Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the survival on fingerlings of clarias gariepinus under laboratory condition.
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
Assessment of the Plankton Biodiversity,Bay of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, BangladeshAbuMusa51
I am Abu Musa. This is my Internship Presentation. This is for partial fulfillment of the 4th-year final examination of the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka. This is based on my findings from one month of research on the Coxs Bazar coast. The research is done in the live feed lab of BFRI Cox's Bazar.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile an...ijtsrd
Chlorella has the capacity to sustain in both fresh water and wastewater. The present study deals with a comparison of the growth and yield of Chlorella in fresh water and textile and tannery wastewaters. The wastewaters used in the study were collected from textile and tannery dyeing units. The wastewater was diluted with tap water in different dilutions 60 , 70 and 80 . Higher dilution yields better biomass parallel to tap water. The result of present study confirms that Chlorella can sustain in almost all wastewaters but gives the maximum yield in textile wastewater. P. S. Subashini | Dr. P. Rajiv "Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile and Tannery Wastewater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20291.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/20291/invitro-assessment-of-the-growth-and-biomass-level-of-chlorella-in-textile-and-tannery-wastewater/p-s-subashini
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Innspub Net
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were
determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68μs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68 mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity
1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46x106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the
tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10%
concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater.
Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still cause infection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is
advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-july-2015-ijmm/
Assessment of the Plankton Biodiversity,Bay of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, BangladeshAbuMusa51
I am Abu Musa. This is my Internship Presentation. This is for partial fulfillment of the 4th-year final examination of the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka. This is based on my findings from one month of research on the Coxs Bazar coast. The research is done in the live feed lab of BFRI Cox's Bazar.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile an...ijtsrd
Chlorella has the capacity to sustain in both fresh water and wastewater. The present study deals with a comparison of the growth and yield of Chlorella in fresh water and textile and tannery wastewaters. The wastewaters used in the study were collected from textile and tannery dyeing units. The wastewater was diluted with tap water in different dilutions 60 , 70 and 80 . Higher dilution yields better biomass parallel to tap water. The result of present study confirms that Chlorella can sustain in almost all wastewaters but gives the maximum yield in textile wastewater. P. S. Subashini | Dr. P. Rajiv "Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile and Tannery Wastewater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20291.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/20291/invitro-assessment-of-the-growth-and-biomass-level-of-chlorella-in-textile-and-tannery-wastewater/p-s-subashini
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
ecotoxicological assays. In the case of sediment assessment, there are only two amphipod species
(Tiburonella viscana and Grandidierella bonnieroides) standardized protocols for toxicity test in South
Atlantic region.
Pesticide Contamination in some lakes of Rajasthaniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evalution the changes of some biomolecules of two grapevine cultivars against...Innspub Net
Salinity is one of the limiting factor for grape growing in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence he effect of salinity on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two seedless cultivars of grape namely Flame Seedless and Perlette under salinity stress were investigated. The design of the experiment was factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design with four replications. Five levels of salinity (0, 25, 50,75 and 100 m molar of NaCl) in irrigation water were surveyed on rooted cuttings of both cultivars. Results indicated that with increasing salinity levels photosynthesis, amount of soluble proteins and relative leaf water content was decreased and amount of proline and soluble sugars were increased. Ion leakage of cell membrane and malondialdehyde were increased with increased salinity. Withoute salinity application Perlette cultivar produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices. In general, Perlette cultivar proved more tolerance against salinity than Flame Seedless cultivar did. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Open Access Research Paper
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68µs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity 1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46×106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10% concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater. Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still causeinfection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems.
ABSTRACT- Comparative toxicity of Nerium indicum latex powder (NILP) was studied against two common predatory and weed fishes of different body size in laboratory condition and cemented and muddy pond. LC50 of NILP for predatory fish Channa punctatus was 2.13 mg/L, 7.80 mg/L and 19.26 mg/L to small size, middle size and large size fish respectively in laboratory condition after 24 h exposure periods. Similar trends were also observed in case of cemented and muddy ponds but doses were 1-4 times higher than laboratory conditions. Similar trend of result was also observed against weed fish Mystus mystus. No further mortality was observed beyond 24 h in all set of experiments suggested fast degradation of the toxicant in water.
Key-words- Toxicity, Fish, Botanicals, Nerium indicum, Piscicidal Activity
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
ecotoxicological assays. In the case of sediment assessment, there are only two amphipod species
(Tiburonella viscana and Grandidierella bonnieroides) standardized protocols for toxicity test in South
Atlantic region.
Pesticide Contamination in some lakes of Rajasthaniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evalution the changes of some biomolecules of two grapevine cultivars against...Innspub Net
Salinity is one of the limiting factor for grape growing in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence he effect of salinity on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two seedless cultivars of grape namely Flame Seedless and Perlette under salinity stress were investigated. The design of the experiment was factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design with four replications. Five levels of salinity (0, 25, 50,75 and 100 m molar of NaCl) in irrigation water were surveyed on rooted cuttings of both cultivars. Results indicated that with increasing salinity levels photosynthesis, amount of soluble proteins and relative leaf water content was decreased and amount of proline and soluble sugars were increased. Ion leakage of cell membrane and malondialdehyde were increased with increased salinity. Withoute salinity application Perlette cultivar produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices. In general, Perlette cultivar proved more tolerance against salinity than Flame Seedless cultivar did. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Similar to Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the survival on fingerlings of clarias gariepinus under laboratory condition.
Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an oilfield wastewater in ...Open Access Research Paper
The Mycological flora of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an oilfield wastewater were investigated. The concentrations included 0% (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% respectively. Physico-chemistry and mycoflora of wastewater and tissues of Clarias gariepinus were determined using standard methods. Mean values obtained were; temperature 25.93±6.7oC, pH 7.73±0.31, turbidity 40.33±1.53 NTU, salinity 6584±137mg/l, conductivity 15200±1058.68µs/cm, total dissolved solids 8436.33±501.68mg/l, total suspended solids 4.67±0.58mg/l, alkalinity 1296.33±2168mg/l, dissolved oxygen 1.83±0.38mg/l, biochemical oxygen demand 1.3±0.7mg/l and Total hydrocarbon 40.54±50mg/l. Temperature, DO, BOD and THC were below allowable FEPA limits while all other components were higher. Mean counts of total fungi and petroleum degraders in the oilfield wastewater were 4.7±0.46×106 sfu/ml and 59.7±25.7% respectively. Fungal counts in the tissues of Clarias ranged from 0.20±0.00 x 104sfu/g to 3.00±0.00 x 104sfu/g (skin), 0.48±0.05 x 104sfu/g to 7.25±0.96 x 104sfu/g (gills), and 1.13±0.15 x 104sfu/g to 5.75±0.50 x 104sfu/g (intestine). The intestine had higher fungal counts, but the gills recorded the highest at 10% concentration. Fungi isolated included; Aspergillus fumigatus (46.43%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Fusarium spp. (100%), Mucor spp. (24.99%), Penicillium spp. (57.14%), Rhizopus spp. (32.13%) and Saccharomyces spp. (34.3%). All except Saccharomyces spp were isolated from oilfield wastewater. Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp, Mucor and Rhizopus are considered normal flora, but can still causeinfection which may result in the mortality of the fish and eventually economic loss to the aquarium fish industry. Proper treatment of oilfield wastewater prior to discharge into the recipient water body is advocated to reduce ecotoxicological problems.
ABSTRACT- Comparative toxicity of Nerium indicum latex powder (NILP) was studied against two common predatory and weed fishes of different body size in laboratory condition and cemented and muddy pond. LC50 of NILP for predatory fish Channa punctatus was 2.13 mg/L, 7.80 mg/L and 19.26 mg/L to small size, middle size and large size fish respectively in laboratory condition after 24 h exposure periods. Similar trends were also observed in case of cemented and muddy ponds but doses were 1-4 times higher than laboratory conditions. Similar trend of result was also observed against weed fish Mystus mystus. No further mortality was observed beyond 24 h in all set of experiments suggested fast degradation of the toxicant in water.
Key-words- Toxicity, Fish, Botanicals, Nerium indicum, Piscicidal Activity
Vibrio Species Isolated from Farmed Fish in Basra City in IraqDrNajimRKhamees
This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of potentially pathogenic species of Vibrio in seven types of fish sampled from fish farms located in different districts in Basra governorate, Iraq. A total of 153 live fishes was collected from fish farms during the period January till May 2016. Bacteria were isolated using selective medium thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose salt agar. Presumptive Vibrio colonies were identified using the VITEK 2 system and selected biochemical tests. In the present study V. alginolyticus (24 of 60) was the predominant species, followed by V. cholerae (10 of 60), V. furnisii (10 of 60), V. diazotrophicus (7 of 60), V. gazogenes (5 of 60) and V. costicola (4 of 60). The signs of vibriosis appeared in three
types of fish, including Cyprinus carpio, Coptodon zillii and Planiliza subviridis in spite of the using Oxytetracycline in most fish farms. The results of the present study demonstrated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species nearly in all fish farms. So the farm owners should be concerned about the presence of these pathogenic bacteria which also contributes to human health risk and should adopt best management practices for responsible aquaculture to ensure the quality of fish.
ABSTRACT- Fresh water resources are not unlimited. The high rate of increase of human population of Nepal and the
rapid rate of industrialization have created problems of disposal of waste water products. The domestic wastes, excretory
materials of both human and animals and industrial effluents are discharged into the nearly lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
tanks and even in the catchment area of the above water bodies. The undesirable substances are regularly mixed into the
water of pond through surface run-off that degrades the water quality. Since last several years, there have been added an
array of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, which are further seriously aggravating the problem of pollution both for
public health and aquaculture. The detailed information of water quality and status of affected living organisms of water
bodies are necessary for the implementation of any management plan. The present investigation encompasses on plankton
identifying the ecological quality of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal. Seasonal sampling from all the sampling sites (site
A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2014 – October 2015) at 9:00-11: 00
AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be
maximum (774.4 unit/L) during summer and minimum (539.2 unit/L) during the rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Biological productivity, Habitat degradation
ABSTRACT- Objective: In the present study, acute toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extracts on the freshwater unwanted fish, Channa gachua (Ham) was investigated.
Materials and Methods: During the study period, ethological responses in the exposed fish (240 in number irrespective of sex) were observed. Changes in some haematological parameters like haemoglobin content (Hb), haematocrit (Ht), total erythrocyte count (TEC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and blood glucose (Glu) were also measured in the exposed fish (60 in number irrespective of sex) during the acute toxicity test at different time interval.
Results: The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values for C. gachua were 21.80, 19.59, 13.95 and 11.18 g/l respectively. Toxicity factor values of this phytopiscicide to the fish were increased with the progress of exposure time. They showed an alteration in their responses with the increasing concentration of neem leaf extracts and time of exposure. A significant elevation in the level of blood glucose in the exposed fish throughout the exposure period was recorded while Hb showed significant change after 24 h and that of MCHC only at 96 h.
Conclusions: The study may help to determine the toxic level of the aqueous extracts of neem leaves to the unwanted fish in aquaculture farm and to understand the mode of its action to fish behaviour and haematology.
Key-words: Acute toxicity, Azadirachta indica, Snake Headed Fish, Haematological Parameters, Ethological Responses
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
ecotoxicological assays. In the case of sediment assessment, there are only two amphipod species
(Tiburonella viscana and Grandidierella bonnieroides) standardized protocols for toxicity test in South
Atlantic region
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
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Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the survival on fingerlings of clarias gariepinus under laboratory condition.
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
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Effect of Lethal Concentrations of Rubber Extract (Hevea
Brasiliensis) on the Survival on Fingerlings of Clarias Gariepinus
under Laboratory Condition.
1
George, Ubong 2
Asuquo, Francis 3
Idung, Joseph 3
Andem, Andem
1. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography University of Calabar, Calabar.
2. Department of Chemical Oceanography, Institute of Oceanography, university Calabar, Calabar.
3. Department of Zoology& Environment Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar.
E-mail:gboy4jesus@yahoo.com .
Abstract
The water soluble fraction (WSF) of Hevea brasiliensis was tested against Clarias garienpinus, at 0, 30, 40, 50,
60 and 70mg/l in glass aquaria stocked with ten animals for 96 hours under observation for changes. Moribund
swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, depigmentation and mortalities were observed in the WSF
exposure groups, but not in the controls. LC50 values were estimated at 50.12mg/l. There was no significant
difference in mortalities between the replicate group (P>0.05), leading to the conclusion that the WSF of Hevea
brasiliensis had same toxic effects on both batches of the test organism.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) is a complex mixture, which contain substance like hydrocarbon,
protein and phospholipids, while the serum phases is mainly water, with small amount of soluble compounds
including carbohydrate, amine, inorganic ions and metallic ions (Jacob et. al; 1993) Rubber in the wild grows in
the tropical rainforest, often in periodically flooded areas, but larger trees are found on the well – drained
plateaus (Bekele, et. al., 1993). A typical example is the Cross River Rubber plantain were the sample was
collected for study. The Cross River Rubber plantation is surrounded by aquatic environment which makes it a
concern in eco-toxicological studies. In Nigeria, the high production season for rubber tapping lies between May
and September which corresponds to wet seasons, while the low production season lies between November and
February which correspond with dry season. It is a general believed that rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) may
finds its way into the aquatic ecosystem through surface run–off during the wet season, which is believed to be a
high production season for rubber extract in Nigeria. (Pers.com).
Catfish are dominant fish species in the Cross River and its tributaries, and contributes significantly to
the fisheries of the area. (Pers. com). African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is an important aquaculture candidate
in most part of the world, including Nigeria, it lives in fresh water as larvae and also as adult. (Pers.com).The
objective of this study was to investigate the effects of water soluble fraction of rubber extract (Hevea
brasiliensis) on the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
2.0 Material and Method
2.1 Collection of Sample
A total of 240 healthy Clarias gariepinus used in this study were collected from the University of Calabar fish
farm, Calabar, Cross River state, located within the University of Calabar at latitude 040
5, 020’
N and longitude
0080
20’ 450’E respectively. The climate of the area is tropical and is characterized by distinct wet and dry
season (Asuquo and Bassey, 1999 and Akpan et al., 2002).
2.2 Acclimatization of Specimens
The organism were collected along with habitat water, the organism were selected into size classes of 2.5-4.5cm,
and acclimatized in filtered habitat water for 24 hours prior to the toxicity experiment.
2.3 Monitoring of Water Quality Parameters
The initial water parameter, Dissolved oxygen, Temperature, pH, Nitrite and Ammonia were determined using
mercury – in- glass thermometer and Lurton Do and pH meters. The battery operated meters were calibrated
according to manufacturer’s instructions before being used for measurement (Boyd 1989, 1990).
2.4 Preparation of Water Soluble Fraction (WSF) of Rubber Latex
The water soluble fraction (WSF) of Rubber Extract obtained from Cross River Rubber plantation was
obtained by vigorously shaking Rubber extract with filtered habitat water in a separatory funnel. The system was
allowed to stand for six hours to effect complete phase separation, after which the lower aqueous layer
containing the WSF was collected for the toxicity tests. The concentration of hydrocarbon was determined by
spectrophotometric measurement of a n-hexane extract at 430nm wavelength using a Hatch direct reading (DR)
3000 spectrophotometer (Stuermer et al., 1981).
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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2.5 Stocking of Specimen
After the 24 hours acclimatization, the fish were randomly distributed into a rectangular glass aquaria
measuring 25 X 10X 15cm, filled with two (2) liters of habitat water. 10 fingerlings was stocked in each of the
aquarium, and the fish were exposed to varying concentrations (0, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70mg/l). The experiment
was replicated with control aquaria receiving filtered habitat water without the addition of WSF of Rubber
extract. The Rubber extract (1g) was first dissolve in 5ml of DMSO and made up to 1,000ml with distilled water
before being shaken in a separatory funnel to produce the water soluble fraction (WSF). The stock solution was
used in the preparation of different concentrations of the working solution by dilution with distilled water.
2.6 Monitoring of Specimen for Mortality
The test was conducted for 96 hours with daily observations of abnormality and mortality of test organisms.
Dead organisms were quickly removed from the test medium to avoid decay and contamination. The test tanks
were aerated with air stones connected to electrically powered aquarium pumps.
2.7 Determination of Mortality Lethal Concentration (96 hours LC50)
The concentration in which 50% mortality (Lc50) occurred was obtained graphically by probits analysis,
plotting log concentration against fish mortality (Finney 1971; Stephan, 1977).
2.8 Statistical Analysis
The homogeneity of the replicate samples was checked by the Krus- Kal-Wallis test, before data of the
replicate were pooled together and treated as single group. Significant difference in the no. of dead organism
between control and experimental group were evaluated using ANOVA. Significance was accepted when
(P<0.05) Statistical analysis was powered by SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA).
3.0 RESULTS
The test organism (Clarias gariepinus) showed pathological changes and mortalities in a concentration
dependent manner. Sub-lethal changes observed were moribund and erratic swimming behaviour, weakness,
paleness and depigmentation of the skin. Similar changes were not observed in the control. Clarias gariepinus
was less sensitive to Hevea brasiliensis contamination with 50% (Lc50) at 50.12mg/l after 96hrs exposure (Table
1) (Fig 1). The means (± SD) water parameters of the test medium were 27.45 ± 0.35 0
c (Temperature), 6.33 ±
1.17 (pH), 0.1 ± 0.0mg/l (Nitrite), 3.9 ± 2.7mg/l (DO) and 0.0 ± 0.0mg/l (Ammiona). (Table 2). The mortality
patterns of the species in the replicate were similar in the WSF of Hevea brasiliensis latex. (Table 3). The
concentration of total hydrocarbon in the WSF was 2.196mg/l. Statistical analysis using ANOVA method
showed that there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in mortalities between the replicate. Organism that
survive in the test medium to the end of the experiment were highly stressed as shown in their non-agile
movements, compared to their counter-part in the controls which were all active and normal.
4.0 DISCUSSION
The percentage mortality of C. gariepinus in the water soluble fraction of the latex ranged from 0-100%
in both batches A, and B at the end of 96 hours of test. No mortality was recorded in the 0 - 40 mg/l
concentration of toxicant. However, 60 % mortality was recorded in the 50 mg/l concentration in each of the
batches, while 100 % mortality was recorded in the 60 and 70 mg/l concentrations of toxicant. Between 0 -100 %
mortality was reported in Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to varying lethal concentrations of detergent
effluent with 0% mortality recorded in the control tanks A and B, 30 and 50 % mortalities in 0.01 mg/l, 40 and
80 % mortalities in 0.02 mg/l concentrations in A and B, 90 and 70 % mortalities in 0.03 mg/l concentration in A
and B, 80 and 100 % mortalities in 0.04 mg/l concentration in A and B and 100 % mortalities each in 0.05 mg/l
concentration in A and B in Ogundiran et al., (2010) report.
In the present study, percentage mortalities were concentration-dependent. The higher the concentration,
the higher the percentage mortalities. Similar report was presented by Ogundiran et al.,(2010) when investigating
toxicological impact of detergent effluent in juveniles of African catfish Clarias gariepinus, Calta et al., (2004)
when studying acute toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin to young minnow carp, Cypinus carpio,
Ayotunde et al., (2011) when investigating on the toxicity of Carica papaya on adult Clarias gariepinus, Ayuba
and Ofojekwu, (2002) when investigating on the acute toxicity of the root of Jimson’s weed, Datura innoxia to
the African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings, Adedeji et al., (2008) when investigating acute toxicity of
diazinion to African catfish Clarias gariepinus.
Clarias species generally are ecologically adapted to muddy environments in which temporary changes
in water chemistry are more rapid and the contaminant concentration are usually higher (Koivisto, 1995;
Ayotunde et al., 2011). Such environmental stress may facilitate tolerance to increase concentrations of
contaminants (Ayotunde et al., 2011). This view may however not be supported by some contaminants or
toxicants such as rubber latex which produced 100% mortality of the fish in 96 hours. Oh et al., (1991) gave
three factors for the selective toxicity of toxicants for various fish species as: different inhibition of acetyl
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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cholinesterase, different detoxification and absorption. The above factors might have probably been responsible
for the different toxic reaction showed by the fish in the different concentration and time during the period of
experiment. The reaction are usually more pronounced at higher concentrations due to increased inhibition of
acetyl cholinesterase (Oh et al., 1991) which eventually results in the death of the test organism (Adedeji et al.,
2008; Ayotunde et al., 2011). The results of this work also agrees with the work of Ayuba and Ofojekwu (2002)
when investigating acute toxicity of the root of Jimson’s weed, Datura innozia to the African catfish, Clarias
gariepinus fingerlings.
The 96 hours LC50 was 50.12 mg/L representing log concentration of 1.70 for both batches (batches A and
B). The 96 hours LC50 of toxicants are known to vary with toxicant (Samabaswa & Rao, 1985; Arimoro, 2009;
Ogundiran et al, 2010). For instance, Ogundiran et al .,(2010) reported 96hrs LC50 of 0.0166 mg/l and 0.0038
mg/l for batch A and B Clarias gariepinus juvenile under the toxicity effect of detergent effluent, A 96 hours
LC50 of 0.1 mg/l and 0.03 mg/l was reported by Adewoye et al., (2010) when working on the effect of soap and
detergent effluents on Clarias gariepinus. Again, Ayotunde et al., (2011) reported the 96 hours LC50 of 0.033 -
0.33mg/l on Clarias gariepinus adult using Carica papaya extract. The varied 96 hours LC50 values usua.lly
obtained from different toxicants and test organisms is again reported by Ekanem et al., (2011), when they
reported a 96 hours LC50 of 5.0 ± 1.76 and 4.0 ± 1.76 mg/l for Macrobrachium macrobachion and M.
vollenhovenii using crude oil.
In this study the 96 hours LC50 of 50.12 mg/l obtained for the Batch A and B Clarias gariepinus might
have depend on the ranges of the toxicant after series of preliminary tests which produced the concentrations
finally used for the test.
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TABLE 1: Log-transformation of the toxicant on C. gariepinus for the determination of probit level of the
toxicant at the end of experiment (96 hours)
%M
Toxicant conc. (mg/l) Log values of
concentration
Batch A Batch B
0 0 0 0
30 1.48 0 0
40 1.60 0 0
50 1.70 60 60
60 1.78 100 100
70 1.85 100 100
FIG. 1: Log-transformation of the toxicant on C. gariepinus for the determination of
probit level of the toxicant at the end of experiment (96hrs)
Table 2: Means Water Parameter of Habitat Water Used for the Test.
Parameter Min Max Mean SD
Temperature (0
c) 27.1 27.8 27.45 0.35
pH 5.16 7.50 6.33 1.17
Nitrite (mg/l) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
Dissolve oxygen (mgll) 1.2 6.6 3.9 2.7
Ammonia (mgll) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1.48 1.60 1.70 1.78 1.85
%M
Log concentration
Batch A
Batch B
5. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
60
TABLE 3: Summary of the percentage mortality and survivors of C. gariepinus in the toxicant at the end
of the experiment (96 hours)
Conc. of
toxicant
(mg/l)
Batch A Batch B
Mortality
M
%
M
Survivors
(S)
%S Mortality
M
%
M
Survivors
(S)
%S
0 0 0 10 100 0 0 10 100
30 0 0 10 100 0 0 10 100
40 0 0 10 100 0 0 10 100
50 6 60 4 40 6 60 4 40
60 10 100 0 0 0 100 0 0
70 10 100 0 0 10 100 0 0
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