The document describes 4 species of the genus Polinices collected from northern Sulawesi, Indonesia: 1) P. (Mammilla) melanostoma, characterized by a whitish shell with diffuse brown zones and spots; 2) P. (M.) sebae, distinguished by a ear-shaped shell with well-defined brown spots and streaks; 3) P. (Polinices) flemingianus, identified by its globular shell with a closed umbilicus; and 4) P. (P.) tumidus, recognized by its ovate shell with an open umbilicus. The species are described and illustrated with measurements and keys provided

1. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 78(2):285-296. (1998) 285
GENUS POLINICES MONTFORT 1810 (GASTROPODA: NATICIDAE) FROM
NORTHERN PENINSULAR MINAHASA (SULAWESI, INDONESIA)
Markus T. Lasut
Laboratory of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries & Marine Sciences Uniuersity of Sam
Ratulangi, Fahultas Perikanan Unsrat. Jl. Kampus Bahu 95115 Maruado, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
A total of 65 specimens of the genus Polinices Montfort, 1810 were collected from Decem-
ber 1996 to February 1997 in intertidal areas at Bunaken, Tiwoho, and Likupang, North-
ern Sulawesi. Four species were identified: Polinices (Mctmmilla) melanostoma (Gmelin,
I79l);P.(M.)sebae(R6cluz,L844);P.(Polinices)flemingianus (R6cluz,1844);P(P)turnidus
(Swainson, 1840). One species, (referred to as P. (P.) sp. 1) could not be identified. The
species are described, illustrated, and keys provided for the identification.
INTRODLICTION MATERIALS AND METHODS
Polinices Montfort, 1810 (family Naticida: The specimens were collected from Decem-
Prosobranchia, Mesogastropoda) is one of ber 1996 to February 1997 in intertidal ar-
the24 naticid genera recognized world-wide eas at three localities: Bunaken (1), Tiwoho
(Abbott & Dance 1990). It was originally de- (2) and Likupang (3) (Fig. 1). Live and dead
scribed by Linnaeus in the Systema Natu- shells were collected upon encounter. Live
rae 1758 (Kabat 1990a). Polinicids are com- specimens were fixed in 70 7o alcohol. Each
mon throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific. specimen was measured using vernier calli-
They are sand-dwellers of the intertidal re- pers to the nearest 0.05 mm. Indices were
gion and leave wide tracks in the sand when calculated and summarized (Tab. 1 and Fig.
they move below the surface (Cernohorsky 2). Most indices are expressed as percent-
1971; Kabat 1996). They belong to the group age oftotal shell length (TSL) and denoted
of shellboringpredators (Kabat 1990b). One by the suffix I, eg WBI = yy37'1'5l . 100. Clas-
of the species,P. didyma, is edible and of com- sifications of species are in accordance with
mercial value in Thailand (Nateewathana Cernohorsky (1971) and Kilburn (1976). The
1995). material examined is deposited in the Labo-
The distribution of naticids in the tropi- ratory of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fish-
cal Indo-Pacific has been recorded by sev- eries and Marine Sciences, the University
eral authors (Cernohorsky 1971; Kilburn of Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia.
1976; Bussarawit 1995) including the Indo-
nesian Archipelago (Roberts et al. 7982; SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
Dharma 1988;Latama & Nessa 1994;Litaay
1994; Boneka et aI. 1995). Superfamily Naticacea
The present paper is a contribution to Family Naticidae Forbes, 1838
studies on biodiversity ofintertidal flats in Naticidae (Moon shells) are characterized by
Northern Sulawesi. Available descriptions small or moderate-size shells, globular or
are summarised in the text and compared flattened in shape, smooth and glossy. Um-
with material collected in the present study bilicus open or closed, sometimes with an
areas. In general, the naticids do not present internal rib. Operculum thick and calcare-
taxonomic problems, but one species did not ous or thin and corneous. Aperture large.
frt any of the existing descriptions and may Carnivorous sand-dwellers which lay eggs
represent a variety of Polinices tumidus, or in a'collar'of sand and mucus (Dance 1976;
is an undescribed species. Fish & Fish 1989;Abbott & Dance 1990).

2. 286 Tlopical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP)
SULAWESI 124"40'E 125. E
Sulawesi
s:s_El
((--'Y-t r
#^
D -)
( r--ts J
./
t- G
L{ Yor?
Banda
s""
|
).'ryt' 6ll'y"i"n-.
Java Sea
Figure 1. Sampling localities: 1) Bunaken, 2)
Tiwoho,3) Likupang.
Figure 2. Counts and measurements (see Tab. 1).
Key to subfarnilies of the family Naticidae
(adapted from Kilburn 1976)
the umbilical callus; parietal callus promi-
1. Operculum calcareous. Naticinae
..... ... .. . nent, funicle (rib present within the umbili-
1. Operculum corneous ....,......2 cus) coalesced with umbilical callus (Cerno-
2. Shell of typical naticoid form; smooth or horsky 1971). The type genus of the sub-
with only faint sculpture; soft part re- family Polinicinae is the genus of the type
tractile...... ........Polinicinae species (original designation) Polinices albus
2. Aperture large to enormous, shell often Montfort, 1810 (Kabat 1990a).
auriform, usually spirally lirate; soft
parts not completely retractile. . . Sininae Key to subgenera of genus Polinices
(adapted from Kilburn 1976)
Subfamily Polinicinae Gray, 7847
Operculum corneous; soft parts proportion- 1. Oblong-ovate, spire low; columella long
ally large, but retractile; shell smooth (Cer- and almost straight, callus narroq usu-
nohorsky 197 1; Kilburn 1976). ally dark, reflected over the narrow slit-
like umbilicus; funicle w eak. ..Mq.mmilla
Genus Polinices Montfort, 1810 2. Globular to ovate-conical, umbilicus usu-
Polinices Montfort, 1810. Cernohorsky 1971: ally open, sometimes more or less closed
1 91. by a callus pad; columella callus not re-
Polinices Montfort, 1810. Kilburn 1976:855. flected. Umbilicus closed or forming the
Polinices Montfort, 1810. Kabat 1990: 16. merest chink.. . . . . . . ..........Polinlces s. str.
Operculum corneous; shell and radula ba- Subgenus Mammilla Schumacher, 1817
sically similar to that of Nq.tica (Cerno- M ammillq, Schumache r, 78L7 . Cernohorsky
horsky 1971; Kilburn 1976). Shell moderate 1971: 196.
in size, inflated, solid, porcellaneous and M ammilla Schumache r, 1817 . Kilburn 1976:
smooth apart from irregular growth striae; 860.
sutures indistinct and adpressed; aperture
semi-ovate, smooth within; umbilicus broad Shell small to moderate in size, thin-
and deep, partly or completely covered by shelled, oblong-ovate with low conical spire,

3. Phuh,et Marine Biological Center Special Publication 78(2):285-296. (1998) 287
Table 1. Definitions of counts, measurements and indices.
TSL Total Shell Length Measured from the top ofapex to the distal end
ofthe shell.
WBI Width of the Body whorl Index Measured across the body whorl; as an index of
width.
HBI Height of the Body whorl Index Measured from the dorsal to the ventral part of
the body; as an index of thickness.
SLI Spire Length Index Measured from the apex to the end ofthe spire.
BLI Shoulder Length Index Measured from rear canal to the top of the apex.
CLI Columella Length Index Measured from the anterior to the posterior of
the columella.
ULI Length of the Umbilical callus Index Measured from the anterior to the posterior of
the umbilical callus.
thin and smooth or sculptured with fine spi- Poliniees (Marnmilla) n'Lel&nostonxo (Gmelin,
ral striae; whorls small, separated by adpres- 1791). Kilburn 1976: 865.
sed sutures, body whorl large. Columella cal- Polinice s (M amntilla) n'Lel&no stonxus (Gme-
lus usually brown, narrow, partially reflected lin, 1791). Roberts et a|.7982:62-63, pl. 17,
over the slit-like umbilicus ; funicle indistinct fig.5 (shell).
or absent; externally often with fine spiral Polinices n'Lela,nostomus (Gmelin, 1791).
striae, and usually marked with brown. Dharma 1988:67, pl. 19, fig. 9 (shell).
Operculum is corneous (Cernohorsky 1971; Polinices nlelqnostomus (Gmelin, 179I).
Kilburn 1976). Abbott & Dance 1990: 104 (figure of shells).
Mammilla nlel&nostomo (Gmelin). Dance
Key to species of subgenus Mammilla L992:77 (shell).
(adapted from Kilburn 1976) See also Annex.
Mammilla from Northern Peninsular Mina- Material examined.: Dead shells of 5 speci-
hasa have whitish shells with rows of brown mens, locality: 7,2,3.
spots or streaks, or zoned with dark and light Description: Shape oblong-ovate (Fig. 3A
brown; columella without a white basal spot. & B), width about 76Vo andthickness about
57 7o of TSL, surface sculptured by distinct
1. Operculum dark reddish-brown, com- grorn'th lines and very fine spiral striae, frag-
pletely filling aperture. Body whorl with ile, inside aperture glossy with macroscopic
diffuse zones of dark and light spiral. Apex pointed (Fig. 3D). Colour white
brown........ .....melo,nostonl& to cream, ornamented with a broad, brown-
2. Operculum pale yellow or brownish- ish zone adjacent to suture containing ir-
orange,occupying more than 213 length regular maculation and dots, the brownish
of the aperture; umbilicus entered by a zone transparent inside aperture. Funicle
reddish-brown band; body whorl with weak (Fig. 3C). Callus dark brown and thick,
well-defined brown spots and streaks; folded on umbilicus without completely cov-
spire lower, body whorl wider........ .sebo,e ering it (Fig. 3C); a prominent, curved dark
brown zone extending from the center ofthe
Polinice s (Mammilla) n'Lelanostonxo (Gmelin, umbilicus to the base (Fig. 3C, BZ). Spire
1791) (Fig. 3A-D;Tab. 2) moderately high (Fig. 3D). Aperture wide
and oblong-ovate (Fig. 3A). Umbilicus with
Polinices (Mammillq.) meldnostonxus (Gme- a narrow and deep groove, umbilical callus
lin, 1791). Cernohorsky 7971: 197, figs. 62- straight (Fig. 3C). Columella stained light
65 (radula, operculum and shells). brown in inner part (FiS. 3C),length (CLI)

4. 288 Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP)
Table 2. Indices, number of specimens (n), means,
standard deviation (SD), and ranges of selected
measurements (in 7o) of Polinices (Mamrnilla)
melanostoma (Gmelin, 1791) from Northern Pe-
ninsular Minahasa.
WBI 5 75.83 2.84 73.13-80.59
HBI 5 50.84 t.43 48.44-52.08
SLI 5 20.88 0.92 r9.4t-2r.86
BLI 5 30.76 0.80 29.53-3t.77
CLI 5 75.94 2.14 73.22-78.22
ULI 5 26.03 3.77 20.49-31.00
about 76 Vo of TSL.
Remarks: P. (M.) melanostomo (Black-
/7--q
mouth moon) is characterised by a body
whorl with diffuse zones of dark and light
brown, the parietal callus is dark brown,
m- E
thick, and folded on umbilicus without com-
pletely covering it. Cernohorsky (1971) found
specimens 25-55 mm in height, and he states
that this species is similar to P. maurus in
shape but more solid. Figure 3. Polinices (Mammilla) melanostoma. A,
Distribution and ecology: Fiji Islands, Ja- shape, aperture, ventral view. B, dorsal view C,
pan, Hawaii, Indian Seas to Natal. In clean inner lip enlarged. D, spire, apex, lateral view.
coral or weedy sand ofoffshore islands, fine BZ, brownish zone. Scale bar: 10 mm.
muddy, fine and coarse sand near seagrass
(Cymodocea) (Cernohorsky 1971; Kilburn white or cream, ornamented with brownish
I976). This species has also been recorded dots. Funicle weak (Fig. aC). Callus dark
by Roberts et q.l. (1982) from Jakarta Bay, brown and narrow folded over umbilicus
Pulau Seribu (Indonesia) in sand of the in- (Fig. aC). Spire conical and short (Fig. aD).
tertidal zone. Aperture wide, ear-shaped, shining inside
Gig. aA). Umbilicus entered by a brownish
Polinice s (M qmmilla) seb ae (R6cluz, 7844) band (Fig. 4C,BZ) with a narrow and deep
(Fig.4A-D;Tab. 3) groove, umbilical callus straight. Columella
in inner part white and elongately concave,
Polinices (Marnmilla) sebae (R6cluz, L844). length (CLI) about 78 7o of TSL (Fig. aC).
Kilburn 1976:861, fig. 17d (shell). Remarks: P. (M.) seboe (Seba's moon) is
Polinices sebae (R6cluz,1844). Dharma 1988: characterised by being ear-shaped and
67,pL.19, fig. 10 (shell). glossy inside the wide aperture. Kilburn
Poliruices sebae (R6ciuz, 7844). Abbot & (1976) states that the operculum, which oc-
Dance 1990: 102 (figure of shells). cupies over 2/3 of the aperture, is translu-
See also Annex. cent brownish-orange. The name sebae has
been misapplied by nineteenth-century au-
Material examined: Dead shells of 2 speci- thors. Kilburn (op. cit.) used an illustration
mens;locality: 1,3. from Souleyet as type-figure of sebae.
Description: Shape oblong-concave (Fig. Distribution and ecology:The species is
4A-B), width about72To andthickness about common in the Indo-Pacific (Phitippines to
47 7o of TSL. Apex pointed (Fig. 4D). Colour East Africa and Natal), and is found in soft

5. Phulzet Marine Biological Center Special Publication 18(2):285-296. (1998) 289
Table S.Indices, number of specimens (n), means,
standard deviation (SD), and ranges of selected
measurements (in Vo) of Polinices (Mammilla)
melanostornoides (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) from
Northern Peninsular Minahasa.
mm
WBI 2 7t.66 0.39 7t.27-72.05
HBI 2 41.44 0.01 41.43-41.45
SLI 2 27.42 0.26 2r.16-2t.69
BLI 2 26.23 r.r7 25.06-27.39
CLI 2 78.02 0.29 77.73-78.3r
ULI 2 30.93 0.64 30.29-31.57
(,l-- 1. Spire axis bisecting anterior end ofcolu-
ld mella........
Eo .....................2
1. Vertical axis of the shells offset well to
the left of the siphonal fasciole; a deep
anterior umbilical groove present in all
adult specimens........... ....flemingianus
2. Umbilicus completely covered by a heavy
Figure 4. Polinices (Marnmilla) sebae. A, shape, callus in all specimens........... .tumidus
aperture, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C, inner 2. Umbilicus forms a minute chink or a deep
lip enlarged. D, spire, apex, lateral view. BZ, groove (broader in adult specimens), um-
brownish zone. Scale bar: 10 mm.
lti::l ::11: ::1::T :: il:i:;;;;;;; i
and coarse sand areas among Cymodocea
and small corals, and between Cymodocea Polinices (Polinice s) flemingian us (R6c]ruz,
in deep water (Kilburn 1976;Abbott & Dance 184a) (Fig. 5A-D; Tab. 4)
1990).
Polinices (Polinices) flemingiana (R6cluz,
Subgenus Poliruices s. str. 1844). Cernohorsky 1971: 193, figs.46,51-
Polinices s. str. Cernohorsky L971:772. 53 (shell, radula, operculum).
Polinices s. str. Kilburn 1976: 856. Poliruices flerningianus (R6cluz). Dance 1976:
Shell heavy, solid, pyriform to pyriform- 101 [= P. uirginea Philippi, P. jukesi Reeve]
ovate, ovate-conical with an oblique, straight figure of shell.
Iabium and heavy labial callus, which more Polinices flemingianus (R6cluz, 1844). Abbott
or less covers the umbilicus, leaving at most & Dance 1990: 105 (figure of shells).
a narrow fissure; parietal region not differ- See also Annex.
entiated from the rest of the labium, com-
monly uniform white, yellow or orange (Cer- Material examined: Dead shells of 1-5 speci-
nohorsky 1971; Kilburn 1976). mens; locality: 7,2,3.
Description: Shape globose (Fig. 5A-B),
Key to species of subgenus Polinices width about 78 Vo and thickness about 57 Vo
of TSL. Apex slightly pointed (FiS. 5C). CoI-
Polinices from Northern Peninsular Mina- our white to cream, glossy. Funicle relatively
hasa have shells small to large, pyriform- inconspicuous (Fig. 5D). Callus coalescing
ovate, porcelaineous-white in colour; oper- with funicle, deposit extends to spire (Fig.
culum is corneous, light brown in colour. 5D). Spire short (Fig. 5C).Aperture wide and

6. 290 Tlopical Marine Mollusc Progrannme (TMMP)
Table 4. Indices, number of specimens (n), means,
standard deviation (SD), and ranges ofselected
measurements (in 7a) of Polinices (Polinices)
flemingianus (R6cluz, 1844) from Northern Pe-
ninsular Minahasa.
X n mean
(mm
WBI 15 78.19 10.20 49.07-9r.70
HBI 15 56.95 6.59 36.43-67.80
SLI 15 26.9t 5.17 t4.87-37.50
BLI 15 45.93 6.88 26.39-54.40
CLI 15 67.64 8.02 39.03-71.30
ULI 15 24.79 3.22 17.29-28.8
z^..i
semi-ovate (Fig.5A). Umbilicus narrow (Fig. /
5D); umbilical groove deep and present in
all specimens (juveniles-adults); umbilical
lar' c
callus slightly concave. Columella white in
colour, length (CLI) about 62 7a of TSL (Fig.
5D)
Remarks: P (P.) flemingianus (Flerning's Figure 5. Polinices (Polinices) flemingianus. A,
moon) is characterised by the aperture elon- shape, aperture, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C,
gated obliquely and vertical axis ofthe shell spire, apex, lateral view. D, inner lip enlarged.
offset well to the left of the siphonal fasciole. Scale bar: 10 mm.
This species is similar to P. tumidus (Swain-
son, 1840), but differs in some features Polinices mammilla (Linnaeus, 1758). Kabat
(Cernohorsky 1971) as mentioned above. 1990: 16, figs. 3A-B (shells).
Distribution and ecology: The species is Polinices tumidus (Swainson, 1840). Abbott
moderately common throughout Japan to & Dance 1990: 102 l= P. pyriformisR6chul,
Australia and Fiji Islands. Cernohorsky figure of shell.
(1971) found that this species is less fre- See also Annex.
quently encountered than P. tumidus, aI-
though they share that species habitat. Material examined: Live shells of 17 speci-
Clean sand, intertidal and shallow water mens; locality: I,2,3.
(Abbott & Dance 1990). Description: Operculum corneous, light
brown in colour with a dark brown zone ad-
Polinices (Polinices) tumidus (Swainson, joining the columellar edge. Shape pyriform-
1840) (Fig. 6A-E;Tab. 5) ovate, unornamented, width about 72Vo and
thickness about 52 Vo of TSL (Fig. 6.4.-8).
Polinices (Polinices) tumidus (Swainson, Apex slightly pointed (Fig. 6D). Colour
1840). Cernohorsky 197 l: 791,figs. 45 (shell), porcellaneous-white, occasionally with dark
47 (radula),48 (operculum),49 & 50 (shells). striae or ill defined spots at suture. Funicle
Polinices (Polinices) tumidus (Swainson, strong (Fis. 6C). Callus heavy, thick, and
1840). Kilburn 1976:856, fig. 15 [shelis: nar- fused with umbilical callus (Fig. 6 C). Spire
row form (ponderosa) and broad form high (Fig. 6D), protoconch minute. Aperture
fuestalis) l. wide and semi-ovate (Fig. 6,4'). Umbilicus
Polinices tumidus (Swainson, 1840). Roberts completely covered by a healy callus (no um-
et. al. 1982:62 - 63, pl. 17 , frg. 7 (shell). bilicus) orform a minute chink (Fig. 6C). Colu-
Polinices tumidus (Swainson, 1840). Dharma mella in inner lip slightly thickened basally,
1988: 67, pl. 19, fig.12 (shell l. lengbh (CLI) about 56 Vo of TSL (Fig. 6C).

7. Phulzet Marine Biological Center Special Publication 78(2):285-296. (1998) 291
Table 5. Indices, number of specimens (n), means,
standard deviation (SD), and ranges of selected
measurements (in Vo) of Polinices (Polinices)
turnidus (Swainson, 1840) from Northern Penin-
sular Minahasa.
mm) 4.64 11.90-31.
WBI r7 72.It 3.60 63.26-77.7
HBI 17 51.98 2.65 47.34-55.40
SLI t7 30.29 2.80 25.17-35.60
BLI t7 51.29 I.79 48.32-54.50
CLI I7 55.96 3.39 50.46-62.18
ffi
ULI 17
throughout the tropical Indo-Pacifrc, includ-
ing the area of the present study. It is known
from Hawaii, south-west through Polynesia,
Melanesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia,
and Japan to Madagascar and Natal. In
South Africa and Mozambique, this species
inhabits various types of habitat: Sandy
Figure 6. Polinices (Polinices) tumidus. A, shape,
banks ofdrainage channels, on top ofsand
aperture, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C, inner
banks, sand flats near Cymodocea andgravel
lip enlarged. D, spire, apex, Iateral view. Scale (Kilburn 1976).
bar: 10 mm.
Polinices (Polinices) species 1 (Fig. 7A-E;Tab.6)
Remarks: P. (P.) tumidus (Pear-shaped
moon) is characterised by the umbilicus be- Material examined: Live shells of 26 speci-
ing completely covered by a callus. Kjlburn mens; locality: 7,2,3.
(1976) described two typical forms of the Description: Operculum corneous, light
shell (narrow form p onderoso Philippi, 1849 brown in colour, with a dark brown zone
and broad formuestalis Philippi 1851-) found adjoining the columellar edge. Shape pyri-
in Natal and Mozambique. Specimens from form-ovate, unornamented, width about 76
the present study area could be identical to Vo and thickness about 55 7o of TSL (Fig. 7A
the form uestalis. & B). Apex (Fig. 7D) pointed. Colour white
The name of this species, whether tumi- to cream, porcellaneous, shining. Funicle
dus (Cernohorsky 1971; Kilburn 1976) or more or less strong (Fig. 7C). Callus heavy
mammilla (Kabat 1990a), has been dis- and thick (FiS. 7C). Spire high (Fig. 7D).
cussed by Kabat (1990a). He concluded that Aperture semi-ovate (Fig. 7A). Umbilicus
mammilla has been used repeatedly over the forms a deep groove, wide at the anterior
years whereas tumidus was rarely (if ever) part, present in all specimens (juveniles/
used between its description and 1971-. Sec- adults), umbilical callus straight or slightly
ondly, based on analysis ofthe original de- concave (Fig. 7C). Coiumella thick, white in
scription, cited figures, and type material, colour,length (CLI) about 58 7o ofTSL (Fig.
he concluded that mamntillq. is a senior 7C).
synonym of tumidus. However, I follow Remarks: This species is quite similar to
Kilburn (1976) and maintain the name P. (P.) tumidus, but differs in the umbilicus
tumidus- forming a minute chink or a deep groove in
Distribution and ecology:This species is P.(P.) sp. 1 against the umbilicus being com-
one of the most common intertidal naticids pletely covered by a heavy callus (no um-

8. 292 Tlopical Marine Mollusc Programm.e (TMMP)
Table 6. Indices, numbers of specimens (n),
means, standard deviations (SD), and ranges of
selected measurements (in 7o) of Polinices
(Polinices) sp. (species 1) from Northern Penin-
sular Minahasa.
x n mean
( mm) %
WBI 26 75.78 2.63 67.91-80.13
HBI 26 54.56 2.49 48.34-60.00
SLI 26 29.09 2.08 25.77-35.25
BLI 26 50.01 L.1t 45.99-52.25
CLI 26 57.58 2.24 53.94-61.30
ULI 26 18.91 2.29 12.50-25.80
bilicus) or forming a minute chink;inP. (P.)
sp. 1 the umbilical callus is straight or con-
cave.
Distribution and ecology: Clean sand in
intertidal region.
DISCUSSION
Figure 7. Polinices (Polinices) sp. (species 1). A,
Marincovich (1977) cited in Kabat (1990a)
shape, aperture, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C,
divided the family Naticidae into four sub-
inner lip enlarged. D, spire, apex, lateral view.
families: 1) Naticinae, 2) Polinicinae, 3)
Scale bar: 10 mm.
Sininae, and 4) Ampullospirinae. He stated
that Naticinae (Natica, Naticarius, Cryp-
tonaticq.) are mostly tropical species with rnoides and P. (M.) simiuel. Kilburn (1976)
calcareous opercula, and ofben have multi- listed 14 species in 5 subgenera from south-
coloured shells. Polinicinae (Polinices, ern Africa and Mozambique [P. (P .) tumidus,
Euspira, Neueritq.) are widespread, usually P. (N.) peselephanti, P. (N.) albumen, P. (G.)
with monochromatic shells. Sininae (Sinum, didyma, P.(M.) priamus, P.(M.) sebae, P. (M.)
Eunaticina) are tropical species, low spired syrphetodes, P. (M.) simiae, P. (M.) melano-
to auriform with striated shells. TheAmpul- stoma, P. (8.) lemaitrei P. (8.) psilus, P. (8.)
lospirinae (Amauropsis, Globulario) are a similis, P. (8.) blaizensis and P. (8.) napusl.
mostly extinct assemblage of high spired Bussarawit (1995) found 2 species in 2
shells with tabulate or canaliculate whorls. subgenera from Surin and Le-Pae Islands,
The genus Polinices encompasses 5 Andaman Sea,Thailand tP. (P.) tumidus and
subgenera: Polinices, Mamrnilla, Euspira, P. (G) didyma).In the Indonesian archi-
GIos saulax and N eu erito (Cernohorsky 197 1, pelago, Roberts et al. (1982) recorded 4 spe-
Kilburn 7976). Separation into subgenera is cies in 2 subgenera from North-West Java
based on shape, columella, callus, and um- lP. (M.) mela.rlostomo, P. (M.) mant matus, P.
bilicus. In addition, characters ofaperture, (M.) simiae and P. (P.) tumidusl. In the
colour, funicle, spire and apex are included present study, I found 4 species and 1 uni-
in the present study (Figs.3-7). dentified species in 2 subgenera (Figs. 3-7).
The genus Polinices is common in the The unidentifred species (Fig. 7) is most simi-
tropical Indo-Pacific region. Cernohorsky lar to P (P.) tumidus and they co-occur in
(1971) recorded 8 species in 3 subgeneralP. the present study area.
(P.) tumidus, P. (P.) flemingianus, P. (P.) Most of the present species are dead
aurantiu s, P. (N.) alb umen, P . (M. ) nl'ct'urus, shells; only two species were found a1ive.
P. (M.) melanostoma, P. (M.) melanosto- This may be related to the method of sam-

9. Phulzet Marine Biological Center Special Publication L8(2):288-296. (1998) 293
pling which was conducted in the intertidal DANIDA for the opportunity to present this
area of the sandy beaches. Species repre- paper at the Eighth ConferenceAilorkshop
sented by dead shells probably inhabit the of the TMMP in Hua Hin, Thailand.
lower area of the beaches (Cernohorskv
1971; Kilburn 1976). ANNEX
Synonyms of northern peninsular Mina-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS hasa's species o/Polinices
I wish to express my gratitude to Prof A.J.
Kohn (Dept. of Zoology, University ofWash- Synonyms of identified species of genus
ington, USA) for introducing me to the Polinice s are listed alphabetically according
naticids.I am grateful to Prof R.N. Kilburn to specific names. The second column shows
(Natal Museum, SouthAfrica) and ProfA.R. the generic status designated by individual
Kabat (National Museum ofNatural History, authors. The third column gives references
Smithsonian Institution, USA) for their kind to publications where the combination of
assistance with photocopies of various es- species and genus has been applied (I have
sential references, Dr L.J. Lumingas for his selected the references, preferably the old-
assistance in identification and discussion. est, where a given combination has been
I am much indebted to the Tropical Marine used). The last column gives reference to the
Mollusc Programme (TMMP) sponsored by source of information in previous columns.
Polini ce s (M ammilla) melano s to ma (Gmelin, 1 7 9 1 )
aethiopissae 7l
melanochila not designated Natica Philippi,1850 Kilburn 1976
melanostoma not designated Nerita Gmelin, rzgl Cernohorsky 1971
- not designated Natica Bianconi 1849 Kilburn 1926
not designated Natica Philippi 1852 Cernohorsky 1971
not designated Notica Gmelin 1855 Cernohorskv 1971
not designated Natica Von Martens 1879 Kilburn 1971
not designated Notico Sowerby 1897 Kilburn 1976
not designated Natico Lamarck 1953 Cernohorsky 1971
not designated Natica Gohar & Eisawy 1976 Kilburn 1976
not designated Polinices Kaicher 1956 Cernohorsky 1971
not designated Polynices Paes de Franca 1960 Kilburn 1976
o!dc not designated Natica R6cluz 1851 Cernohorsky 1791
not designated Mammilla Habe & Kosuge 1967 Cernohorsky 1791
not designated Polinices R6cluz 1851 Kilburn 1976
opacum not designated Uber Hedley, 1924 Cernohorsky 1971
putdmen not designated Mamilla Mtirch, 1852 Cernohorsky 1971
not designated Polinices M0rch, 1852 Roberts et al. I9B2
succineoides not designated Natica Reeve, 1855 Cernohorsky 1971
not designated Polinices Reeve,1855 Roberts et al.1982
zondtd not designated Polinices Phillippi. 1852 Kilburn 1976
Polinice s (M ammilla) seb ae (R6.chtz, 7844)
mammilloris
sebae not designated Natica R6cbaz, LB44 Kilburn 1976
not designated Natica Souleyet 1852 Kilburn 1976
not designated Notico Sowerby 1897 Kilburn 1976
not designated Uber HedIev 1924 Kilburn 1976
not designated Polynices Barnard 1963 Kilburn 1976
zanzebarica not designated Natica F,6c1uz, 1844 Kilburn 1976
not designated Natica Philippi 1852 Kilburn 1976
not designated Natica Reeve 1855 Kilburn 1976
- not designated Natica Von Martens 1879 Kilburn 1976
- not designated Natica Sowerbv 1883 Kilburn 1976

10. 294 Tlopical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP)
Polinices (Polinices) fl emingianus (R6cluz, 1844)
Species
ffiated Natica R6chlz, 1844 Cernohorsky, 1971
- not desigrrated Natica R6cluz, 1852 Cernohorsky, 1971
- not designated Natica Reeve, 1855 Cernohorsky, 1971
- not designated Natica Sowerby, 1883 Cernohorsky, 1971
- not designated Polinices Kaicher, 1956 Cernohorsky, 1971
flemingianum not designated Uber Hedley,1924 Cernohorsky, 1971
jukesii not designated Natica Reeve, 1855 Cernohorsky, 1971
uirginea not desigaated Nollca Philippi, 1852 Cernohorsky, 1971
Polinices (Polinices) tumidus (Swainson, 1840)
ffiaLed, Marnma Chemnitz, 1781 Cernohorsky 1971
- not designated Natica Rumphius 1851 Cernohorsky 1971
- not designated Polinices R6cluz 1851 Roberts et al. 1982
cygnea not designated Natica Philppi, 1852 Cernohorsky 1971
not designated Polinices Philppi,1852 Roberts et al. 1982
mamilla not designated Polynices Paes da Franca 1960 Kilburn 1976
not designated Natica Sowerby 1883 Cernohorsky 1971
not designated Natica Bosc 1801 Kabat 1990
Polinices Polinices Ladd 1934 Cernohorsky 1971
rnammilla not designated Albula Roding 1798 Kabat 1990
not designated No.ti.ca Von Martens 1879 Kilburn 1976
not designated Natrca Sowerby 1892 Kilburn 1976
not designated No.tica Linnaeus 1855 Cernohorskv 1971
not designated Nerita Linnaeus 1758 Kabat 1990
not designated Nerita Linnaeus 1764 Kabat 1990
not designated Polynices Barnard 1963 Kilburn 1976
not desigrrated Albula Riiding 1798 Cernohorsky 1971
porderoro not designated Nalica Philippi, 1849 Kilburn 1976
pyrifonnis not designated Natica R6chtz 7844 Kilburn 1976
not designated Polynices Habe & Kosuge 1967 Cernohorsky 1971
not designated Polinices R6cluz 1844 Roberts et al. 1982
ht.m.i.d.o. not designated Mamillaria Swainson,1840 Cernohorsky 1971
not desienated Mamillaria Chemnitz, 1981 Kilburn 1976
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