This document discusses motivation and related concepts. It defines motivation as the internal state that causes an organism to strive toward a goal, often in response to external stimuli. Motivation arises from needs, drives, incentives, and motives. It discusses various theories of motivation including instinct theory, drive theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, and Herzberg's two-factor theory. Motivation involves a cycle from needs and drives being aroused, to goal-directed behavior, achievement of the goal, and relief.

1. Motivation

2. Introduction
 Motivation is an organized condition of the
organism, which serves to direct behavior
towards a certain goal.
 “Motive” a Latin word meaning—to move.
That is it can be considered as the mover of
behaviour. Several hundred words are there
like “wants”, “desire”, “need”, “drive”, “goal”,
“aim”,“ambition”, give equal meaning to
motivation with slight difference.

3. Definition
 Motivation is the internal state of an organism
causing it to strive toward a goal, which is
often aroused by external stimuli.
 According to Fisher, A motive is an inclination
or impulsion to action plus some degree of
orientation or direction.

4.  NEEDS
Needs are general wants or desires and are said to be
the very basis of our behavior. Our behavior
and feelings about ourselves and others, our values and
priorities we set for ourselves all relate to our
physiological and psychological needs
 DRIVES
A drive is an aroused state resulting from some bodily or
tissue need. This aroused condition motivates the
individual to initiate behavior to remedy the need.

5.  INCENTIVES
Anything that incites rouses or encourages a person is
termed as an incentive.
 MOTIVES
A motive etymologically means that ‘which moves’.
A motive may be considered as an energetic force
or tendency (learned or innate) working within the
individual to compel, persuade or inspire him to act for the
satisfaction of his basic needs or attainment of some
specific purpose

6. CONCEPTS OF MOTIVATION
 ™
Motivation is generated through basic needs or drives
 It compels an individual to respond by creating a kind of tension or
urge to act
 ™
It is a goal-directed activity, pursued till the attainment of the goal
 ™
Attainment of a goal helps in the release of tension aroused by a
specific motive
 ™
A change in goal may bring changes in the nature and strength of the
motive
 ™
Motivation is an inner state or an aroused feeling.
 ™
We experience motives as feelings of want, need and desire
 ™
Motive may be considered as a learned response or tendency and
also an innate disposition
 ™
We cannot see motives directly, but must infer them from the
behavior of people

7. TYPES OF MOTIVES
 Some of the psychologists have divided motives into
two main categories:
Innate or unlearned
Acquired or learned.
 Motives can also be classified as:
Physiological or primary motives
Social or secondary motives
Personal motives
Unconscious motives

8.  Physiological or Primary Motives
Physiological motives are called biological or organic
motives. These include hunger, sex, thirst, the need for
oxygen, rest and sleep, avoid or seek relief from pain,
activity and the elimination needs.
 Social or Secondary Motives
Human beings are not only biological, but also social.
Therefore, human behavior is activated by social
motives such as, affiliation motives, need for status,
power motives and social approval. These motives
develop through relationship with people

9.  Personal Motives
Personal motives are allied with physiological needs and
common social motives, but they are so much individualized
that they are no longer common. They are our wants and
aspirations, which are not shared commonly by others.
 Unconscious Motives
Unconscious motives are those of which we are not aware of.
They may be in the form of our repressed desires or wishes or
complexes. They determine our irrational fears or phobias, our
eccentric likes and dislikes, our chronic headaches and gastric
troubles (for which we have no organic causes) and our
neuroses and insanities

10. Theories
 Instinct Theory of Motivation
According to William McDougall all behavioral acts are
essentially instinctive and this instinctive behavior is found to
have three aspects:
Cognitive (knowing)
Affective (feeling)
Conative (acting or doing)
For example, when a child sees a monkey coming towards him,
first, he sees the monkey, second, he experiences an emotion
of fear and third, he tries to run away. Thus, all human
behaviors could be explained in terms of some instinct.

11. Drive Theory
 Drive Theory (Push Theory of Motivation)
Drive theories might be described as the ‘push theories of
motivation’; behavior is ‘pushed’ towards goals by driving states
within the person. Drive theories say: when an internal drive
state is aroused, the individual is pushed to engage in behavior,
which will lead to a goal, reducing the intensity of the drive state.
Motivation consists of:
A drive state.
Goal-directed behavior initiated by the drive state.
The attainment of an appropriate goal.
The reduction of the drive state and subjective satisfaction
and relief when the goal is reached. The sequence of events is
called motivational cycle

12. Drive theory
 Drive theory includes the influence of learning in
secondary drives. Primary drives are those which arise
from basic biological needs, such as hunger, thirst and
elimination, etc. However, through the process of
conditioning and learning, people can acquire other
drives. These learned drives are known as secondary
drives; people are said to have learned drives for power,
aggression or achievement, etc

13. Maslow ‘s hierarchy of needs
 Maslow ‘s hierarchy of needs - this theory of
motivation was proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943
.he developed the hierarchy of needs consisting of five
classes . According to him a person should meet his
individual needs starting at the bottom of the pyramid
( lowest level ) to the top of the pyramid

15. ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY
 ERG theory of motivation was proposed by Claton
Aldefer . This theory builds on Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs Instead of the five needs that are hierarchically
organized, Alderfer proposed that basic human needs
may be grouped under three categories, namely,
existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence
corresponds to Maslow’s physiological and safety
needs, relatedness corresponds to social needs, and
growth refers to Maslow’s esteem and self-
actualization

18. TWO FACTOR THEORY
This theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg in
1959. this is also known as motivation hygiene theory
 Herzberg labeled factor causing dissatisfaction of
workers as "hygiene” factors because these factors
were part of the context in which the job was
performed, as opposed to the job itself. Hygiene
factors included company policies, supervision,
working conditions, salary, safety, and security on the
job. To illustrate, imagine that you are working in an
unpleasant work environment.

19.  In contrast, motivators are factors that are intrinsic to
the job, such as achievement, recognition,
interesting work, increased responsibilities,
advancement, and growth opportunities. According
to Herzberg’s research, motivators are the conditions
that truly encourage employees to try harder.

21. Motivational cycle
 Motivation cycle is defined as a transition of
certain stages in a person that moves the
person towards the achievement of goal or
satisfaction of a particular desire / need

22.  Needs-Needs are general wants or desires
and are said to be the very basis of our
behavior
 Drive -A drive is an aroused state resulting
from some bodily or tissue need. This aroused
condition motivates the individual to initiate
behavior to remedy the need.

23.  Arouse –it causing stimulation to a state of
excitement
 Goal directed behavior – this initiated by drive
 Achievement of goal – goal directed behavior
helps person in the achievement of goal
 Relief –with the achievement of goal , driving
state is reduced thus person gets relief