This document provides an overview of motivation and discusses several key concepts:
- Motivation is defined as the force that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal. It can be intrinsic, from internal enjoyment of a task, or extrinsic, from external rewards.
- Major theories of motivation include instinct, drive-reduction, arousal, incentive, cognitive, and humanistic approaches. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is discussed as part of the humanistic perspective.
- Motivation can be intrinsic, coming from internal enjoyment of a task, or extrinsic, coming from external rewards. Conflicts between different motives can cause frustration when making decisions. The document outlines strategies to increase motivation.
5 Theories About Motivation: Why We Do What We DoChelsea O'Brien
Motivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature. In this presentation, we cover what motivation is as well as 5 theories of motivation.
While no single theory can adequately explain all human motivation, looking at the individual theories can offer a greater understanding of the forces that cause us to take action. In reality, there are likely many different forces that interact to motivate behavior.
Thanks to Psychology.about.com for the references for this presentation. For more insights, tips and a free video to help overcome motivations to binge eat, check out www.BingeEatingBreakthrough.com.
Motivation is literally the desire to act and move toward a goal. It's the difference between waking up before dawn to pound the pavement and lazing around the house all day. It's the crucial element in setting and attaining one's objectives—and research shows you can influence your own levels of motivation and self-control. Motivation might be extrinsic, whereby a person is inspired by outside forces—other people or things that transpire. Motivation might be intrinsic, whereby the inspiration comes from within a person. High achievers, who have outsized stores of motivation, readily feed their needs of a meaningful life. The needs encompass physiological requirements, social connection, ego, and fulfillment. Physiological needs—sustenance, shelter, safety, physical health—are most important. Also crucial is the need for social connection and acceptance. Ego is another area that requires attention, an individual must have confidence, status, recognition, and respect. And the last is fulfillment, whereby the individual realizes his potential and deepest desires. Motivation plays a big part in every one of these areas.
5 Theories About Motivation: Why We Do What We DoChelsea O'Brien
Motivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature. In this presentation, we cover what motivation is as well as 5 theories of motivation.
While no single theory can adequately explain all human motivation, looking at the individual theories can offer a greater understanding of the forces that cause us to take action. In reality, there are likely many different forces that interact to motivate behavior.
Thanks to Psychology.about.com for the references for this presentation. For more insights, tips and a free video to help overcome motivations to binge eat, check out www.BingeEatingBreakthrough.com.
Motivation is literally the desire to act and move toward a goal. It's the difference between waking up before dawn to pound the pavement and lazing around the house all day. It's the crucial element in setting and attaining one's objectives—and research shows you can influence your own levels of motivation and self-control. Motivation might be extrinsic, whereby a person is inspired by outside forces—other people or things that transpire. Motivation might be intrinsic, whereby the inspiration comes from within a person. High achievers, who have outsized stores of motivation, readily feed their needs of a meaningful life. The needs encompass physiological requirements, social connection, ego, and fulfillment. Physiological needs—sustenance, shelter, safety, physical health—are most important. Also crucial is the need for social connection and acceptance. Ego is another area that requires attention, an individual must have confidence, status, recognition, and respect. And the last is fulfillment, whereby the individual realizes his potential and deepest desires. Motivation plays a big part in every one of these areas.
Powering people to achieve high levels of performance and overcoming barriers in order to change!
https://www.youtube.com/@Shortclips123
Here is a link to my new YouTube channel based on motivation and inspiration from the most influential people in history! It would really help my channel grow and develop in time, thanks so much for your support!! @shortclips
Topic: Motivation
Student Name: Farkhanda
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Motivation refers to an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction.
Emotion is a state involving pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.
Emotions are positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physical, psychological arousal and related behavior.
Emotions give life its feeling and meaning. They enrich life. Without emotions, things would be quite a routine and dull.
Powering people to achieve high levels of performance and overcoming barriers in order to change!
https://www.youtube.com/@Shortclips123
Here is a link to my new YouTube channel based on motivation and inspiration from the most influential people in history! It would really help my channel grow and develop in time, thanks so much for your support!! @shortclips
Topic: Motivation
Student Name: Farkhanda
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Motivation refers to an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction.
Emotion is a state involving pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.
Emotions are positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physical, psychological arousal and related behavior.
Emotions give life its feeling and meaning. They enrich life. Without emotions, things would be quite a routine and dull.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
2. OBJECTIVES
After the completion of the unit you will be able
to:
1. Define and clarify the concept of motivation.
2. Identify the types of motivation.
3.Describe difference between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation.
4. Explain different theories of motivation.
5. Explain strategies that can increase
motivation
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3. DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION
The word motivation is derived from a Latin word
‘movers’ which means to move. moves‖ people to
do the things they do.
For example, when a person is relaxing in front of a
television and begins to feel hungry, the physical
need for food may cause the person to get up, go
into the kitchen, and search for something to eat.
If hunger is great enough, the person may even cook
something.
The physical need for hunger causes the action
(getting up), directs it (going to the kitchen), and
sustain the search (finding or preparing something to
eat).
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4. It involves the processes that energize,
direct and sustain behavior.
Baron, and Schunk, (1992) stated that “The
definition of motivation is the force that
energizes and directs a behavior towards
a goal.”
Motivation is a cause of an organism’s
behavior.
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5. TYPES OF MOTIVATION
There are different types of motivation.
But, it is possible to categorize them into two: intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation.
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6. Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes
from outside an individual.
The motivating factors are external, or outside,
rewards such as money or grades.
This motivation arises from the use of external rewards or
bribes such as food, praise, free time, money or points
toward an activity.
Example: students who are extrinsically motivated may
study hard for a test in order to obtain a good grade in
the course Compiled By Mengistu D. MA in
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7. Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation is a type of motivation in
which a person acts because the act itself is
rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.
Intrinsic motivation is driven by an interest or
enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the
individual rather than relying on any external
pressure.
Example: Students who are intrinsically
motivated may study hard for a test because he
or she enjoys the content of the course
Compiled By Mengistu D. MA in
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8. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
The sources of motivation are different according to the
different theories of motivation. Some of these theories
are instinct, drive-reduction, arousal, incentive, cognitive,
and humanistic.
Let us explore four of these perspectives;
Instinct, Drive-reduction, Arousal, Incentive,
Cognitive, and Humanistic.
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9. Instinct approaches to
motivation
One of the earliest theory of motivation that
is focused on the biologically determined
and innate patterns of both humans and
animals behavior is called instincts.
Just as animals are governed by their
instincts to do things such as migrating,
nest building, mating and protecting their
territory., early researchers proposed that
human beings may also be governed by
similar instincts. Compiled By Mengistu D. MA in
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10. According to this instinct theory, in humans,
the instinct to reproduce is for sexual
behavior, and the instinct for territorial
protection may be related to aggressive
behavior.
The early theorists and psychologists listed
thousands of instincts in humans including
curiosity, flight (running away), pugnacity
(aggressiveness), and acquisition
(gathering possessions). Compiled By Mengistu D. MA in
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11. Drive-reduction approaches
to motivation
This approach involved the concepts of needs and
drives.
A need is a requirement of some material (such as
food or water) that is essential for the survival of the
organism.
When an organism has a need, it leads to a
psychological tension as well as physical arousal
to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
This tension is called drive.
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12. Drive-reduction
Drive-reduction theory proposes just this
connection between internal psychological states
and outward behavior.
In this theory, there are two kinds of drives; primary
and secondary.
Primary drives are those that involve survival
needs of the body such as hunger and thirst,
whereas acquired (secondary) drives are those that
are learned through experience or conditioning, such
as the need for money, social approval.
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13. Drive-reduction
This theory also includes the concept of homeostasis, or
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady-state.
One could think of homeostasis as the body‘s version of
a thermostat- thermostats keep the temperature of a
house at a constant level and homeostasis does the
same thing for the body‘s functions.
When there is a primary drive need, the body is in a state
of imbalance.
This stimulates behavior that brings the body back into
balance or homeostasis.
Compiled By Mengistu D. MA in
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14. Drive-reduction
For example, if mister X‘s body needs food,
he feels hunger and the state of tension
(arousal associated with that need).
He will seek to restore his homeostasis by
eating something which is the behavior
stimulated to reduce the hunger drive.
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15. Arousal approaches:
beyond drive reduction
Arousal approaches seek to explain behavior in which the
goal is to maintain or increase excitement. According to
arousal approaches to motivation, each person tries to
maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity.
As with the drive-reduction model, this approach
suggests that if our stimulation and activity levels become
too high, we try to reduce them.
But, in contrast to the drive-reduction perspective, the
arousal approach also suggests that if levels of
stimulation and activity are too low, we will try to increase
them by seeking stimulation.
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16. Incentive approaches:
motivation’s pull
Incentive approaches to motivation suggest that motivation
stems from the desire to attain external rewards, known as
incentives. In this view, the desirable properties of external
stimuli: whether grades, money, affection, food, or sex—
account for a person‘s motivation.
Many psychologists believe that the internal drives proposed by
drive-reduction theory work in a cycle with the external
incentives of incentive theory to ―push‖ and ―pull‖ behavior,
respectively.
Hence, at the same time that we seek to satisfy our underlying
hunger needs (the push of drive-reduction theory), we are
drawn to food that appears very appetizing (the pull of incentive
theory).
Rather than contradicting each other, then, drives and
incentives may work together in motivating behavior.
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17. Cognitive Approaches:
the thoughts behind
motivation
Cognitive approaches to motivation suggest that motivation is
a result of people‘s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
For instance, the degree to which people are motivated tostudy
for a test is based on their expectation of how well studying will
pay off in terms of a good grade.
Cognitive theories of motivation draw a key difference between
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for
our enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward
that it will bring us. In contrast,
extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money, a
grade, or some other actual, concrete reward.
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18. Humanistic approaches to
motivation
The other approach to the study of motivation is the humanistic
approach which is based on the work of Abraham Maslow.
Maslow was one of the early humanistic psychologists who
rejected the dominant theories of psychoanalysis and
behaviorism in favor of a more positive view of human
behavior.
Maslow suggested that human behavior is influenced by a
hierarchy, or ranking, of five classes of needs, or motives.
He said that needs at the lowest level of the hierarchy must be
at least partially satisfied before people can be motivated by
the ones at higher levels. Maslow‘s five Hierarchies of needs
for motives from the bottom to the top are as follows:
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19. Physiological needs- these are biological requirements for human survival,
e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep.
Safety needs- protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom
from fear.
Love and belongingness needs- after physiological and safety needs have
been fulfilled; the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of
belongingness. Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and
acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part
of a group (family, friends, work).
Esteem needs- the need to be respected as a useful, honorable individual;
which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity,
achievement, mastery, and independence) and (ii) the desire for
reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).
Self-actualization needs- realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking
personal growth and peak experiences. A desire ―to become everything one is
capable of becoming‖.
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21. Conflict of motives and
frustration
Based on the sources of motivation and the importance
of the decision, people usually face difficulty choosing
among the motives.
These are just a few of the motives that may shape a
trivial decision.
When the decision is more important, the number and
strength of motivational pushes and pulls are often
greater, creating far more internal conflict and indecision.
There are four basic types of motivational conflicts.
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22. Approach-approach conflicts - exist when we must
choose only one of the two desirable activities.
Example; going to a movie or a concert.
Avoidance-avoidance conflicts - arise when we must
select one of two undesirable alternatives. Someone
forced either to sell the family home or to declare
bankruptcy.
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23. Approach-avoidance conflicts - happen when a particular
event or activity has both attractive and unattractive features,
for example, a freshman student wants to start dating but she,
at the same time, is worried that this may unduly consume her
study time.
Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts - exist when two or
more alternatives each have both positive and negative
features. Suppose you must choose between two jobs.
One offers a high salary with a well-known company but
requires long working hours and relocation to a miserable
climate.
The other boasts advancement opportunities, fringe benefits,
and a better climate, but it doesn‘t pay as much and involves
an unpredictable work schedule.
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24. End of Chapter Three
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