International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Lead Acetate Induced histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissue of RatIOSRJAVS
One of the pollutants that can effect on the life of living animates is lead in different ways; it has toxic problem for human and animals and is gathered in the tissues and guide to harmful effects in their. The current study was carry out to investigate the histological effects caused by lead in the rat. The study was performed on 30 rat, they were divided into 3 groups. The first group was control group that received distilled water. The second groups were orally administered lead acetate 9 mg/l of body weight for 10 days. The third groups were orally administered solution of lead. The rats were anesthetized, the kidney were removed for histological studies. Histological changes which observed in the kidney were fatty degeneration, destruction tubules, and congestion within connective tissue, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this study, harmful toxic effects observed in kidney of rats.
Heavy Metals Contamination Levels In Suya Meat Marketed In Selected Towns In ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
This document summarizes a study that developed a rapid and facile synthesis of 1-ferrocenylmethyl-3-alkyl and 1,3-di(ferrocenylmethyl)imidazolium salts. The synthesis involves reacting (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium iodide with various imidazole derivatives under reflux conditions. This approach produced the imidazolium salts in good to excellent yields, representing a significant improvement over previous synthesis methods. The synthesized compounds were characterized using analytical techniques such as NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
Corchorusolitoriuswaste(mulukiya) as a potential sorbent for the removal of c...IOSR Journals
This work was conducted to determine the practicability of using a new adsorbent Corchorusolitorius(mulukiya)waste,for the removal of cadmium (Cd(II)), and thorium (Th(IV)) from wastewater. Corchorusolitoriuswereanalysis by Fourier transform infraredFTIR , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDEX). Some parameters such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH’s, initial metal ion concentrations, and contact time, that influence adsorption phenomenon, were studied. The optimum pH for maximum adsorption of Cd(II) and Th(IV) was found to be 5.55 and 4.50, respectively. The contact time required for reaching equilibrium was 2 hr. The pseudo second-order kinetic model was the best fit to represent the kinetic data. Analysis of the equilibrium adsorption data using Langmuir and Freundlich models showed that theLangmuir model was well suitable to describe the metal ions adsorption.
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
This document studied the protective effects of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against lead neurotoxicity in rats. 32 rats were divided into 4 groups: a control group, a group treated with lead acetate for 2 weeks, a group treated with α-LA for 3 weeks, and a group treated with lead acetate for 2 weeks followed by α-LA for 3 weeks. The results showed that lead acetate decreased neurotransmitter levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, and ATP levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, impaired rat performance in the Morris water maze test, and caused histological degeneration. Treatment with α-LA after lead acetate exposure attenuated these behavioral, biochemical and histological changes induced by lead acetate through its
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
Lead Acetate Induced histopathological Changes in Kidney Tissue of RatIOSRJAVS
One of the pollutants that can effect on the life of living animates is lead in different ways; it has toxic problem for human and animals and is gathered in the tissues and guide to harmful effects in their. The current study was carry out to investigate the histological effects caused by lead in the rat. The study was performed on 30 rat, they were divided into 3 groups. The first group was control group that received distilled water. The second groups were orally administered lead acetate 9 mg/l of body weight for 10 days. The third groups were orally administered solution of lead. The rats were anesthetized, the kidney were removed for histological studies. Histological changes which observed in the kidney were fatty degeneration, destruction tubules, and congestion within connective tissue, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this study, harmful toxic effects observed in kidney of rats.
Heavy Metals Contamination Levels In Suya Meat Marketed In Selected Towns In ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
This document summarizes a study that developed a rapid and facile synthesis of 1-ferrocenylmethyl-3-alkyl and 1,3-di(ferrocenylmethyl)imidazolium salts. The synthesis involves reacting (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium iodide with various imidazole derivatives under reflux conditions. This approach produced the imidazolium salts in good to excellent yields, representing a significant improvement over previous synthesis methods. The synthesized compounds were characterized using analytical techniques such as NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
Corchorusolitoriuswaste(mulukiya) as a potential sorbent for the removal of c...IOSR Journals
This work was conducted to determine the practicability of using a new adsorbent Corchorusolitorius(mulukiya)waste,for the removal of cadmium (Cd(II)), and thorium (Th(IV)) from wastewater. Corchorusolitoriuswereanalysis by Fourier transform infraredFTIR , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDEX). Some parameters such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH’s, initial metal ion concentrations, and contact time, that influence adsorption phenomenon, were studied. The optimum pH for maximum adsorption of Cd(II) and Th(IV) was found to be 5.55 and 4.50, respectively. The contact time required for reaching equilibrium was 2 hr. The pseudo second-order kinetic model was the best fit to represent the kinetic data. Analysis of the equilibrium adsorption data using Langmuir and Freundlich models showed that theLangmuir model was well suitable to describe the metal ions adsorption.
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
Protective Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (α -LA) Against Lead Neuro-Toxicity i...inventionjournals
This document studied the protective effects of alpha lipoic acid (α-LA) against lead neurotoxicity in rats. 32 rats were divided into 4 groups: a control group, a group treated with lead acetate for 2 weeks, a group treated with α-LA for 3 weeks, and a group treated with lead acetate for 2 weeks followed by α-LA for 3 weeks. The results showed that lead acetate decreased neurotransmitter levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, and ATP levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, impaired rat performance in the Morris water maze test, and caused histological degeneration. Treatment with α-LA after lead acetate exposure attenuated these behavioral, biochemical and histological changes induced by lead acetate through its
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
11.distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic po...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g with a mean of 208.17±20.66 ng/g, higher than DDT which ranged from <0.01-21.21 ng/g with a mean of 1.32±0.36 ng/g. PCBs ranged from 0.16-30
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
11.eco toxicological risk assessment of hch, ddt and their possible sources b...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (HCH and DDT) in sediments from the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India. The study found that HCH concentrations were generally higher than DDT concentrations. Concentrations were highest near river mouths and declined with increasing distance offshore. Isomeric ratios of DDT and HCH indicated recent inputs of these pesticides. While overall concentrations were below guidelines, some locations exceeded standards for γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT, possibly due to ongoing use for public health purposes in India.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the toxic effects of orally administering titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into control and experimental groups that received 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight of TiO2 NPs daily for 14 days. Blood samples were analyzed for biochemical markers of liver and kidney function. The results showed elevated levels of markers indicating liver damage and renal toxicity in the experimental groups, suggesting oral exposure to TiO2 NPs can negatively impact the liver and kidneys.
Evidence of heavy metals distribution in placenta in association with residua...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed samples of placenta, kidney, and liver from cattle at an abattoir in Nigeria to investigate the distribution of heavy metals. The study found chromium present in all samples, while cadmium and lead were not detected. Chromium levels were highest in the kidney, followed by the liver and placenta. There was a moderate correlation between chromium levels in the dam's liver and placenta, but a weak correlation with the kidney. The results indicate that heavy metals like chromium can cross the placental barrier from the mother and accumulate in fetal tissues.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Differentiation between Snake and Bee Venom using Fluorescence Spectroscopy a...crimsonpublisherscojrr
This document describes a study that aimed to differentiate between snake and bee venoms using fluorescence spectroscopy and computational modeling. The researchers measured the fluorescence spectra of snake (Cerastes cerastes) and bee venoms before and after the addition of an aqueous olive leaf extract (AOLE). For snake venom, fluorescence intensity decreased with a red shift of 7 nm, possibly indicating tryptophan residues moving to a more polar environment upon AOLE binding. For bee venom, intensity decreased with a blue shift of 24 nm, possibly from tryptophan moving to a more hydrophobic region with AOLE. Molecular docking further supported AOLE components binding near the active sites of venom enzymes, differing for snake and bee. The fluorescence method rapidly
This document describes the development of an ICP-OES method for determining 17 toxic and nutrient metals in 22 packaged spice samples. Spice samples were subjected to pressure-assisted wet acid digestion using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, LODs and LOQs. Good method performance was observed. The method was then used to analyze metals in commonly consumed spices from the Greek market, finding a wide range of metal concentrations.
This study analyzed levels of essential and non-essential metals in garlic bulb and leaf samples grown in Ambo Woreda, Ethiopia. Samples were collected from four locations, dried, ground, and digested using nitric and perchloric acids. Metals were determined using flame photometry, EDTA titration, and ICP-OES. Results showed metals levels were within FAO/WHO safety limits and higher in leaves than bulbs. This study provides baseline data on garlic grown in this region as a source of essential nutrients.
This document summarizes a study analyzing 300 samples of 6 commercial spice and herb products (black pepper, basil, oregano, nutmeg, paprika, thyme) for mycotoxins, pesticides, and toxic metals. Mycotoxins were detected in 4-30% of samples depending on the product. Pesticide residues were found in 59% of samples, with maximum residue levels exceeded in 10-46% depending on the product. Toxic metal levels were found to be far below tolerable intake levels. The study used HPLC-MS/MS and ICP-MS methods to analyze samples for contaminants.
Distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic pollu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g, DDT from <0.01-21.21 ng/g, and PCBs from 0.16 to 30.05 ng/g. The composition of HCH and ratios of its isomers indicated historical usage of technical HCH and lindane. DDT ratios suggested historical
Application of magnetic nanoparticles in drinking water purification城材 李
1) Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) stabilized with poly-allylamine-hydrochloride (PAAH) were shown to effectively remove four pathogenic bacterial species from drinking water - Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Over 99.5% removal was achieved when bacterial counts were less than 105 CFU/mL.
2) MNPs had different adhesion effects on different bacterial species, adhering best to Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas due to their external cell structure and ion exchange capacity.
3) Testing on real drinking water samples achieved 99.48% bacteria removal and residual counts below WHO standards, demonstrating the potential of this technique for practical drinking water
1. Cellulose was extracted from Egyptian water hyacinth using various methods including mercerization with sodium hydroxide, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, and Soxhlet extraction.
2. The extracted cellulose was tested for its ability to adsorb crystal violet and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were used to analyze the adsorption process.
3. Preliminary results found that mercerization with 5% sodium hydroxide produced cellulose with high crystallinity, thermal stability, and aspect ratio, making it a promising adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Enrichment of microorganisms by sugar cane molasses for polyehtylene degradationeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that enriched the growth of microorganisms using sugar cane molasses to degrade polyethylene films. Microorganisms were isolated from soil and grown in media containing different concentrations of molasses. Polyethylene strips were added and incubated for 6 months. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed new peaks and changes in peak intensities in treated films, indicating biodegradation. Higher molasses concentrations (above 2.5%) supported more efficient polyethylene degradation by microorganisms.
Abundance of diet derived polychlorinated dibenzo-p-and polychlorinated diben...CarlosLopes319
The document analyzes levels and patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) and its nests in South Korea. PCDD/Fs were detected in the hornets and nests, with the nests containing higher levels than the adults and larvae. The study then estimated potential human health risks from consuming traditional Korean liquor made from polluted hornets and nests. While daily intake of such liquor was found to be below safety levels, the detection of PCDD/Fs in the organisms suggests a possibility of health risks
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE EXPOSURE ON TRACE ELEMENT OF KIDNEY AND THIGH MUSCLES OF RATAM Publications,India
Drinking water containing fluoride is the major source of fluorosis due to geological crust contamination. Aim of the present study is to investigate the changes in the concentration of the trace element such as Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in kidney and thigh muscles of rat. For the present experiment, healthy Albino rats were intoxicated to fluoride water at different concentration for 72 days. The data reveals that excess fluoride intake disturbs concentration of essential trace elements in the body these changes are related with elimination or accumulation of specific element in the tissue may implicate various disorder.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) command a great deal of attention for biomedical applications nowadays. The data about the degree of toxicity and the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in-vivo is not enough to judge.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 32 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 including: three GNP-treated and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5 cc of a solution containing 5, 10, and 100 ppm Au daily via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with 0.5 cc normal saline with same procedure. Then, several biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetat transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyrvate transaminase (SGPT) were evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days after the last injection. After 14 days, all the rats were sacrificed and liver, lung tissues were separated and evaluated.
Results:
SGOT two days after intervention was significantly greater in the group 2 than the control group. In liver histological assessment, in group 1, basophils were observed around the central veins, in group 2 fading and no observation of central veins was seen, and in group 3 hepatic damage was noticed. The lung histological results showed severe vascular hyperemia in group 1, air sacs damage in group 2, and complete air sacs destruction in group 3.
Conclusion:
The results showed extreme changes in the histopathology of lung and liver tissues caused by spherical nanogold with 5-10 nm size in all of three treatment groups.
11.distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic po...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g with a mean of 208.17±20.66 ng/g, higher than DDT which ranged from <0.01-21.21 ng/g with a mean of 1.32±0.36 ng/g. PCBs ranged from 0.16-30
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
11.eco toxicological risk assessment of hch, ddt and their possible sources b...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (HCH and DDT) in sediments from the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India. The study found that HCH concentrations were generally higher than DDT concentrations. Concentrations were highest near river mouths and declined with increasing distance offshore. Isomeric ratios of DDT and HCH indicated recent inputs of these pesticides. While overall concentrations were below guidelines, some locations exceeded standards for γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT, possibly due to ongoing use for public health purposes in India.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the toxic effects of orally administering titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into control and experimental groups that received 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight of TiO2 NPs daily for 14 days. Blood samples were analyzed for biochemical markers of liver and kidney function. The results showed elevated levels of markers indicating liver damage and renal toxicity in the experimental groups, suggesting oral exposure to TiO2 NPs can negatively impact the liver and kidneys.
Evidence of heavy metals distribution in placenta in association with residua...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed samples of placenta, kidney, and liver from cattle at an abattoir in Nigeria to investigate the distribution of heavy metals. The study found chromium present in all samples, while cadmium and lead were not detected. Chromium levels were highest in the kidney, followed by the liver and placenta. There was a moderate correlation between chromium levels in the dam's liver and placenta, but a weak correlation with the kidney. The results indicate that heavy metals like chromium can cross the placental barrier from the mother and accumulate in fetal tissues.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Differentiation between Snake and Bee Venom using Fluorescence Spectroscopy a...crimsonpublisherscojrr
This document describes a study that aimed to differentiate between snake and bee venoms using fluorescence spectroscopy and computational modeling. The researchers measured the fluorescence spectra of snake (Cerastes cerastes) and bee venoms before and after the addition of an aqueous olive leaf extract (AOLE). For snake venom, fluorescence intensity decreased with a red shift of 7 nm, possibly indicating tryptophan residues moving to a more polar environment upon AOLE binding. For bee venom, intensity decreased with a blue shift of 24 nm, possibly from tryptophan moving to a more hydrophobic region with AOLE. Molecular docking further supported AOLE components binding near the active sites of venom enzymes, differing for snake and bee. The fluorescence method rapidly
This document describes the development of an ICP-OES method for determining 17 toxic and nutrient metals in 22 packaged spice samples. Spice samples were subjected to pressure-assisted wet acid digestion using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, LODs and LOQs. Good method performance was observed. The method was then used to analyze metals in commonly consumed spices from the Greek market, finding a wide range of metal concentrations.
This study analyzed levels of essential and non-essential metals in garlic bulb and leaf samples grown in Ambo Woreda, Ethiopia. Samples were collected from four locations, dried, ground, and digested using nitric and perchloric acids. Metals were determined using flame photometry, EDTA titration, and ICP-OES. Results showed metals levels were within FAO/WHO safety limits and higher in leaves than bulbs. This study provides baseline data on garlic grown in this region as a source of essential nutrients.
This document summarizes a study analyzing 300 samples of 6 commercial spice and herb products (black pepper, basil, oregano, nutmeg, paprika, thyme) for mycotoxins, pesticides, and toxic metals. Mycotoxins were detected in 4-30% of samples depending on the product. Pesticide residues were found in 59% of samples, with maximum residue levels exceeded in 10-46% depending on the product. Toxic metal levels were found to be far below tolerable intake levels. The study used HPLC-MS/MS and ICP-MS methods to analyze samples for contaminants.
Distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic pollu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river bank sediments from the Yamuna River in Delhi, India. The study found HCH concentrations ranged from 19.25-731.82 ng/g, DDT from <0.01-21.21 ng/g, and PCBs from 0.16 to 30.05 ng/g. The composition of HCH and ratios of its isomers indicated historical usage of technical HCH and lindane. DDT ratios suggested historical
Application of magnetic nanoparticles in drinking water purification城材 李
1) Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) stabilized with poly-allylamine-hydrochloride (PAAH) were shown to effectively remove four pathogenic bacterial species from drinking water - Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Over 99.5% removal was achieved when bacterial counts were less than 105 CFU/mL.
2) MNPs had different adhesion effects on different bacterial species, adhering best to Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas due to their external cell structure and ion exchange capacity.
3) Testing on real drinking water samples achieved 99.48% bacteria removal and residual counts below WHO standards, demonstrating the potential of this technique for practical drinking water
1. Cellulose was extracted from Egyptian water hyacinth using various methods including mercerization with sodium hydroxide, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, and Soxhlet extraction.
2. The extracted cellulose was tested for its ability to adsorb crystal violet and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were used to analyze the adsorption process.
3. Preliminary results found that mercerization with 5% sodium hydroxide produced cellulose with high crystallinity, thermal stability, and aspect ratio, making it a promising adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Enrichment of microorganisms by sugar cane molasses for polyehtylene degradationeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that enriched the growth of microorganisms using sugar cane molasses to degrade polyethylene films. Microorganisms were isolated from soil and grown in media containing different concentrations of molasses. Polyethylene strips were added and incubated for 6 months. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed new peaks and changes in peak intensities in treated films, indicating biodegradation. Higher molasses concentrations (above 2.5%) supported more efficient polyethylene degradation by microorganisms.
Abundance of diet derived polychlorinated dibenzo-p-and polychlorinated diben...CarlosLopes319
The document analyzes levels and patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) and its nests in South Korea. PCDD/Fs were detected in the hornets and nests, with the nests containing higher levels than the adults and larvae. The study then estimated potential human health risks from consuming traditional Korean liquor made from polluted hornets and nests. While daily intake of such liquor was found to be below safety levels, the detection of PCDD/Fs in the organisms suggests a possibility of health risks
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE EXPOSURE ON TRACE ELEMENT OF KIDNEY AND THIGH MUSCLES OF RATAM Publications,India
Drinking water containing fluoride is the major source of fluorosis due to geological crust contamination. Aim of the present study is to investigate the changes in the concentration of the trace element such as Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in kidney and thigh muscles of rat. For the present experiment, healthy Albino rats were intoxicated to fluoride water at different concentration for 72 days. The data reveals that excess fluoride intake disturbs concentration of essential trace elements in the body these changes are related with elimination or accumulation of specific element in the tissue may implicate various disorder.
ABSTRACT- Background and Objectives: Heavy metals exposure in animals can lead to profound effects in growth
and development. There have been incidences of various teratogenic effects in the past due to heavy metals exposure from
various sources. The present study was conducted to access the effect of chronic heavy metals exposure in animal models.
Materials and Methods: An experimental prospective study was performed with viviparous animal Heterometrus
fulvipes to access the cumulative effect of chronic heavy metals exposure. H. fulvipes was exposed with mercury and
lead; and effects monitored and documented in different times.
Results: Chronic heavy metal exposure had considerable effects in mother and fetus of H. fulvipes. The effects in mother
were represented by the loss of body weight and decrease in hepato-pancreatic weight and hepato-somatic index. Chronic
exposure in fetus resulted in decrement in the embryonic length with subsequent reduction in the length and weight of
embryos.
Discussion: These studies and results of heavy metals in animal have proved the harmful effects of chronic heavy metal
exposure with multitude of questions. The question of particular concern would be that how well animal teratology studies
will predict the human hazard. The primary area of focus could be on the prevention of the birth defects induced by
maternal exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy, as well as early prevention of teratogenic effects.
Conclusion: It is necessary that the heavy metal toxicity be well documented in humans, and adequate precaution should
be taken in mother and fetus to decrease its detrimental effects in the long run.
Key-words- Heterometrus fulvipes, Heavy Metals, Hepato-somatic indices, Morphometry
Bacterial and heavy metals analyses in fish at shawaka area ofAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteria and heavy metal levels in fish from the Shawaka area of the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq from October to December 2012. Bacteria counts on fish guts, gills and skin ranged from 1.9x103 to 35.35x103 cfu/g. A total of 151 bacterial isolates from fish organs were identified, with E. coli being the most common. Heavy metal analyses found lead, zinc, cadmium, copper and mercury levels in fish tissues exceeded international limits. The highest metal concentrations were found for zinc in Barbus luteus and mercury in Heteropneustes fossilis. The results indicate fish from this area face pollution risks from bacteria and heavy metals
This thesis examines the toxic effects of ethyl parathion and polluted seawater on the polychaete worm Ophryotrocha diadema. Short and long term experiments were conducted to study lethal and sublethal impacts on mortality, growth, and reproduction. The larval development of O. diadema was also described. Results showed larvae were more susceptible than adults to ethyl parathion. Growth was significantly reduced at concentrations of 0.9 ug/L. The thesis also discovered the egg-eating behavior of O. diadema, which may influence interpretation of previous toxicity tests using this species.
The Studies on Morphological Abnormality and Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in...AnuragSingh1049
During hydrobiologicals studies of Gandhinagar reservoir some fishes were collected having morphological abnormality and Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome. Seven species of fishes such as Catla catla, Labeo rohita, L. calbasu, Cirrhinus mrigala, Mystus seenghala, M. aor and Wellago attu were infected severely. One Catla catla were reported with one eye on one side only. It was measured 79 cm in total length with 30.0 kg body weight. Summer infection of these fishes was correlated with the physico-chemical parameters.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda cyhal...ijtsrd
A synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide is called lambda cyhalothrin LCT . Investigation of LCTs effects on neurobehavioral and reproductive effects was the studys main objective. Therefore, the existing study was designed to investigate the effect of LCT on the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects. In this study found reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and splenotoxicity and also showed reduced testosterone levels and ovarian alteration. Also found neurotransmitter levels and AChE and Na K ATPase activities are suppressed. Gaurav Kumar | Navodita Priyadarshani "A Review on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effect of Pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/zoology/55107/a-review-on-reproductive-and-neurobehavioral-effect-of-pesticide-lambdacyhalothrin/gaurav-kumar
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 17 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2018 issue contains abstracts by Kevin Lipton, John Acquaviva, Lejla Bolevic, Anna Cios, Lauren Taibi, Samantha Susi & Jack Leighton, Mara Mineo, Tamar Amirov & Vinh Phuong, Kelsey Savje & Domenick Palmieri, Oskar Sundberg & Iireyel Gittens, Ellen Reidy, Derek Avery, Zachary Pandorf & Michelle Hernandez, Piper Skinner, Matthew Barreto & Victor Ruan, Monica Valero and Gent Prelvukaj. It also contains articles by Adam O’Brien, Cathryn Cantyne, Claire Johnson & Jacqueline Otake, Jordan Gonzales, Jacquelyn Thorsen, John Badagliacca, Elena Rotzokou, Ethan Meyer and Glen MacDonald.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of aqueous extract of Spondias mombin on the histology of the cerebral cortex and its possible learning and memory enhancing properties in adult male Wistar rats. 24 matured male Wistar rats (180g) were randomly divided into three groups; 1 control and 2 treatment groups. Group A served as control, group B and C were administered with 4oomg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight of Spondias mombin aqueous extract respectively. The administration lasted for 28days. Morris water maze was employed for the learning and memory protocol. Histopathology of the cerebral cortex was investigated. Section of the cerebral cortex in the 400mg/kg rats showed no degenerative changes whereas the 800mg/kg showed degenerative changes and intercellular degradation. Using the Morris water maze method, extract at 400mg/kg improved learning and retention with a significant improvement established in memory tests using the reversal training. At 800mg/kg, the extract had no significant effect on learning and memory, aqueous extract of Spondias mombin has a learning and memory enhancing potential at low dose. Caution must be taken in its usage at high dose to avoid possible cerebral injury
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
This study investigated the effects of methanolic extract of Dissotis rotundifolia on cadmium-induced testicular damage in rats. Thirty rats were divided into seven groups, with some groups receiving cadmium chloride and/or varying doses of the D. rotundifolia extract or vitamin E. Administration of cadmium decreased testicular weights and antioxidant enzyme levels and increased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Co-administration of the extract with cadmium showed signs of ameliorating the cadmium-induced damage at a dose of 50mg/kg. The extract alone also showed signs of pro-fertility effects by improving testicular histology and sperm parameters at 50mg
1) The study aims to determine the effects of microplastic consumption and retention in marine fish by examining microplastic settlement times, gut retention times in various fish species, and the physiological impacts of prolonged microplastic consumption.
2) Preliminary results found that smaller microplastics remain bioavailable and are retained in fish guts longer than larger ones, and that microplastics can serve as a delivery mechanism for pollutants by remaining in fish guts for extended periods.
3) Future experiments will examine the impacts of prolonged microplastic exposure on fish physiology and determine if microplastics can pass through the gut lining into tissues.
The study evaluated the long-term effects of administering silibinin, epigallocatechin, quercetin, or rutin on the absorption and tissue distribution of zinc, copper, and iron in rats. The results showed that all flavonoids increased serum and tissue levels of the trace elements compared to controls. Specifically, the flavonoids increased absorption of all three elements and their availability in brain, kidney, and liver tissues. However, the effects varied between flavonoids, with epigallocatechin generally having the greatest effect on iron absorption and tissue levels. The study suggests long-term intake of high-dose flavonoid supplements could increase absorption and tissue accumulation of some trace elements.
Neurobehavioural, neurochemical and neuromorphological effects of cadmium in ...Kawkab Abd El Aziz
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on learning, memory, motor activity, and brain histology in male rats. Rats were given CdCl2 in drinking water at doses of 0 mg/L (control), 5 mg/L (low dose), or 50 mg/L (high dose) for 60 days. Tests found that the high dose impaired habituation, learning, memory, motor coordination, and reduced brain antioxidant enzymes. Histological examination revealed neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus. The results suggest that cadmium intoxication impairs learning, memory, motor function, and causes oxidative stress in the brain.
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
Ameliorative potentials of a combination of fenugreek and alpha-tocopherol on...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background: The current study aimed to elucidate the protective role of combined fenugreek and a-tocopherol against cadmium induced histopathological
changes in the testes.
Materials and methods: Thirty adult male albino rats divided into three equal
groups 10 rats each. Group I is the control group. Group II received 5 mg/kg/day
cadmium chloride. Group III received 5 mg/kg/day cadmium chloride and 150
mg/kg/day fenugreek and 100 mg/kg/day of a-tocopherol. The treatment of all
groups was done by oral gavage for 60 consecutive days. The testes were removed
and subjected to histopathological and ultrastructure study.
Results: Rats exposed to cadmium showed severe histopathological changes in
the testicular spermatogenic series, many vacuoles and multinucleated giant cells.
Treatment with fenugreek and a-tocopherol partially improved the morphological
changes, reduced tissue damage and rebuilt of the spermatogonia layer.
Conclusions: Fenugreek and a-tocopherol might represent a promising medicinal
combination to ameliorate the toxic effects of cadmium exposure. (Folia Morphol
2015; 74, 3: 325–334)
Key words: cadmium chloride, fenugreek, a-tocopherol, seminiferous
epithelium, ultrastructure
This thesis studied the metabolic pathways altered in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 due to hexavalent chromium stress using NMR-based metabolomics. P. fluorescens was exposed to 50 ppm of chromium for 6 and 24 hours. Metabolite extracts were analyzed using NMR and principal component analysis showed distinct metabolic profiles between control and stressed cells. Further analysis identified significant metabolites and probable pathways impacted by chromium stress.
Microplastic uptake and retention in Perna perna (L.); Tripneustes gratilla (...MACE Lab
Gemma Gerber, Thembani Mkhize, Robertson-Andersson, Gan Moodley. Presented at the ninth Scientific Symposium of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) 2015.
Similar to International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) (20)
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 2 Issue 12 || December 2013 || PP.12-16
Studies on the effects of mercury exposure on spatial learning and
memory of adult wistar rats
A. A. Sadeeq1, A. O. Ibegbu1, M. G. Taura2*, J. A. Timbuak1, L. H. Adamu2,
H. O. Kwanashie3
1
Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello Univeristy, Zaria P M B 1045,
Samaru Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
2
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero Univeristy, Kano, P M B 3011, Kano Nigeria
3
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria, P M B 1045, Samaru Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: Mercury is a heavy metal that has been reported to cause devastating health problems
worldwide. This work studies the effects of mercury chloride exposure on the histomorphological changes on the
hippocampus, spatial learning and memory on adult wistar rats. Twenty four male and female wistar rats were
randomly divided into four groups of six animals each. Group I serves as the control group which receives
normal saline. While groups II, III and IV were treated orally with 12.45 mg/kg, 28.9 mg/kg and 49.8 mg/kg
body weight of mercury chloride respectively for twenty one (21) days. Animals were anasthesized and
sacrificed using chloroform. The brain was fixed in Bouin’s fluid and tissues were processed histologically
using H and E stain. The result shows that there was distortion of the pyramidal cells and congestion, necrosis
and sparse distribution of the hippocampal cells were observed. The latency time was decreased in the control
group while among the treated groups show that there was an increase in latency time that was statistically
significant. It was concluded from this study that mercury chloride exposure has degenerative effects on the
hippocampus and also causes memory and learning impairments.
KEYWORDS: Hippocampus, memory, mercury chloride, Wistar rats
I.
INTRODUCTION
Man in his environment is exposed to many potential hazards by heavy metals via bioaccumulation and
biodegradation which are transferred in man via food chain due to anthropogenic activities [1]. The name
mercury was derived from the word Hydragyrus meaning water and silver or silver water [1, 2]. Mercury exists
in three forms [3- 6], these forms include: Elemental mercury also called metallic mercury, is element in its
pure, un-combined form. Inorganic mercury compounds or mercury salts example mercuric chloride (HgCl2)
and organic mercury which is formed when mercury combines with carbon and other elements such as
dimethylmercury. Mercury and its compounds can be obtained from Industrial sources, fossils fuels power,
mining co-operations, and natural forms such as Mercury chloride that is found in higher densities in rocks and
volcanic activities [7- 9] Burning of fossil fuels such as petrol and gas, fumes, battery disposals, broken mercury
thermometer and coal combustion are other high sources, of emitting mercury and its compounds [5, 10].
Consumer products such as photographic plates and toners contain high amount of mercury chloride [11]. Some
cosmetics also contain mercury examples include creams, perfumes, soaps and mascara.
There are many routes of exposure to mercuric compounds but the evidence of exposure is dependent
on the levels of toxicity [12, 13]. These exposure routes include: Oral exposure via consumption of food
products and grains preserved with mercuric compounds [12, 14, 15]. Inhalational exposure route can be from
fumes, industrial actions of fossil fuel power, odor and sewages in the form of mercury oxide [3, 12, 16, 17].
Dermal exposure can be through the use of mercuric ointments, creams and some soaps which can result in
disease conditions [2, 18, 19].
Mercury poisoning or toxicity also known as mercurialism refers to a situation when the metallic
mercury is absorbed via the skin and ingested or the vapor is taken via the lungs [20]. Children and women
within the reproductive age are more susceptible to mercury poisoning [21]. In children mercury poisoning is
known as acrodynia or pink disease. Mercury and its compounds has been shown to have effects on the
respiratory, cardiovascular and reproductive systems, blood, hair, skin, and enzymes and many other organs and
tissues [4, 21- 26]
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2. Studies on the effects of mercury exposure on…
Mercuric compounds are used in embalmment and in preservation of anthropological species and
specimens, treatment of syphilis, healing injuries and fractures before the advent of antibiotics. Mercury
chloride was used in Pharmaceutical companies (thimerosal) in vaccines and in syrup, pills and blue mass. In
agricultural sector, mercury is used as fungicides and in preservation of food stuffs. Mercuric compounds are
widely used in production of cosmetics such as cream, ointment, perfumes, mascara and others. Other uses
include mercury switches, liquid mirrors, batteries, thermometer and many more. The aim of the study was to
investigate the effects of mercury chloride exposure on the histomorphological structure of the hippocampus and
on spatial learning and memory of adult wistar rats using Morris water maze method.
II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental design
Twenty six (26) adult male and female wistar rats weighing 190 – 220 g were purchased from the
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University,Zaria. and were housed in polyesther cage with
wire gauze and the animals were allowed to acclimatize for two (2) weeks in the animal house covening of the
Human anatomy Department Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Animals were fed with animals feed (Grower’s
mesh) purchased from Mae-Syl Agrochemical Company situated at Sokoto road, Samara, Zaria, Kaduna,
Nigeria. The animals’ feed was prepared in pellets to reduce spillage and were fed twice daily and clean water
was provided in plastic drinking bottle and animals were allowed to feed and drink ad-bilitum
2.2 Chemical substances
Mercuric chloride (May and Baker limited, XN202, Dagenham England). The chemical was purchased
from Steve Moore chemicals limited Samaru, Zaria. Kaduna. Nigeria. The LD 50 of Mercury chloride was
adopted from Berlin [2] and ATDRS [27] as 166 mg/kg body weight 30%, 15% and 7.5% of the LD50 adopted
was used was used for various concentrations.
2.3 Experimental Procedure / Protocol
Animals were weighed and randomly divided into four (4) groups with six animals per group; the
administration lasted for twenty one (21) consecutive days which was done orally. Animals were grouped as GI,
GII, GIII, and GIV. GI was used as control group and were administered normal saline, while groups GII, GIII
and GIV served as experimental groups (Table 1)
Table 1: Animals grouping, concentration and frequency of administration of mercury chloride
S/no.
1
2
3
4
Group
I
II
III
IV
Concentration
Normal saline
12.45 mg/kg (7.5%)
24.90 mg/kg (15%)
49.80 mg/kg (30%)
Administration
Once daily
Once daily
Once daily
Once daily
2.4 Neurobehavioral test; spatial learning and memory test using Morris water maze
Morris water maze test was used to develop and test spatial learning and memory in animals according
to Morris methods which was further developed by Mark [28], Charles [29], Liu et al, [30]. According to this
method, a platform was submerged beneath the surface of the maze pool; the animal task is to find the hidden
platform. The animals’ starting point was changed from time to time so as to build a cohesive spatial
representation of the pool in order to find the platform during training trials and the latency to find the platform
location was recorded both during the training and experimental periods. Animals were placed in a circular pool
of clear transparent water which was partitioned into four quadrants. The animals starting point was in a random
location. The animal will swim from one quadrant to the other searching for an escape route. The latency time to
find the platform was recorded.
2.5 Animal sacrifices
At the end of the 21st day of mercury chloride administration the animals were anasthesized using
chloroform and brain tissues were removed by opening through the sutures of the skull using the brain opener
obtained from the Department of Human Anatomy Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria The brain was then
removed and transferred into specimen bottles containing Bouin’s fluid for fast fixation.
2.6 Tissue processing technique
The tissues were allowed to stay in the fixing fluid for 48 hrs for proper fixation. The tissues were
taken to tissue processing unit Histology laboratory of Human Anatomy Department, Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria. The tissues were prepared using routine H and E staining technique. The brain tissues were processed
routinely and stained using routine H and E technique.
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3. Studies on the effects of mercury exposure on…
2.7 Statistical analysis
Data obtained was expressed as Mean ± SEM and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to
compare the level of difference between and within the groups at P < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed
using EZanalyze v3.0; a post hoc test of Bonferroni was applied.
III.
RESULT
3.1 The effect of mercury chloride exposure on Morris water maze test
The results of the effect of mercury chloride exposure on spatial learning and memory using Morris
water maze test, showed that there was a decreased in the mean time taken for the animals to complete Morris
water maze task in the control group though the decreased was not significant (Table 2). The results showed
that animals in group II had an increased time in Morris water maze activity though the increase between week 1
and week 2 was not significant but significant increase was observed between week 1 and week 3. The result
showed a significant increased in time in Morris water activity between week 1 and 2, between week 1 and 3
and between week 2 and 3 respectively in both groups III and IV (Table 2).
Table 2: Effect of mercury chloride ingestion on spatial learning and memory using Morris water maze test
Weeks
1st
2nd
3rd
*P≤0.05;
Group I (n=6)
Mean ±SEM(s)
12.43±2.71
11.81±1.75
10.53±2.34
**P≤0.01;
Group II (n=6)
Mean ±SEM(s)
17.53±1.77
21.74±2.41
26.44±3.41*
n=number
of
animals
Group III (n=6)
Mean ±SEM(s)
20.70±2.20
24.40±6.20*
36.00±5.32*
per
group;
Group IV (n=6)
Mean ±SEM(s)
37.30±1.75*
41.71±3.60**
52.00±4.24**
s=
time
in
second
3.2 Histology of the hippocampus
The histological studies showed that animals in the control group I have normal appearance of the
hippocampus with normal pyramidal cell layer with pyramidal cells (Fig. 1) and group II animals showed
disorientation of the pyramidal cell layer with loss of pyramidal cells (Fig. 2). Figure 3, shows the hippocampus
of group III, with degeneration of the pyramidal cell layer, loss of some pyramidal cells and clumping of
pyramidal cell nuclei. Group IV shows disorientation of the pyramidal cell layer and degeneration of some
pyramidal cells with the pyramidal cells appearing to be smaller than normal (Fig. 4).
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4. Studies on the effects of mercury exposure on…
IV.
DISCUSSION
The pyramidal cells of the pyramidal cell layer in the hippocampus manifested some changes ranging from
degeneration and reduction in number of pyramidal cells to the loss of neuronal cell fiber due to the reduced number of cells
when compared to the control group which could be as a result of the exposure of mercury chloride. This implies that the
activity of the hippocampus in memory formation and learning will be impaired and the role of the hippocampus that
involved storage and retrieval of information will also be lost. The findings in this study agree with the studies of Wolf et al.,
[31], who reported that rats exposed to high concentration of mercury vapor, showed neurodegenerative changes in the
hippocampus which was responsible for memory deficit in such animals. Similarly, Gagelli, [32] had shown that cell sizes
and cell numbers were observed to be decreased in mice treated orally with inorganic mercury at high dosages for a week.
The result from the present study show that, there was a significant increase in the time taken by the experimental
rats to find the hidden platform in Morris water maze test, for memory and learning. Conversely, the pyramidal cell layer of
the hippocampus appears to be damaged with dead cells, and vacuolated spaces and distortion in the general morphology of
the pyramidal cells that appear smaller than normal. These alterations can consequently result to memory impairments which
could be as a result of neuronal degeneration; the destruction of the pyramidal cells implies that activity from the brain
region that projects into the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus will also be lost such as memory and learning ability [33].
Mutter [34] had reported that short term occupational exposure to high levels of mercury induced slight cognitive deficits. A
memory deficit among animals exposed to methyl mercury was not significant in latency time or swim length between the
different groups of animals according to Olson [35]. A research conducted on cognitive test using Y-maze for memory and
showed that mercury has no effect on memory which disagrees with the results of the present work [34].
V.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the present study that mercury intoxication has effects on spatial learning and
memory using Morris water maze test which was induced as a result of administration of mercury chloride
orally. The results also showed an increased time taken to find the hidden platform which was an indication of
memory lost. Spatial learning and memory impairments were attributed to be dose and time dependant and
mercury intoxication resulted to some level of damage to the hippocampus which is very crucial in memory and
learning.
VI.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All subjects who participated in the study are gratefully acknowledged
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists in the study
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