This paper presents an investigation for the performance comparison of three different unit cell configurations operating at 26 GHz for 5G applications. The unit cells are cross shape dielectric resonator, cross microstrip patch and cross hybrid dielectric resonator. Verification of the comparison has been done by simulations using commercial Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS). The simulated results for reflection phase, slope variation, reflection loss and 10% bandwidth were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the optimum configuration to be deployed for the reflectarray’s unit element in order to fulfill the 5G requirements of a wide bandwidth is the cross hybrid DRA. This configuration is a combination of cross DRA with cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element in order to tune the phase and provide a wide phase range with smooth variation slope. Cross hybrid DRA provided a wide phase range of 520° with 0.77 dB loss and 10% bandwidth of 160 MHz.
Dielectric resonator antenna excited using t strip feed line for wideband app...Conference Papers
The document presents a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) excited using a T-strip feed line for wideband applications. The proposed antenna structure achieves an impedance bandwidth of 1.5 GHz covering 27.5-29 GHz with a peak gain of 6.6 dBi and high radiation efficiency of 89%. Simulation results show that the T-strip feed line improves the bandwidth of the DRA compared to other feeding methods. The proposed antenna is suitable for wideband communication applications such as 5G.
IRJET- Multiple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for X Band, Ku Band an...IRJET Journal
This document describes a multiple band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the X band, Ku band, and K band frequency ranges. The antenna is fabricated using an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm. Rectangular slots are etched into the patch and ground plane to generate multiple resonances at 9.1 GHz, 10.1 GHz, 11 GHz, 16.7 GHz, and 19.1 GHz. A defected ground structure in the form of a circular ring slot is used to improve antenna performance. High frequency structural simulation software is used to analyze the antenna design. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in X band, Ku band and K band radar and satellite communications.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Detection of Defects in Solar Panels using Thermal Imaging by PCA and ICA MethodIRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to detect defects in solar panels using thermal imaging and image processing techniques. Thermal images of solar panels are taken using an infrared camera. These images are then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) to extract features that can identify defective regions in the panels. The method was able to accurately find the position of defects in a test solar panel image. This thermal imaging-based approach allows detecting defects without disrupting solar panel operation and could automate inspection of large solar farms in a time-saving and cost-effective manner.
IRJET- Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Smart Antenna ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas for smart antenna applications. Key points:
- Rectangular and circular patch antennas were designed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze parameters like resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern.
- A bipolar mechanism was proposed to increase efficiency and gain by inducing more surface currents on the patch. This reduces losses and improves the radiation pattern.
- Simulation results showed the frequency response and radiation patterns of the rectangular and circular patch antennas matched expected parameters.
- Smart antennas using adaptive beamforming techniques were discussed as promising for future wireless networks by improving spectrum efficiency and network optimization.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a frequency reconfigurable double square microstrip patch antenna. The antenna incorporates four bridges between two square patches to achieve multiple frequency bands with a flat input resistance and linear input reactance profile. By loading the bridges with varactor diodes, the antenna achieves a tunable frequency range of 1.11 GHz to 3 GHz while reducing the size by 90% compared to a conventional patch antenna. Simulated and measured return loss and radiation patterns are presented for different bridge widths, demonstrating tunability of the operating frequencies for applications such as wireless LAN.
Design of wideband dielectric resonator antenna with square slots excited usi...Conference Papers
The document describes the design of a wideband dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with square slots for 5G communication applications operating at 26 GHz. Square slots of two different sizes are introduced in the DRA to reduce its quality factor and achieve a bandwidth of 3 GHz (11.5%) from 25-28 GHz. The DRA is excited using a microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the proposed antenna achieves a peak gain of 4.8 dBi and radiation efficiency of 93%. Compared to reference DRAs, the proposed antenna with slots provides the widest bandwidth for 5G millimeter-wave applications.
Dielectric resonator antenna excited using t strip feed line for wideband app...Conference Papers
The document presents a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) excited using a T-strip feed line for wideband applications. The proposed antenna structure achieves an impedance bandwidth of 1.5 GHz covering 27.5-29 GHz with a peak gain of 6.6 dBi and high radiation efficiency of 89%. Simulation results show that the T-strip feed line improves the bandwidth of the DRA compared to other feeding methods. The proposed antenna is suitable for wideband communication applications such as 5G.
IRJET- Multiple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with DGS for X Band, Ku Band an...IRJET Journal
This document describes a multiple band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the X band, Ku band, and K band frequency ranges. The antenna is fabricated using an FR4 epoxy substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm. Rectangular slots are etched into the patch and ground plane to generate multiple resonances at 9.1 GHz, 10.1 GHz, 11 GHz, 16.7 GHz, and 19.1 GHz. A defected ground structure in the form of a circular ring slot is used to improve antenna performance. High frequency structural simulation software is used to analyze the antenna design. The proposed antenna is suitable for applications in X band, Ku band and K band radar and satellite communications.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
Detection of Defects in Solar Panels using Thermal Imaging by PCA and ICA MethodIRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to detect defects in solar panels using thermal imaging and image processing techniques. Thermal images of solar panels are taken using an infrared camera. These images are then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) to extract features that can identify defective regions in the panels. The method was able to accurately find the position of defects in a test solar panel image. This thermal imaging-based approach allows detecting defects without disrupting solar panel operation and could automate inspection of large solar farms in a time-saving and cost-effective manner.
IRJET- Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Smart Antenna ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas for smart antenna applications. Key points:
- Rectangular and circular patch antennas were designed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze parameters like resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern.
- A bipolar mechanism was proposed to increase efficiency and gain by inducing more surface currents on the patch. This reduces losses and improves the radiation pattern.
- Simulation results showed the frequency response and radiation patterns of the rectangular and circular patch antennas matched expected parameters.
- Smart antennas using adaptive beamforming techniques were discussed as promising for future wireless networks by improving spectrum efficiency and network optimization.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a frequency reconfigurable double square microstrip patch antenna. The antenna incorporates four bridges between two square patches to achieve multiple frequency bands with a flat input resistance and linear input reactance profile. By loading the bridges with varactor diodes, the antenna achieves a tunable frequency range of 1.11 GHz to 3 GHz while reducing the size by 90% compared to a conventional patch antenna. Simulated and measured return loss and radiation patterns are presented for different bridge widths, demonstrating tunability of the operating frequencies for applications such as wireless LAN.
Design of wideband dielectric resonator antenna with square slots excited usi...Conference Papers
The document describes the design of a wideband dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with square slots for 5G communication applications operating at 26 GHz. Square slots of two different sizes are introduced in the DRA to reduce its quality factor and achieve a bandwidth of 3 GHz (11.5%) from 25-28 GHz. The DRA is excited using a microstrip feed line. Simulation results show the proposed antenna achieves a peak gain of 4.8 dBi and radiation efficiency of 93%. Compared to reference DRAs, the proposed antenna with slots provides the widest bandwidth for 5G millimeter-wave applications.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
expanding the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna by inserting a slotINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this work we were able to improve the reflection coefficient S11 and bandwidth BW of a rectangular microstrip antenna fed by a coaxial cable firstly by adjusting a the feed point and secondly by inserting a rectangular slot in the radiating element The results obtained using the HFSS software, have been compared by those published. These results are very satisfying.
Compensation of dielectric cover effects on cp hexagonal microstrip antennaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effects of a dielectric cover layer on the performance of a circularly polarized hexagonal microstrip antenna. It first describes how circular polarization is achieved in patch antennas and discusses previous work on perturbations used to generate circular polarization. It then explains how additional dielectric layers can negatively impact antenna characteristics like resonant frequency and efficiency. The document proposes using an air gap between the dielectric layer and ground plane to compensate for these effects. It provides design specifications for the hexagonal antenna and shows simulated and fabricated antenna models. The research aims to maintain antenna performance while adding a protective dielectric cover layer.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Numerical parametric study on interval shift variation in simo sstd technique...eSAT Journals
This document presents a parametric study on the time shift interval variation in the SIMO-SSTD technique for experimental modal analysis. The SSTD (Single Station Time Domain) technique extracts modal parameters from free decay responses without using Fourier transforms. The study investigates the accuracy of natural frequency and damping ratio results from the SSTD algorithm when using different time shift intervals between data matrices. Simulated data with known modal properties is used to calculate percentage errors for different shift intervals and noise levels. The goal is to determine the effect of time shift interval on the accuracy of the SSTD technique.
Analysis of Metamaterial Based Microstrip Array Antennaijceronline
Metamaterials have been intensively researched due to their peculiar features such as negative permittivity and/or permeability and ultra-refraction phenomenon. To satisfy the demand of commonly used wireless communication systems, an antenna which can operate at higher frequencies and enhanced characteristics are desirable. The arrangement of all elements is done that they provide an improvement in bandwidth, directivity return loss etc. The frequency response of a metamaterial can be tailored by varying its characteristics. A new metamaterial structure using square and ring split ring resonator is proposed. Using this metamaterial structure, a microstrip patch antenna is designed with enhanced characteristics such as reduction in return lossfrom-20dB to -36dB with tunability is achieved.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
A Compact Multiband Metamaterial based Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a metamaterial based compact multiband microstrip antenna is proposed which can give high gain and directivity. Metamaterials are periodic structures and have been intensively investigated due to the particular features such as ultra-refraction phenomenon and negative permittivity and/or permeability. A metamaterialbased microstrip patch antenna with enhanced characteristics and multi band operation will be investigated in this work. The multiple frequency operation will be achieved by varying the capacitance of the metamaterial structure with the help of metallic loadings placed in each metamaterial unit cells. The potential impacts will be miniaturization, reduced cost and reduced power consumption since multiple antennas operating at different frequencies are replaced by a single antenna which can operate at multiple frequencies. The proposed microstrip patch antenna will have its frequencies of operation in the L, S and C bands. The proposed structure is simulated using Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) 2011.05. It is then fabricated on the FR4 substrate and the performance of the fabricated antenna is measured using the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
IRJET - An Overview of Design and Simulation of Microstrip Rectangular Pa...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of microstrip patch antennas. It discusses the basic design and operation of rectangular patch antennas, including the shape of the patch, feeding methods, and design methodology. Microstrip patch antennas are low profile, lightweight, inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with integrated circuits. They have limitations of narrow bandwidth and low efficiency. The document reviews techniques used to improve bandwidth and efficiency, such as defected ground structures. It also outlines applications of antennas in wireless communications and concludes with a discussion of microstrip patch antenna characteristics.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancing the Radiation Pattern of Phase Array Antenna Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
The document describes a study that uses particle swarm optimization to enhance the radiation pattern of a phase array antenna by minimizing sidelobe levels. It first provides background on issues with high sidelobes in phase array antennas, such as power losses and interference. It then summarizes previous research using techniques like genetic algorithms for antenna array optimization. The study models the radiation pattern of linear arrays with different element numbers and calculates gain, finding that gain increases with more elements. However, sidelobe levels also increase relatively. Therefore, the study proposes using particle swarm optimization to optimize current excitation and control sidelobe levels while maintaining a narrow beamwidth.
Design of wide band microstrip array antenna using direct coupled techniqueeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Time Domain Modelling of Optical Add-drop filter based on Microcavity Ring Re...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
Design compact microstrap patch antenna with T-shaped 5G applicationjournalBEEI
This document describes the design of a compact T-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 2.9-4.4 GHz. The antenna is printed on Rogers RT/588 lz substrate that is 0.25 mm thick with a dielectric constant of 2.00. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -28.76 dB at its resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. It has a fractional bandwidth of 42.81% from 2.90 to 4.48 GHz. The antenna's peak gain is 2.52 dB and radiation efficiency is 98.474% at 3.6 GHz. Introducing the T-shape allows the antenna to operate at a lower frequency while maintaining a compact
IRJET- Design of MIMO Antenna for KU Band Applications IRJET Journal
1) Researchers designed a MIMO antenna for Ku band applications using a rectangular microstrip patch with two circular structures.
2) The antenna was implemented on a single substrate using multiple antennas to increase signal throughput and link range.
3) Simulation results showed the MIMO antenna had a return loss of -39dB and bandwidth of 3GHz, meeting the goals of the research.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Impact and analytical study of the patch and slot for antenna designeSAT Journals
Abstract Antenna is the backbone of the communication system. With the advent of technology a lot of innovation happens to develop the antennas. Antenna is a smart device, which not only transmit and receive but also works as a transducer. S/N ratio also Abstract depend upon the efficiency of the antenna .Patch and slot has become a very important in modern wireless communication antennas. Patch and slots are being used for performance improvement of antenna in wireless communication. with the pace and speed of the communication theory, antennas also its design also developed in an innovative ways. Keeping the above fact in mind we had tried to present a complete review on patch and slots antennas .it has been analyzed in detail, In different size and shapes of slots and patch are great interest of obtaining optimum results of antenna design , in order to allow their use in communication application. A variety of the antennas are available in the communication engineering system. Present study represent the various details and open wide the slit for more innovations. Keywords- ( patch, slot GSM900, GSM1800, GSM 2100, UMTS, IMT-2000 and PCS,
IRJET- Aperture Coupled Cylindrical Dra with Rectangular Parasitic Elemen...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an aperture coupled cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with rectangular parasitic elements to improve gain. The proposed antenna operates at 7.93 GHz and uses Rogers 3010 and 5870 substrates with an alumina DRA. Simulation results show the antenna achieves high isolation up to 25.69 dB and improved bandwidth and gain in the 4-8 GHz range compared to designs without parasitic elements. The addition of directors is found to increase the gain, with the proposed three director design achieving a maximum gain of 6.12 dB for use in fixed satellite services.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
IRJET-Miniaturized Wide Bandwidth MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antenna using Def...IRJET Journal
This document presents a miniaturized wide bandwidth multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) using a defective ground structure for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is designed to operate at 6.9 GHz and achieves an ultra-wide bandwidth of 4.692 GHz from 5.92 to 10.62 GHz without interfering with wireless local area network frequencies. Three designs are analyzed and the optimized design uses two DRAs made of Rogers RO4350 substrate with a dimension of 29x29x2.295 mm3. A stub is placed between the DRAs to provide isolation and reduce mutual coupling. The defective ground structure enhances the bandwidth. Simulation results show the optimized design meets requirements
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
expanding the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna by inserting a slotINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this work we were able to improve the reflection coefficient S11 and bandwidth BW of a rectangular microstrip antenna fed by a coaxial cable firstly by adjusting a the feed point and secondly by inserting a rectangular slot in the radiating element The results obtained using the HFSS software, have been compared by those published. These results are very satisfying.
Compensation of dielectric cover effects on cp hexagonal microstrip antennaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effects of a dielectric cover layer on the performance of a circularly polarized hexagonal microstrip antenna. It first describes how circular polarization is achieved in patch antennas and discusses previous work on perturbations used to generate circular polarization. It then explains how additional dielectric layers can negatively impact antenna characteristics like resonant frequency and efficiency. The document proposes using an air gap between the dielectric layer and ground plane to compensate for these effects. It provides design specifications for the hexagonal antenna and shows simulated and fabricated antenna models. The research aims to maintain antenna performance while adding a protective dielectric cover layer.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Numerical parametric study on interval shift variation in simo sstd technique...eSAT Journals
This document presents a parametric study on the time shift interval variation in the SIMO-SSTD technique for experimental modal analysis. The SSTD (Single Station Time Domain) technique extracts modal parameters from free decay responses without using Fourier transforms. The study investigates the accuracy of natural frequency and damping ratio results from the SSTD algorithm when using different time shift intervals between data matrices. Simulated data with known modal properties is used to calculate percentage errors for different shift intervals and noise levels. The goal is to determine the effect of time shift interval on the accuracy of the SSTD technique.
Analysis of Metamaterial Based Microstrip Array Antennaijceronline
Metamaterials have been intensively researched due to their peculiar features such as negative permittivity and/or permeability and ultra-refraction phenomenon. To satisfy the demand of commonly used wireless communication systems, an antenna which can operate at higher frequencies and enhanced characteristics are desirable. The arrangement of all elements is done that they provide an improvement in bandwidth, directivity return loss etc. The frequency response of a metamaterial can be tailored by varying its characteristics. A new metamaterial structure using square and ring split ring resonator is proposed. Using this metamaterial structure, a microstrip patch antenna is designed with enhanced characteristics such as reduction in return lossfrom-20dB to -36dB with tunability is achieved.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
A Compact Multiband Metamaterial based Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a metamaterial based compact multiband microstrip antenna is proposed which can give high gain and directivity. Metamaterials are periodic structures and have been intensively investigated due to the particular features such as ultra-refraction phenomenon and negative permittivity and/or permeability. A metamaterialbased microstrip patch antenna with enhanced characteristics and multi band operation will be investigated in this work. The multiple frequency operation will be achieved by varying the capacitance of the metamaterial structure with the help of metallic loadings placed in each metamaterial unit cells. The potential impacts will be miniaturization, reduced cost and reduced power consumption since multiple antennas operating at different frequencies are replaced by a single antenna which can operate at multiple frequencies. The proposed microstrip patch antenna will have its frequencies of operation in the L, S and C bands. The proposed structure is simulated using Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) 2011.05. It is then fabricated on the FR4 substrate and the performance of the fabricated antenna is measured using the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
IRJET - An Overview of Design and Simulation of Microstrip Rectangular Pa...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of microstrip patch antennas. It discusses the basic design and operation of rectangular patch antennas, including the shape of the patch, feeding methods, and design methodology. Microstrip patch antennas are low profile, lightweight, inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with integrated circuits. They have limitations of narrow bandwidth and low efficiency. The document reviews techniques used to improve bandwidth and efficiency, such as defected ground structures. It also outlines applications of antennas in wireless communications and concludes with a discussion of microstrip patch antenna characteristics.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancing the Radiation Pattern of Phase Array Antenna Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
The document describes a study that uses particle swarm optimization to enhance the radiation pattern of a phase array antenna by minimizing sidelobe levels. It first provides background on issues with high sidelobes in phase array antennas, such as power losses and interference. It then summarizes previous research using techniques like genetic algorithms for antenna array optimization. The study models the radiation pattern of linear arrays with different element numbers and calculates gain, finding that gain increases with more elements. However, sidelobe levels also increase relatively. Therefore, the study proposes using particle swarm optimization to optimize current excitation and control sidelobe levels while maintaining a narrow beamwidth.
Design of wide band microstrip array antenna using direct coupled techniqueeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Time Domain Modelling of Optical Add-drop filter based on Microcavity Ring Re...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
Design compact microstrap patch antenna with T-shaped 5G applicationjournalBEEI
This document describes the design of a compact T-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications between 2.9-4.4 GHz. The antenna is printed on Rogers RT/588 lz substrate that is 0.25 mm thick with a dielectric constant of 2.00. Simulation results show the antenna achieves a return loss of -28.76 dB at its resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz. It has a fractional bandwidth of 42.81% from 2.90 to 4.48 GHz. The antenna's peak gain is 2.52 dB and radiation efficiency is 98.474% at 3.6 GHz. Introducing the T-shape allows the antenna to operate at a lower frequency while maintaining a compact
IRJET- Design of MIMO Antenna for KU Band Applications IRJET Journal
1) Researchers designed a MIMO antenna for Ku band applications using a rectangular microstrip patch with two circular structures.
2) The antenna was implemented on a single substrate using multiple antennas to increase signal throughput and link range.
3) Simulation results showed the MIMO antenna had a return loss of -39dB and bandwidth of 3GHz, meeting the goals of the research.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
Impact and analytical study of the patch and slot for antenna designeSAT Journals
Abstract Antenna is the backbone of the communication system. With the advent of technology a lot of innovation happens to develop the antennas. Antenna is a smart device, which not only transmit and receive but also works as a transducer. S/N ratio also Abstract depend upon the efficiency of the antenna .Patch and slot has become a very important in modern wireless communication antennas. Patch and slots are being used for performance improvement of antenna in wireless communication. with the pace and speed of the communication theory, antennas also its design also developed in an innovative ways. Keeping the above fact in mind we had tried to present a complete review on patch and slots antennas .it has been analyzed in detail, In different size and shapes of slots and patch are great interest of obtaining optimum results of antenna design , in order to allow their use in communication application. A variety of the antennas are available in the communication engineering system. Present study represent the various details and open wide the slit for more innovations. Keywords- ( patch, slot GSM900, GSM1800, GSM 2100, UMTS, IMT-2000 and PCS,
IRJET- Aperture Coupled Cylindrical Dra with Rectangular Parasitic Elemen...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an aperture coupled cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with rectangular parasitic elements to improve gain. The proposed antenna operates at 7.93 GHz and uses Rogers 3010 and 5870 substrates with an alumina DRA. Simulation results show the antenna achieves high isolation up to 25.69 dB and improved bandwidth and gain in the 4-8 GHz range compared to designs without parasitic elements. The addition of directors is found to increase the gain, with the proposed three director design achieving a maximum gain of 6.12 dB for use in fixed satellite services.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
IRJET-Miniaturized Wide Bandwidth MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antenna using Def...IRJET Journal
This document presents a miniaturized wide bandwidth multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) using a defective ground structure for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is designed to operate at 6.9 GHz and achieves an ultra-wide bandwidth of 4.692 GHz from 5.92 to 10.62 GHz without interfering with wireless local area network frequencies. Three designs are analyzed and the optimized design uses two DRAs made of Rogers RO4350 substrate with a dimension of 29x29x2.295 mm3. A stub is placed between the DRAs to provide isolation and reduce mutual coupling. The defective ground structure enhances the bandwidth. Simulation results show the optimized design meets requirements
16 15032 hight order ijeecs 1570310229 (manuscript)(edit)nooriasukmaningtyas
The excitation of the higher-order mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ3 in rectangular dielectric resonator designed was explored to enhance the antenna gain and detailed elaboration is presented in this paper. The antenna was fed by a 50Ω microstrip line through an aperture cut in the ground plane. Besides avoiding spurious radiation, this feeding technique gives flexibility in controlling the amount of coupling in order to reduce the Q-factor in the higher-order mode RDRA. A design was developed and subsequently simulated using Ansoft HFSS ver 16.0 by utilizing Duroid 5880 dielectric substrate with a thickness (ts) of 0.254 mm, a permittivity (εs) of 2.2 and a loss tangent (δ) of 0.001 at 15 GHz. The higher-order mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ3 RDRA achieved the measured gain at 9.76 dBi and the measured impedance bandwidth as much 2.5 GHz which is 4.7% more compared to the fundamental mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ1. The result should be considered suitable for 5G applications.
Gain enhancement of dielectric resonator antenna for millimeter wave applicat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with enhanced gain operating on the higher
order mode (푇퐸훿15
푥 ) is presented. The dielectric resonator antenna with dielectric constant 휀푟 of 10 and
loss tangent of 0.002 is used. The DRA is fed by microstrip line through an aperture slot. The proposed
antenna is designed at 26 GHz and achieved a gain of 7.9 dBi with corresponding simulated radiation
efficiency of 93%. The impedance bandwidth of 1.5 GHz from 25.1 GHz to 26.6 GHz has been achieved.
The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation patterns, and efficiency of the antenna are studied.
Simulations are performed using CST microwave studio, and their results are presented.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of LPDA Antenna for through the Wall Detection ...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design, simulation, and analysis of a logarithmic periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) for through-the-wall detection applications operating in the frequency range of 0.5-3 GHz. Key features of the antenna include a gain over 6 dB across the bandwidth, a VSWR less than 2.5, and a directional radiation pattern optimized for detecting targets behind walls. The antenna design was modified from a traditional LPDA by using strip dipoles rather than cylindrical ones and adding a reflector to increase directivity. Simulations showed the antenna meets design requirements for through-wall detection in terms of impedance matching, gain, and minimization of side lobes.
21 15036 design of planar dielectric resonator antenna array at 28 g hz(edit)nooriasukmaningtyas
This article presents a planar array of rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna operating for 28 GHz applications. The proposed antenna is formed through two stages of designs which are a single element and planar array. It is made up from a ceramic material with a dielectric constant of 10 and mounted on RT/Duroid 5880 with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.254 mm. A prospective study using three different configurations of three by three planar array is done in order to obtain the best performance in terms of bandwidth, gain, and cost reduction. Besides that, this study is also conducted for a beam steering capability of each configuration. Finally, the best configuration is proposed for 5G application.
IRJET- Design of Composite Circular Microstrip Patch Dual Band Antenna for Wi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a composite circular microstrip patch dual band antenna for wireless applications. The antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio software. Key features of the antenna include operating in the ISM band at 5.8 GHz using FR4 as the substrate material, having a radius of 9.8mm and dual feeding technique. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a gain of 4.2 dB, return loss of -27 dB, and VSWR of nearly 50 ohms at the resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna design was found to have improved bandwidth and performance for wireless applications.
Influence analysis of director’s elements on the circular Yagi disc antenna p...IJECEIAES
This paper aims to investigate and design a Yagi disc antenna with a variable number of director elements for Band 3 in fourth-generation long term evolution (4G LTE) mobile applications. The array technique was introduced by increasing the number of director elements to achieve superior results and better performance, such as higher gain and lower return loss. Initially, the simulated results of return loss and gain with one director element were -19.02 dB and 8.51 dBi, respectively. Then, by increasing the number of directors to three and five elements, the antenna’s performance improved significantly from -32.44 to -42.68 dB for return loss and from 8.51 to 11.17 dBi for gain, respectively. The simulated circular Yagi disc antenna provided a response in the range of 1.78 to 1.82 GHz. Therefore, a model was fabricated and tested to validate the antenna design. The measured results matched well with the simulated ones. By increasing the number of director elements, the measurement results of gain and return loss at a frequency of 1.8 GHz also showed improvement from 7.70 to 11.09 dBi and from -27.31 to -32.91 dB, respectively. Meanwhile, the measured antenna provided a wider bandwidth in the range of 1.72-1.82 GHz.
Performance Analysis of Corporate Feed Rectangular Patch Element and Circular...Mohamed Hassouna
This paper present simple, slim, low cost and high gain circular patch and rectangular patch microstrip array antenna, with the details steps of design process, operate in X-band(8 GHz to 12 GHz) and it provides a mean to choose the effective one based on the performance analysis of both of these array antennas. The method of analysis, design and development of these array antennas are explained completely here and analyses are carried out for 4x2 arrays. The simulation has been performed by using commercially available antenna simulator, SONNET version V12.56, to compute the current distribution, return loss response and radiation pattern. The proposed antennas are designed by using Taconic TLY-5 dielectric substrate with permittivity, εr = 2.2 and height, h =1.588 mm. In all cases we get return losses in the range -4.96 dB to -25.21 dB at frequencies around 10 GHz. The gain of these antennas as simulated are found above 6 dB and side lobe label is maintained lower than main lobe. Operating frequency of these antennas is 10 GHz so these antennas are suitable for X-band application.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
This document describes a conical shaped monopole antenna designed for multiband wireless applications. The antenna is printed on low-cost FR4 substrate and measures 20x20mm with a thickness of 1.6mm. It is fed by a 4mm microstrip line and offers four operating bands: 3.35-3.75GHz, 5.1-5.25GHz, 6.85-7.1GHz, and 9.55-9.7GHz, covering S, C, and X bands. Simulation and measurement results show good agreement for return loss and gain. Radiation patterns are symmetric with low cross polarization levels across the bands. The multiband behavior is achieved through slots cut into the rectangular patch.
Conical Shaped Monopole Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
This document describes a conical shaped monopole antenna designed for multiband wireless applications. The antenna is printed on low-cost FR4 substrate and measures 20x20mm with a thickness of 1.6mm. It is fed by a 4mm microstrip line and offers four operating bands: 3.35-3.75GHz, 5.1-5.25GHz, 6.85-7.1GHz, and 9.55-9.7GHz, which are suitable for S, C, and X band applications. Both simulated and measured results show good agreement, with gains between 2.12-2.65dBi across the bands and omnidirectional radiation patterns. The multiband behavior is achieved
Circular polarization folded reflectarray antenna for 5G applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fifth-generation (5G) is a wireless connection built specifically to keep up with the rapid increase
of devices that need a mobile internet connection. A system working on 5G band can provide higher
bandwidth and faster data rate as compared to fourth-generation (4G) band. Thus, an antenna with higher
gain and lower profile is required to support this system. On the other hand, the performance of circular
polarization antenna is better than linear polarization antenna due to its ability to accept wave from
different direction. In this project, a low-profile circular polarization folded reflectarray antenna with
operating frequency of 28 GHz is presented. This project is divided into two parts. In the first part, a linear
polarization folded reflectarray antenna is designed. In this second part, a meander lines polarizer is used
to convert the linear polarization antenna to circular polarization antenna. The antenna is fed by a linear
polarized waveguide. Each radiating element of the antenna is in rectangular shape. The size of
the radiating elements are selected according to obtain required phase delay to form a planar phase front
in the far-field distance. Both of the antennas are simulated by using Computer Simulation Technology
(CST) software. Finally, the results show excellent performances with 16.81 dB directivity and 1.49 dB
axial ratio at 28 GHz. Thus, the antenna is very suitable for 5G applications.
Pattern reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna using capacitor loading ...IJECEIAES
This research study presents a cube dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with four different radiation patterns for internet of things (IoT) applications. The various radiation patterns are determined by the grounded capacitor loading to reduce interference. The DRA is constructed of ceramic material with a dielectric constant of 30 and is fed via a coaxial probe located in the antenna’s center. Capacitors are used to load the four parasitic microstrip feed lines. Each pattern of radiation is adjustable by adjusting the capacitors loading on the feed line. The proposed antenna works at 3.5 GHz with -10 narrow impedance bandwidth of 74 MHz.
Design Study of a Miniaturized Multi-layered Antenna-in-package for 2.4 GHZ ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a novel miniaturization technique to enhance the radiation properties of small multi-layer patch antenna used in packaged circuits. The multilayered antenna design is composed of three layers with different shapes. An enhancement on the radiation properties has been obtained by optimizing the geometry of the radiated element and the parasitic conductor of the middle layer. The whole design has been implemented on the FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4, thickness of 1.6 mm and Copper thickness of 5 m. The first layer is a driven element while second and the third layer are parasitic patch elements. The optimized multilayer antenna has a very small size of . Considering the small size of the antenna, a detailed study of the parameter affecting the radiation has been considered to force the antenna to operate at 2.4 GHz band. Miniaturization techniques based on the current distribution have been also taken into account to shift down the resonant frequency and reduces more and more the antenna size at the designed operating frequency. The miniaturized antenna maintains performant radiation characteristics in terms of reflexion coefficient, bandwidth and directivity. All developed antennas are simulated using the commercial Electromagnetic CST Microwave Studio software. Achieved results demonstrate a good performance with low cost and compact size
Low-profile frequency-reconfigurable antenna for 5G applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The demand for higher data rates has increased in recent years. The reconfigurable antenna that operates in the millimeter-wave spectrum (23.5 GHz – 29.64 GHz) was developed. This design is obtained by merging a half-circle radius of 3.97 mm, and a half-ring inner radius of 4 mm. The shape is similar to the round bottom flask. Two PIN diodes are used in this design to achieve frequency reconfigurability to meet the wideband mobile communication need of the future 5G. The suggested antenna, built on Roger RT5880 substrates and properties of ε = 2.2 and δ = 0.0009, has been used as the antenna substrate. For all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR) < 1.11. From 84 % to 92 %, the suggested structure radiation efficiency is calculated. A small antenna element has an excellent end-fire radiation pattern in the desired frequency bands. The antenna shows three reconfigurable bands, 25.17, 26.75, and 27.64 GHz, and gain (2.77-4.4) dBi. The suggested antenna is well suitable for future fifth-generation (5G) networks because of its notable features of small overall size (9.8×13×0.787) mm3, wide bandwidth, and frequency reconfigurability.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a circular microstrip antenna using a DNG s...journalBEEI
This paper present the design of a circular patch microstrip antenna with enhancement in terms of bandwidth and gain using a dielectric double negative (DNG) split ring metamaterial radome. This radome is positioned on top of the CP antenna operating from 5.2 GHz to 6.4 GHz. The metamaterial radome comprises of two alternate split rings of negative permittivity, permeability and refractive index. The circular microstrip antenna bandwidth of 430 MHz has been realized by the presence of DNG metamaterial radome compared to 220 MHz without the radome. The gain has been increased as well from 1.84 dBi to 3.87 dBi.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
Similar to Dielectric Resonator Reflectarray Antenna Unit Cells for 5G Applications (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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a planar phase front in the far-field distance into the desired direction. One of the essential parts of the
reflectarray is to design the precise characterization of the unit elements by depends on the unit element’s
geometry to predict the phase-shift accurately. An important aspect of reflectarray analysis which are the
radiation patterns only can be evaluated once the unit element has been fully characterize and the full
reflectarray antenna is designed [9].
Figure 1. Reflectarray antenna working principle
In the early development of reflectarray antenna, researchers contributed to develop a unit element
for reflectarrays by using microstrip due to their advantages such as easy deployment in space, reducing cost
production, low profile, low weight, flatness and beam steering capability. However, the efficiency of the
microstrip at millimeter wave frequencies may drop significantly and the conductor loss becomes severe. As
a solution, dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) reflectarray with low loss and high phase range
was proposed [10], [11].
Dielectric resonator (DR) have been widely used as antenna element started in early nineteen-
eighties, in which the DR is made of high dielectric constant material that are known as high Q-factor
elements [12]. Besides as energy storage devices, dielectric resonators can be efficient radiators [13]. DRA
has been explored for designing various reflectarray antennas to achieve large reflection phase range, as well
as low reflection loss. One common approach to introduce phase shifts to the radiating elements is by varying
one of its geometrical parameters such as the length of the DRA. Such change will be converted into a
reflection phase variation. However, DRAs with different sizes makes the fabrication process complex.
Therefore, DRA reflectarray unit element can also be incorporated with various microstrip elements such as
slots, patches and strip for designing broadband reflectarray [14]. Moreover, multi-resonants elements on a
single dielectric layer have been suggested in these recent years to improve bandwidth and at the same time
keep the simple fabrication process. Among them are coplanar parallel dipoles, concentric squared, a
combination of square patch and square ring slots and cross shape rings [15]. As a result, it is possible to
produce reflection phase range that more than 360⁰ , while achieving smooth variation slope. Another
approach that has a possibility to improve the bandwidth by attaining high phase range for the reflectarray’s
element is dual-polarized technique [16]. The selection of the polarization can be achieved by using
rectangular shapes for linear polarization and square shapes, circular shapes or crossed shapes for dual or
circular polarization [12], [17].
Motivated by the above previous researches on the unit cells, the purpose of this paper is to
investigate the performance of several different unit cell configurations in terms of the reflection
characteristics and phase range that will be the basic building block of the reflectarray in 5G applications at
operating frequency of 26 GHz. The specifications and criteria are focus on achieving wide phase range
which highly related to the large bandwidth of operation and low reflection loss. The goal is to determine the
best candidate to be deployed for the reflectarray’s unit element for the DRA-based reflectarray for 5G
applications in term of wide bandwidth, low reflection loss and easy fabrication.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The unit cells of the reflectarray proposed in this paper for the investigation consist of DRA with
dielectric constant, ɛr = 10. For the cross shape DRA (CDRA) incorporate of two same sizes of rectangular
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DRA (RDRA) and the cross microstrip patch incorporate of two same sizes of the rectangular patch. The
resonant frequencies, f0 for the RDRA can be predicted by using equation derived from the Dielectric
Waveguide Model [12].
( ) √( )
Where kz is the wave propagation number in the z-direction, h is the width in the z-direction and k0
is the free space wave number. All types of the unit cell have been designed and simulated by using the
commercially Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) software to analyze the
results and obtain the optimum parameter value. The dielectric substrate that used in these designs is Duroid
5880 with a thickness 0.381 mm, a permittivity of 2.2 with a loss tangent of 0.0009. Several different
frequency bands for communication 5G have been suggested by their ability to achieve the required
properties and features [18]. In this work, the resonant frequency of 26 GHz has been selected from the
frequency band of 24.25 GHz to 27.5 GHz for design considerations. The unit cell elements are simulated
using waveguide setup with periodic boundary condition with the E-wall (top and bottom surfaces) and H-
wall (left and right sides) to support an incident plane as depicting in Figure 2 for infinite array approach. The
incident wave is position at the top surface of the waveguide and the unit element is placed at the bottom
surface of the waveguide. In the next subsection, the designs of several different unit cells are presented.
Figure 2. Waveguide simulation setup for the unit cell
2.1. Rectangular DRA
Figure 3 shows the design configuration of the rectangular DRA. The design parameters after
simulation and optimization are shown in Table 1. The width of DRA, W is fixed at 2.4 mm while the length
of DRA, L is varying from 4.5 mm to 8.0 mm.
(a) 3D view (b) Top view
Figure 3. Rectangular DRA unit cell
Table 1. Rectangular DRA Unit Cell Design Parameters
Parameter Value (mm)
L Varies from 4.5 to 8.0
W 2.4
H 2.2
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2.2. Cross shape DRA
The design configuration of the cross shape DRA that have been combined from the two rectangular
DRA dimension is shown in Figure 4. Table 2 shows the optimized design parameters of the cross DRA. The
width of DRA, W is fixed at 2.4 mm while the length of DRA, L is varying from 4.5 mm to 8.0 mm
(to compare with rectangular DRA) and varying from 1.5 mm to 8.0 mm for the next section (to compare
with other cross shape unit cells).
(a) 3D view (b) Top view
Figure 4. Cross shape DRA unit cell
Table 2. Cross DRA Unit Cell Design Parameters
Parameter Value (mm)
L Varies from 1.5 to 8.0
W 2.4
H 2.2
2.3. Cross microstrip patch
The dimension of the microstrip patch with operating frequency of 26 GHz was determined by a
series of a mathematical equation. Then the two same sizes of the rectangular microstrip patch are designed
in cross shape. This unit cell design using cross microstrip patch as the phase variation technique. The
configuration of the unit cell is shown in Figure 5 and Table 3 shows the optimum parameters obtained. The
width of microstrip, WP is fixed at 1.5 mm while the length of microstrip, LP is varying from 1.5 mm
to 8.0 mm.
(a) 3D view (b) Top view
Figure 5. Cross microstrip unit cell
Table 3. Cross Microstrip Cell Design Parameters
Parameter Value (mm)
LP Varies from 1.5 to 8.0
WP 1.5
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2.4. Cross hybrid DRA
The configuration of the cross hybrid DRA is shown in Figure 6. Table 4 shows the unit cell design
parameters after simulation and optimization. This unit cell consists of a cross shape DRA combined with
cross shape microstrip patch below the cross DRA whereas the cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element
to tune the phase of the unit cell. Designing DRA with different size is always difficult to be implemented
[10]. Therefore, a design with fixed cross DRA size with the cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element to
tune the phase response by varying its length is designed. The width of DRA, W is fixed at 2.4 mm while the
length of DRA, L is fixed at 8.0 mm. On top of that, the width of microstrip, WP is fixed at 1.5 mm while the
length of microstrip, LP is varying from 1.5 mm to 8.0 mm.
(a) 3D view (b) Top view
Figure 6. Cross hybrid DRA unit cell
Table 4. Cross Hybrid DRA Unit Cell Design Parameters
Parameter Value (mm)
L 8.0
W 2.4
H 2.2
LP Varies from 1.5 to 8.0
WP 1.5
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The selected designs have been analyzed numerically by using CST MWS simulation tools. In this
section, the results for several types of the unit cell for the reflectarray’s unit cell are discussed in terms of
reflection phase range, reflection loss and 10% bandwidth.
3.1. Comparison of the simulated results between rectangular DRA and cross shape DRA
The two main parameters to show the performance of the reflectarray’s unit cells are the reflection
phase and the reflection loss. An important parameter that is availed to analyze the reflectivity and bandwidth
of reflectarray is reflection phase [19]. Figure 7 shows the reflection phase of S11 for rectangular DRA
(RDRA) and cross DRA. The graphs clearly indicate that cross DRA provides wider phase range than
rectangular DRA. This is because the cross DRA unit cell with two resonants element provide a dual-
polarization technique that could effectively attain higher phase range than rectangular DRA. The phase
range and slope variation of both types unit cells are summarized in Table 5. Based on the result, the slope
variation of both unit cells are smooth which indicate that DRA-based unit cells can provide wide bandwidth.
Therefore, the cross DRA is selected to combine with microstrip for further study on hybrid unit cell.
Table 5. Phase Range and Slope Variation for different Configuration of DRA Unit Cells at 26 GHz
Type of Unit Cell
Phase range
(degrees)
Slope
Rectangular DRA 332° Slow
Cross DRA 497° Slow
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Figure 7. Phase of S11 for rectangular DRA and cross DRA unit cells
3.2. Comparison of the simulated results for three different cross-shape unit cell configurations for
bandwidth enhancement
The reflection phase of S11 for three different cross shape configurations obtained by varying the
length of the tunable parameter is presented in Figure 8. Based on the results, it can be seen that the cross
DRA unit cell exhibit highest reflected phase range which is 684°, followed by cross hybrid DRA phase
range equal to 520° and cross microstrip patch phase range is 298°. Limited reflection phase range that less
than 360 degrees causes phase errors and consequently reduces its directivity that will deteriorate the antenna
performance [9].
Figure 8. Phase of S11 for different unit cells Figure 9. Reflection loss curves for
different unit cells
For cross microstrip patch case, the gradient slope of the phase variation versus variable length is
steeper than the other two unit cells. This is expected to result in a reduced bandwidth [20]. Table 6 shows
the phase range and gradient slope for the structures that have been analyzed as the possible candidate for the
design of DRA-based reflectarray. In terms of gradient variation, the slope of cross DRA and cross hybrid
DRA unit cell is smoother than the slope of cross microstrip patch. The more gradual gradient variation of
the reflection phase curve corresponds to the wider bandwidth of the unit element [20], [21]. The phase range
of the cross DRA is wider than cross hybrid DRA, but in term of fabrication matter, the cross hybrid DRA
with fixed DRA is a better option than cross DRA to decrease the fabrication complexity during an array
arrangement.
Reflection loss or also known as insertion loss in reflectarray is another vital parameter in the
analysis of reflectarray. Normally a reflectarray antenna always exhibits some losses. Therefore, the
reflection coefficient or reflection loss is measured less than 1 dB for a reflectarray and the lower loss is the
better. Figure 9 illustrates the reflection loss for the three different unit cell configurations. It is demonstrated
in Figure 9 that cross DRA is observed to provide the lowest insertion loss value of 0.04 dB whereas the
cross hybrid DRA gives 0.77 dB insertion loss. Whilst the cross microstrip unit cell with 1.05 dB gives the
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highest insertion loss value. This is due to the dielectric resonator element gives low loss as compared to
microstrip element that gives higher conductor loss which produced by the microstrip patch.
The bandwidth of the unit cell of the reflectarray can be calculated by the reflection loss curves. The
bandwidth is determined by moving 10% above the maximum reflection loss value [22]. The 10% bandwidth
of the three unit cell configurations are shown in Table 7. From Table 7, it shows that the cross hybrid DRA
unit cell offers the wider bandwidth of 160 MHz whereas the cross microstrip unit cell gives a minimum
bandwidth of 136 MHz. The results indicate that the cross DRA unit cell gives the lowest reflection loss with
broader bandwidth due to the absence of conductor’s losses and surface wave losses.
Table 6. Phase Range and Slope Variation for different Configuration of Unit Cells at 26 GHz
Type of Unit Cell
Phase range
(degrees)
Slope
Cross Microstrip 298° Fast
Cross DRA 684° Slow
Cross hybrid DRA 520° Slow
Table 7. Reflection Loss and 10% Bandwidth for different Unit Cells at 26 GHz
Type of Unit Cell
Reflection Loss
(dB)
10 % Bandwidth
(MHz)
Cross Microstrip 1.05 136
Cross DRA 0.04 1617
Cross hybrid DRA 0.77 160
4. CONCLUSION
The design configurations with three potential cross shape unit cell designs for the reflectarray unit
cell at 26 GHz were investigated for the performance optimization of the reflectarray. The CST MWS
simulation showed that the best candidate to be deployed for the reflectarray’s unit element in order to fulfill
the 5G requirements of a wide bandwidth is the cross hybrid DRA which is the combined fixed cross DRA
with cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element. The parasitic element used to tune the phase to give a
wide phase range with smooth variation slope. Besides, it is shown that the cross hybrid DRA unit cell gives
low reflection loss with better bandwidth performance. Easy implementation and fabrication also emphasized
in a selection of the unit element. The simulation results for the unit cells will be validated experimentally in
next stage. The design for full reflectarray to predict the overall DRA reflectarray antenna performance and
further investigation into how a higher gain can be achieved are being conducted by the authors.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education (MOE) for sponsoring the PhD study at
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Also, special thanks go to UTM GUP (votes 4J220, 05H62, 13H26, 03G59
and 4F733) and Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) (vote 4S134) for sponsoring this
work.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Nur Fazreen Sallehuddin received her Bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering (Hons.) (2006)
and Master degree in Technic and Vocational Education (2014) from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM). Experienced as Integration Assistant Engineer and Quality Assurance Engineer
for solar industry and automotive industry respectively from 2007-2011. Currently she is pursuing
the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering at Wireless Communication Centre, University
Technology of Malaysia (UTM). Her research interests and areas include dielectric resonators and
reflectarray antennas design in 5G applications and millimeter waves.
Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin received the bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering
from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia, in 2003 and 2006, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree
in signal processing and telecommunications from the Université de Rennes 1, France, in 2009, with
a focus on microwavecommunication systems and specific antennas such as dielectric resonator and
reflect array and dielectric dome antennas. He joined the Department of Electronic Engineering,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, as a Tutor in 2003. He is currently
an Associate Professor with the Wireless Communication Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM). He was a Senior Lecturer at Wireless Communication Centre (WCC), Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM) until December 2017. He has published more than 40 ISI/Scopus papers in reputed
indexed journals and more than 40 conference proceedings.
Muhammad Ramlee Kamarudin (Senior Member IEEE 13', Member IEEE 08', Member IET 11')
obtained his first degree from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, with
honours, majoring in electrical and telecommunication engineering and graduated in 2003. He
received the M.S. degree in communication engineering in 2004 from the University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, UK, and later he obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2007 from the same University under the
supervision of Professor Peter Hall. Dr Kamarudin is currently working as a Senior Lecturer at the
Centre for Electronic Warfare, Information and Cyber (EWIC), Cranfield Defence and Security,
Cranfield University, UK. Prior to this appointment, he was an Associate Professor at Wireless
Communication Centre (WCC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia until May 2017.
He holds a H-Index of 19 (SCOPUS) and more than 1350 citations (SCOPUS). He is an author of a
book chapter of a book entitled Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless
Communications and has published more than 200 technical papers in journals and proceedings
9. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Dielectric Resonator Reflectarray Antenna Unit Cells for 5G Applications (Nur Fazreen Sallehuddin)
2539
including IEEE Transaction on Antenna and Propagation (TAP), IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letter (AWPL), IEEE Antenna Magazine, IEEE Access, International Journal of
Antennas and Propagation (IJAP), Progress in Electromagnetics Research (PIER), Microwave and
Optical Technology Letters (MOTL), and Electronics Letters. His research interests include antenna
design for 5G, wireless on-body communications, in-body communications (implantable antenna),
RF and microwave communication systems, and antenna diversity. Dr Kamarudin is an IEEE Senior
Member (SMIEEE), a Member of IET (MIET), an Executive Member of Antenna and Propagation
(AP/MTT/EMC), Malaysia Chapter, and a Member of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society,
IEEE Communication Society, IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society and IEEE
Electromagnetic Compatibility Society.
Muhammad Hashim Dahri received the B.E degree in Telecommunications from the Mehran
University of Engineering and Technology (MUET), Pakistan, in 2010 and the Masters by Research
degree in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in 2014. He is
currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the Wireless Communication Centre (WCC), Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). He has authored over 20 research papers in various indexed journals
and conference proceedings. His research interests include reflectarray antennas, planar printed
antennas and tunable materials for antenna design.
Siti Umairah Tajol Anuar received her Bachelor degree in Electronic Telecomunication
Engineering (2015) in Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) and Master in Electronic
Telecommunication (2017) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). She is currently pursuing
her Ph.D. at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Her research interests and areas include
dielectric resonators antennas and wireless communication.