2. Intelligence is the general capacity for
comprehension and reasoning that manifests itself
in various ways. It consists of an individual’s mental
or cognitive ability, which helps the person in
solving his actual life problems and leading a happy
and well-contended life
3. Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the
individual to think rationally, to act purposefully and to
deal effectively with the environment.
(Wechsler—1944)
Intelligence is the ability to master the information and
skills needed to succeed within a particular culture.
(Lolurto—1991)
Intelligence can be defined as a sort of mental energy, in
the form of mental or cognitive abilities available with an
individual, which enables him to handle his environment
in terms of adaptation to face novel situations as
effectively as possible.
(Mangal–1993)
5. Concrete Intelligence
Concrete intelligence is related to concrete materials.
This type of intelligence is applicable when the
individual is handling concrete objects or machines.
The person uses this intelligence in the operation of
tools and instruments. Example: Engineers,
mechanics generally have this type of intelligence.
6. Social Intelligence
Social intelligence is the ability of an individual to
react to social situations in daily life. It includes the
ability to understand people and act wisely in human
relationships. Persons having this type of intelligence,
know the art of winning friends and influence them
7. Abstract or General Intelligence
General intelligence is the ability to respond to words,
numbers and letters, etc. This type of intelligence is
acquired by study of books and related literature.
Mostly good teachers, lawyers, doctors, philosophers
have this type of intelligence.
8. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
According to Howard Gardner, there are eight major
kinds of intelligence
9. TYPE OF INTELLIGENCE
Musical intelligence
Bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence
Logical-mathematical
intelligence
Linguistic intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Interpersonal
intelligence
Intrapersonal
intelligence Naturalist
intelligence
10. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Factor Theories of Intelligence
Two-factor theory or general intelligence (G-Factor)
theory: It was advocated by Charles Spearman (1927),
a British psychologist. Spearman proposed a broad
general intelligence factor (G) involved in every
intellectual activity an individual undertakes. Every
individual possesses general intelligence factor (G) in
varying amount. This determines the individual’s overall
ability. ‘G’ is a universal inborn ability. Higher the ‘G’ in
an individual, greater is the success in life. In addition to
the G-factor, there are specific abilities, which allow an
individual to deal with particular kinds of problems.
Specific
11. intelligence factor (S) is learned and acquired from
environment, it varies from activity to activity even
in the same individual. Examples of these specific
abilities can be language ability, mathematical
ability, musical or drawing skills and so on. These
specific abilities may be represented as S1, S2, S3,
etc thus, an individual’s total ability or intelligence
(A) is the sum of the general factor and all his
specific abilities. This can be expressed as: A = G +
S1 + S2 + S3 + ……….
12. Thurstone and his associates have identified seven
such factors. They are:
™
Verbal factor (V): Comprehension of verbal ideas or
words.
™
Spatial factor (S): Ability to imagine an object in space.
™
Numerical factor (N): Ability to perform mathematical
calculations, rapidly and accurately.
™
Memory factor (M): Ability to memorize quickly.
™
Reasoning factor (R): Ability to reason and think things
out.
™
Perceptual factor (P): Ability to perceive objects
accurately.
™
Problem-solving factor (PS): Ability to solve problems
independently
13. PROCESS-ORIENTED THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Piaget’s theory (Jean Piaget 1970): According to Piaget,
intelligence is an adaptive process involving interplay of
biological maturation and interaction with the environment
Bruner’s theory (Jerome bruner, 1973): According
to Bruner, intelligence is a growing dependence on
internal representation of objects or situations. These
growing abilities are influenced by the environment,
especially the rewards and punishments people
receive for using particular intellectual skills in
particular ways.
14. COMMON INTELLIGENCE TEST
Army general intelligence test
Army alpha test
Army beta test
Raven’s progressive matrices test
Wechsler intelligence scale for children
Wechsler adult intelligence scale
Chicago non verbal intelligence test
Stanford Binet test
16. Intelligence Quotient
The idea of intelligence quotient was utilized first in
1916 by Stanford-Binet tests. Intelligence quotient is the
ratio between mental age (MA) and chronological age
(CA). While the chronological age is determined from
the date of birth, mental age is determined by
intelligence tests.
IQ = MA/CA × 100
Imagine a 10-year-old boy scores a mental age of 12.
His IQ will be
IQ = MA/CA × 100 = 12/10 × 100 = 120
17. CLASSIFICATION
Genius 140 and above
Very superior 130 to 140
Superior 120 to 130
Above average 110 to 120
Average 90 to 110
Dull average 80 to 90
Borderline 70 to 80
Mild mental retardation 50 to 70
Moderate mental retardation 35 to 50
Severe mental retardation 20 to 35
Profound mental retardation 0 to 20
18. MENTAL RETARDATION
It is developmental disorder characterized by
significantly sub average general intellectual
functioning associated with significant impairment
in adaptive behavior including thinking , learning
social and occupational adjustment which is
manifested during the development period
19. CAUSES
Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Cerbral palsy
Microcephaly
Prolonged isolation during developmental age
Head injury
Torch infection
Nutritional deficiency during pregnancy
Exposure to radiation or harmful chemical during
pregnancy
