. This package is a multilevel
structure that allows conducting traces to be embedded
within the substrate [5].
This technology also helps to build circuits over a virtually
infinite number of ceramic layers [6]. The layers are
designed independently and then stacked, laminated and fired
at particular temperature to embed with each other. It helps
to reduce the size of the design.
The efficiency of LTCC designed model is affected by
various designing issues like interconnecting material,
discontinuity of the transmission lines, selection of conductor
and dielectric material. These parameters are also necessary
to transit the signal from one transmission line to other in
MIC. The transition from unlike media such as microstrip to
stripline, microstrip line to coaxial line, microstrip line to
coupled wave guides are complex in nature for the transition
analysis [7].
This paper describes a model to design low-loss unlike media
transition between microstrip lines to stripline. These
transmission lines are designed in different layers and
interconnect with the help of vertical via and conducting
materials are assumed to be of silver, copper, gold and
perfect conductor. The perfect conductor is a lossless
reference conductor available for simulation studies in
NI/AWR tool. The electromagnetic simulated results of
copper and silver are compared with the perfect conductor.
The observed results show that the copper conductor is better
than silver conductor with respect to transition efficiency for
ultra-wideband applications.
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The paper is organized as follows; Section II presents the
design approach for microstrip line to stripline transition. In
section III specific realization of the above said three
different conductor models of microstrip line to stripline
transition in MIC is discussed briefly. In section IV, the
simulated results using silver and copper are compared and
discussed along with perfect conductor. In section V we
summarize the obtained results.
2. DESIGN TOOL
The transition models are simulated by microwave office tool
of AWR (Applied Wave Research) corporation. The
electromagnetic (EM) simulators use Maxwell equations to
compute the response of a structure from its physical
geometry. It can be applied to study complex 3D structures
composed of linear and isotropic or anisotropic media [8].
This analysis method has great accuracy and presents
attractive advantages to minimize computation time and
provides better accurate results [9].
3. PROPOSED DESIGN
The design is focused on unlike media transition between
microstrip to stripline in multilayer structure. The layers are
constructed using LTCC technique. The proposed design
involves four different layers, the first layer comprises of air
as a dielectric media of 10mm thickness and second
dielectric material is alumina of 10mm (Er = 9.9) thickness.
The layers thickness and type of material is selected
depending upon the operating frequency. The operating
frequency window of our design is 1GHz to 30GHZ.
Since the first and the second layer have different dielectric
medium, it provides a suitable environment to construct
microstrip line. The transmitting signal in this environment is
quasi-transfer electromagnetic mode (Q-TEM).
The third and fourth layers are constructed using PCB
(Printed Circuit Board) of thickness 14.8 mm (Er = 5.7) each.
The third layer will act as a dielectric media between unlike
transmission lines. In fourth layer, the conductor is
surrounded by the vias and thus acts as a stripline. The
transition mode in stripline is transfer electromagnetic mode
(TEM).
The vias are designed using discontinuity technique to avoid
the transition loss. The discontinued via is used to
interconnect the unlike transmission lines from second layer
to fourth layer. The design is made such that the impedance
of the via between layer two to layer three is smaller than the
impedance between layer three to four.
The signals are applied to microstrip line and treated as port
1 (input), and the output is obtained across stripline and it
termed as port 2 (output). The proposed design is
implemented on AWR simulation platform to study the
transition efficiency by changing conductor material. The
efficiency of transition obtained is measured by using
scattering parameters (S-parameters).
Fig-1: Layout structure of transition model
Fig. 1 shows the 2D view of the proposed design. The 2D
layout structure of transition model shows only the top layer.
Generally in a 2D view, it is difficult to observe transmission
lines crossing layers, placing vias and interconnections in
multilayer.
Fig-2: 3D structure of microstrip to stripline
The 2D layouts can be used to visualize the 3D structure of
the design, using NI/AWR tool and is shown in fig. 2. This
structure gives the detailed information of designed layer.
We can easily edit the circuits interconnecting points. The
vias are used to cover lower metal layers and connected to
output port (stripline) placed in foruthlayer, the other metal
layer is connected to input port (microstripline) in second
layer.
The third layer acts as a dielectric medium between two
layers. Microstrip line to stripline interconnection is
established using vias. The selected frequency signal passes
from second layer to fourth layer vertically through vias.
This type of structure transition is called vertical transition.
Fig-3: 3D Mesh structure
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The fig. 3 shows the 3D mess structure that helps to
understand the network arrangements inside the transition
model.
Fig-4: Flow of current on transmission line
The fig. 4 shows the flow of current per meter inside the
designed model. The flow of current is highlighted using a
color code where the red color implies maximum current
and the blue implies minimum current.
3.1 Conducting Materials
The transition of the signal depends on the type of material
used for designing the transmission lines. This paper
discusses two different transmission-line conducting
materials, vizsilver and copper, to study the signal transition
in unlike media. The resultant transition efficiency is
compared with the reference conducting material.
The scattering parameter technique is used to calculate
insertion loss and return loss of the transmission line. The
results are plot as frequency v/s loss. The experiment is done
in the frequency range of 1GHz to 30 GHz. The following
sections briefly explain the design and the obtained results
using silver and copper.
3.2 Silver Conducting Material
The transmission lines and vias of the proposed model is
designed using silver material. The silver possesses low
signal loss, lesser weight, and is a good conductor which is
used in RF/Microwave and other applications. The fig.5
shows response of signal transition from microstripline to
stripline.
Fig-5: Insertion and return loss of silver
The observed result reflects that the insertion loss of silver is
-36dB at 1GHz and has linear increase of the loss with
respect to increasing frequency. The highest loss of -11dB is
found at 30GHz. The return loss should be less than -0.8dB
for all practical purposes. The proposed design meets the
standard low loss with a value approximately equal to zero at
1GHz and -0.3dB at 30GHz.
3.3 Copper Conducting Material
Copper is a better conductor than silver because of better
electrical performance and low resistance at higher
frequencies, good heat dissipation, and has high tensile
strength [10].
The figure 6 shows insertion and return loss of designed
model using copper. The insertion loss is -27dB at 1GHz and
-7dB at 30GHz. The observed return is loss near to zero at
1GHz and -0.2dB at 30GHz.
3.4 Perfect Conducting Material
The perfect conductor is the reference conductor for insertion
and return loss of the transition model. The dielectric
materials in the second and fourth layers are replaced by the
perfect conductor for the comparative study. The dielectric
material is considered as zero tangent loss with dielectric
constant 5.7 in second layers and 9.9 in fourth layer. The
thickness of the conductor is maintained 0.1mm as
considered for the other materials.
The fig. 7 shows the loss versus frequency graph of the
transition model using perfect conductor material. The
observed outcomes are treated as reference result.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Special Issue: 12 | NCIDCEME-2015 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 33
Fig-6: Insertion and return loss using copper material
Fig-7: Insertion and return loss of the perfect conductor
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The four substrate layers for design transition models are of
0.1mm conductor thickness. Suitable substrate materials with
calculated height, width and thickness are considered. This
designed model is implemented using copper and
silverconductor materials along with perfect conductor of
ultra-wide band range.
The selected input frequency signal is applied across port 1.
The signal travels through microstrip line in Q-TEM mode
then transmits using vias to other end of the stripline. The
stripline changes Q-TEM mode to TEM mode. Due to this
the insertion loss do not matches completely with the perfect
conductor. The observed results also show that return loss is
comparable with perfect conductor.
The fig.8 shows the insertion loss of silver, copper and
perfect conductor material. silver and copper insertion loss is
compared with perfect conductor. The response of the copper
matches better with perfect conductor over the operating
range. The observed EM simulated results reflect that copper
than silver gives better performance if compared with the
perfect conductor.
Fig-8: Insertion loss
Fig-9: Return loss
The fig. 9 shows the plot of return loss obtained for the
designed model using silver, copper and perfect conductor.
The obtained results prove that the performance of copper
conducting material is in line with perfect conductor than the
silver conducting material.
The results show that the copper conducting material has
performance that matches with perfect conductor, which is
considered as reference model for all practical purposes, in
both return loss and insertion loss. The insertion and return
loss obtained using the designed model over the frequency
range from 1GHz to 30GHz is tabulated as shown in Table. 1
and the corresponding comparative graph is shown in fig.10
and fig. 11.
Table 1: Insertion and return loss of designed models
Freque
ncy in
GHz
Perfect
Conductor
silver
Conductor
Copper
Conductor
Retu
rn
Loss
(S11)
in -
Inserti
on
loss
(S21)
in -dB
Retu
rn
Loss
(S11)
in -
Inserti
on
loss
(S21)
in -dB
Retu
rn
Loss
(S11)
in -
Inserti
on
loss
(S21)
in -dB
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Special Issue: 12 | NCIDCEME-2015 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 34
dB dB dB
1
33.5
3
0.0055
34.5
9
0.0189 33.2 0.0366
5
20.9
9
0.0386
21.6
7
0.0641
20.9
1
0.0725
10
19.2
6
0.0723
17.8
4
0.1250
19.2
7
0.1058
15
20.7
1
0.0606
16.8
1
0.1677
20.8
3
0.1064
20
17.1
2
0.2657
15.1
2
0.2518
17.1
7
0.3130
25
10.8
3
0.4760
11.5
2
0.4438 10.9 0.5089
30
6.69
8
1.251 8.54 0.8887 6.71 1.326
Fig-10: Return loss
Fig-11: Insertion loss
5. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the three designed unlike media
transition model using LTCC technique. The designed
conductors are of silver and copper for microstrip to stripline.
These are compared with the perfect conductor model. The
return loss and insertion loss of copper conducting material is
(-33.2dB to -6.71dB& -0.0366dB to – 1.326dB respectively)
better than silver conducting material (-34.59dB to -8.54dB
& -0.0189 dB to -0.8888dB respectively) in the operating
range of 1GHz to 30GHz. A novel signal transition model
designed for silver and copper in this paper gives improved
efficiency of the signal transition which is comparable to the
lossless model, in terms of insertion and return loss over the
given ultra-wide band range.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Paul Shine Eugine and
ICON design Automation Pvt Ltd Bangalore, for their
assistance and guidance to carrying this work.
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-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30
RETURN LOSS
Perfect Conductor Aluminums 2 Copper
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
1 5 10 15 20 25 30
INSERTION LOSS
Perfect Conductor Aluminums 2 Copper