The document discusses different theories of motivation including:
1. Instinct theory which proposes that motivation comes from innate tendencies to respond to stimuli.
2. Drive theory which suggests motivation comes from biological needs like hunger that create tension.
3. Incentive theory where external goals pull or push behavior.
4. Arousal theory where people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
5. Humanistic theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs from basic needs to self-fulfillment.
The document discusses leadership and Christian leadership. It defines leadership as a process where a leader influences followers to achieve goals. Christian leadership begins with a divine calling and requires biblical qualifications. The document then discusses key aspects of Christian leadership including: being a shepherd, servant, and humble leader; focusing on relationships, character, and trust; and types of leadership styles. Effective Christian leaders build teams, resolve conflicts, delegate responsibilities, are accountable, and build followers' capacity.
Vatican II was an ecumenical council called by Pope John XXIII in 1962 to renew the Catholic Church and bring it into closer alignment with the modern world. It convened from 1962-1965 and produced 16 documents addressing reforms to the liturgy, greater lay participation, and improved relations with other faiths. Though controversial changes were made, Vatican II ultimately reaffirmed Catholic doctrine while adapting the Church for a new era.
The document provides tips for building strong character and imbibing strong moral values in personal and professional life. It emphasizes self-acceptance, self-improvement through goal setting, and focusing on inner beauty rather than outward appearances. It also stresses being kind to others, making small acts of appreciation, and creating opportunities for learning from both successes and failures.
The document discusses the Fifth Commandment regarding killing. It states that human life is sacred from creation to natural end, and that no one can claim the right to directly destroy an innocent human life. Deliberate murder of the innocent is contrary to human dignity. Both direct and intentional killing, as well as indirectly causing death without just cause, are considered gravely sinful acts forbidden by moral law. Abortion and euthanasia are also discussed as being morally unacceptable acts that destroy innocent life.
The document discusses the challenges facing families and the transmission of faith in the modern world due to phenomena like globalization and secularization. It notes the disappearance of explicitly Christian societies and increasing marginalization of religion. Specific issues discussed include absentee parenting due to work migration, weakening of traditional values, and lack of religious formation for both youth and adults. The document calls for a New Evangelization to devise new methods and expressions to spread the faith. It emphasizes the importance of the Christian family as the domestic Church and first agent of catechesis, as well as the need for adult catechesis and addressing issues related to marriage.
This document provides an introduction to world religions, comparing and contrasting aspects of Shintoism and Buddhism. It begins with objectives and vocabulary for exploring religious beliefs. Early forms of religion included animism and shamanism. Modern religions developed concepts of gods and the first had customs and practices centered around understanding gods. Many early civilizations had religion integrated with government. The document then compares Shintoism, the indigenous religion of Japan, and Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, focusing on their origins and histories, beliefs about gods and the human situation, practices, afterlives, and important texts.
The document discusses leadership and Christian leadership. It defines leadership as a process where a leader influences followers to achieve goals. Christian leadership begins with a divine calling and requires biblical qualifications. The document then discusses key aspects of Christian leadership including: being a shepherd, servant, and humble leader; focusing on relationships, character, and trust; and types of leadership styles. Effective Christian leaders build teams, resolve conflicts, delegate responsibilities, are accountable, and build followers' capacity.
Vatican II was an ecumenical council called by Pope John XXIII in 1962 to renew the Catholic Church and bring it into closer alignment with the modern world. It convened from 1962-1965 and produced 16 documents addressing reforms to the liturgy, greater lay participation, and improved relations with other faiths. Though controversial changes were made, Vatican II ultimately reaffirmed Catholic doctrine while adapting the Church for a new era.
The document provides tips for building strong character and imbibing strong moral values in personal and professional life. It emphasizes self-acceptance, self-improvement through goal setting, and focusing on inner beauty rather than outward appearances. It also stresses being kind to others, making small acts of appreciation, and creating opportunities for learning from both successes and failures.
The document discusses the Fifth Commandment regarding killing. It states that human life is sacred from creation to natural end, and that no one can claim the right to directly destroy an innocent human life. Deliberate murder of the innocent is contrary to human dignity. Both direct and intentional killing, as well as indirectly causing death without just cause, are considered gravely sinful acts forbidden by moral law. Abortion and euthanasia are also discussed as being morally unacceptable acts that destroy innocent life.
The document discusses the challenges facing families and the transmission of faith in the modern world due to phenomena like globalization and secularization. It notes the disappearance of explicitly Christian societies and increasing marginalization of religion. Specific issues discussed include absentee parenting due to work migration, weakening of traditional values, and lack of religious formation for both youth and adults. The document calls for a New Evangelization to devise new methods and expressions to spread the faith. It emphasizes the importance of the Christian family as the domestic Church and first agent of catechesis, as well as the need for adult catechesis and addressing issues related to marriage.
This document provides an introduction to world religions, comparing and contrasting aspects of Shintoism and Buddhism. It begins with objectives and vocabulary for exploring religious beliefs. Early forms of religion included animism and shamanism. Modern religions developed concepts of gods and the first had customs and practices centered around understanding gods. Many early civilizations had religion integrated with government. The document then compares Shintoism, the indigenous religion of Japan, and Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, focusing on their origins and histories, beliefs about gods and the human situation, practices, afterlives, and important texts.
This document discusses the importance and power of words. It notes that words are how we communicate and express ourselves, but the way words are presented and spoken can greatly impact their meaning and effect. Our words have the power to change lives and shape reality. We must choose our words carefully to uplift, inspire, and encourage others. The Bible is considered the most powerful and life-changing set of words, as it contains the word of God in the form of Jesus. Reading the Bible can help us understand God and Jesus more deeply.
An insight on the essence of Christian Morality in today's generation and what it means to be good or bad. It also gives a retrospect of Different Philosophies spread around the world. It gives the meaning of being righteous and just.
This document discusses the Christian family as a covenant relationship based on God's faithful love. It emphasizes that families are meant to reflect God's self-sacrificing love through genuine care between parents and children. Additionally, it presents the family as the foundation of both the church and society, where children are nurtured to become good members of both. The document encourages envisioning one's future family as continuing this covenantal love.
The document provides information about world religions, including their origins, characteristics, and similarities and differences. It discusses how religion involves belief in supernatural powers, and how all religions celebrate a sense of the sacred. It outlines the basic elements of wisdom/creed, worship/cult, and works/code that characterize religions. The document also summarizes the history, beliefs, and practices of Judaism, including its sacred texts, prayers, and synagogue worship.
The document discusses Catholic teaching on conscience. It defines conscience as the inner sense of right and wrong that enables individuals to discern moral choices freely. The Church teaches that conscience is not just a feeling, but rather God's law written on our hearts to help us love good and avoid evil. While we must follow our conscience, we are also responsible for forming it well through prayer, scripture, and Church teaching so it conforms to moral truth and not just our own desires.
This document provides information about the twelve apostles of Jesus and other key figures. It describes each apostle's feast day, occupation, where they preached, how they were martyred, and their patron saint status. Some of the apostles included are Peter, Andrew, James the Greater, John, Bartholomew, Philip, Thomas, and Matthias. It also mentions Mary Magdalene, Paul, Judas Iscariot and terms like apostle, martyr, and missionary. Symbols representing each apostle are listed at the end.
The document discusses religious freedom and defines it as the right of every person to seek God, embrace God's truth and laws, and order their moral life according to God. It says religious freedom is rooted in human dignity and the ability of people to take responsibility for their actions. The document also discusses internal and external threats to religious freedom, such as addiction, ignorance, abuse, and prejudice. It explains that religious freedom comes from both human reason, which seeks truth, and divine revelation, which gives people and the Church the right to religious practice and proclaim the Gospel.
Hinduism developed slowly over time without a single founder. It is based on teachings found in the Vedas and Upanishads and concepts like karma, reincarnation, and moksha. Hindus believe that souls are reborn into different forms based on their karma from past lives, with the goal of achieving moksha and escaping this cycle. Other key beliefs and practices include worshipping gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, following a vegetarian diet, and the historical caste system which restricted social roles based on birth.
The document provides background information on Christianity, including key beliefs, writings, worship practices, religious leaders, ceremonies, symbols, and festivals. It discusses that Christians believe in one God manifested in three forms - God the Father, Jesus Christ his son, and the Holy Spirit. Jesus is believed to have been born to Mary, performed miracles, and was crucified and resurrected, offering salvation. The Bible contains the Old and New Testaments and guides Christians. Worship occurs in churches and involves prayers, music, and communion. Important ceremonies include baptism, confirmation, weddings, and funerals.
1) The document discusses that people are driven by different things like guilt, worry, fear, anger, materialism, and the need for approval. However, true purpose and significance comes from living for God.
2) It explains that there are three levels of life: survival, success, and significance, with significance occurring when one knows their purpose for life.
3) The overall message is that people were created by God for His pleasure and purpose, not for their own fulfillment or happiness, and should focus on living for God rather than themselves.
The document discusses marriage as a sacrament from both a historical and theological perspective. Historically, the Catholic Church's views on marriage evolved from the 2nd to 5th centuries when marriage was seen mainly as a way to beget children, to the Middle Ages when it became firmly established as one of the seven sacraments in the Catholic tradition. Theologically, a sacramental marriage is defined by its permanence, openness to procreation, and commitment to loving fidelity between spouses. The ceremony involves an exchange of vows and rings that symbolize the couple's lifelong commitment in Christ.
The holy Eucharist completes Christian initiation.
Those who have been raised to the dignity of the royal priesthood by Baptism, and configured more deeply to Christ by Confirmation, participate with the whole community in the Lord’s own sacrifice by means of the Eucharist.
Salvation history is the progressive unfolding of God's plan to save humanity from sin and death after the Fall. This plan involves a series of covenants and promises from God to figures like Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, and the prophets, all preparing for the coming of Jesus Christ. Key promises included preserving life (Noah), establishing a chosen people and blessing the world (Abraham), giving the law and bringing them to the Promised Land (Moses), and founding an everlasting kingdom (David). The deeper reason for these promises was to prefigure Christ, who would bring full and final salvation.
The document discusses what the Church is. It states that the Church is the mystical body of Christ, established by God on earth to gather humanity to divine life in heaven. It notes that God desires all the faithful to be united to him and one another in the mystical body. The Church is the instrument for the salvation of all. It also discusses the four marks of the Church - that it is one, holy, catholic, and apostolic. Jesus Christ founded the Church and gave authority to the apostles and St. Peter to govern it.
The document discusses the foundations of Christian moral life. It begins by noting that humanity is created in God's image as gifts of love. Morality is understood as conducting oneself according to one's identity and relationship to God. The Christian moral life involves following Christ's example by centering one's mind, heart, and actions on the Gospel. It requires growing in faith through love of others, prayer, and courageous commitment to God's mission. A morally good life recognizes that people are both unique yet equal, rational and relational beings who are embodied spirits and shaped by historical realities. Virtues, both theological and cardinal, are important for freely choosing moral good. Prayer and the sacraments help strengthen one's ability to
Introduction to World Religions: Judaism.
Click on the link below for a Power Point presentation by R. D. Baker (Phoenix,
AZ) and Ryan Cartwright (Edmonton, Alberta). This is a general introduction
to a course on world religions, followed by the body of the class, which is
on the background of Judaism.
This document provides an overview of the five major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It discusses their origins, founders, key beliefs, practices and customs. The religions are ordered from oldest to newest, with Hinduism dating back to around 1500 BC. Statistics on current global populations of adherents to each religion are also presented.
The document discusses various theories and concepts related to motivation and emotion. It summarizes that Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory suggested that motives are divided into hierarchical levels ranging from basic survival needs to psychological and self-fulfillment needs. Regarding emotion, it describes the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories, with the two-factor theory proposing that physiological arousal and cognitive labeling both contribute to emotional experience.
1. The document discusses several theories of motivation including drive theory which proposes that biological needs activate behavior, arousal theory which suggests people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, and humanistic theory from Maslow that motivation comes from a hierarchy of needs.
2. It also covers theories of emotion including the James-Lange theory that proposed emotional experience is a result of physiological arousal, as well as more modern cognitive theories suggesting appraisal and interpretation of situations trigger emotions.
3. Motivation and emotion are influenced by both biological and cognitive factors according to the theories and concepts presented.
This document discusses the importance and power of words. It notes that words are how we communicate and express ourselves, but the way words are presented and spoken can greatly impact their meaning and effect. Our words have the power to change lives and shape reality. We must choose our words carefully to uplift, inspire, and encourage others. The Bible is considered the most powerful and life-changing set of words, as it contains the word of God in the form of Jesus. Reading the Bible can help us understand God and Jesus more deeply.
An insight on the essence of Christian Morality in today's generation and what it means to be good or bad. It also gives a retrospect of Different Philosophies spread around the world. It gives the meaning of being righteous and just.
This document discusses the Christian family as a covenant relationship based on God's faithful love. It emphasizes that families are meant to reflect God's self-sacrificing love through genuine care between parents and children. Additionally, it presents the family as the foundation of both the church and society, where children are nurtured to become good members of both. The document encourages envisioning one's future family as continuing this covenantal love.
The document provides information about world religions, including their origins, characteristics, and similarities and differences. It discusses how religion involves belief in supernatural powers, and how all religions celebrate a sense of the sacred. It outlines the basic elements of wisdom/creed, worship/cult, and works/code that characterize religions. The document also summarizes the history, beliefs, and practices of Judaism, including its sacred texts, prayers, and synagogue worship.
The document discusses Catholic teaching on conscience. It defines conscience as the inner sense of right and wrong that enables individuals to discern moral choices freely. The Church teaches that conscience is not just a feeling, but rather God's law written on our hearts to help us love good and avoid evil. While we must follow our conscience, we are also responsible for forming it well through prayer, scripture, and Church teaching so it conforms to moral truth and not just our own desires.
This document provides information about the twelve apostles of Jesus and other key figures. It describes each apostle's feast day, occupation, where they preached, how they were martyred, and their patron saint status. Some of the apostles included are Peter, Andrew, James the Greater, John, Bartholomew, Philip, Thomas, and Matthias. It also mentions Mary Magdalene, Paul, Judas Iscariot and terms like apostle, martyr, and missionary. Symbols representing each apostle are listed at the end.
The document discusses religious freedom and defines it as the right of every person to seek God, embrace God's truth and laws, and order their moral life according to God. It says religious freedom is rooted in human dignity and the ability of people to take responsibility for their actions. The document also discusses internal and external threats to religious freedom, such as addiction, ignorance, abuse, and prejudice. It explains that religious freedom comes from both human reason, which seeks truth, and divine revelation, which gives people and the Church the right to religious practice and proclaim the Gospel.
Hinduism developed slowly over time without a single founder. It is based on teachings found in the Vedas and Upanishads and concepts like karma, reincarnation, and moksha. Hindus believe that souls are reborn into different forms based on their karma from past lives, with the goal of achieving moksha and escaping this cycle. Other key beliefs and practices include worshipping gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, following a vegetarian diet, and the historical caste system which restricted social roles based on birth.
The document provides background information on Christianity, including key beliefs, writings, worship practices, religious leaders, ceremonies, symbols, and festivals. It discusses that Christians believe in one God manifested in three forms - God the Father, Jesus Christ his son, and the Holy Spirit. Jesus is believed to have been born to Mary, performed miracles, and was crucified and resurrected, offering salvation. The Bible contains the Old and New Testaments and guides Christians. Worship occurs in churches and involves prayers, music, and communion. Important ceremonies include baptism, confirmation, weddings, and funerals.
1) The document discusses that people are driven by different things like guilt, worry, fear, anger, materialism, and the need for approval. However, true purpose and significance comes from living for God.
2) It explains that there are three levels of life: survival, success, and significance, with significance occurring when one knows their purpose for life.
3) The overall message is that people were created by God for His pleasure and purpose, not for their own fulfillment or happiness, and should focus on living for God rather than themselves.
The document discusses marriage as a sacrament from both a historical and theological perspective. Historically, the Catholic Church's views on marriage evolved from the 2nd to 5th centuries when marriage was seen mainly as a way to beget children, to the Middle Ages when it became firmly established as one of the seven sacraments in the Catholic tradition. Theologically, a sacramental marriage is defined by its permanence, openness to procreation, and commitment to loving fidelity between spouses. The ceremony involves an exchange of vows and rings that symbolize the couple's lifelong commitment in Christ.
The holy Eucharist completes Christian initiation.
Those who have been raised to the dignity of the royal priesthood by Baptism, and configured more deeply to Christ by Confirmation, participate with the whole community in the Lord’s own sacrifice by means of the Eucharist.
Salvation history is the progressive unfolding of God's plan to save humanity from sin and death after the Fall. This plan involves a series of covenants and promises from God to figures like Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, and the prophets, all preparing for the coming of Jesus Christ. Key promises included preserving life (Noah), establishing a chosen people and blessing the world (Abraham), giving the law and bringing them to the Promised Land (Moses), and founding an everlasting kingdom (David). The deeper reason for these promises was to prefigure Christ, who would bring full and final salvation.
The document discusses what the Church is. It states that the Church is the mystical body of Christ, established by God on earth to gather humanity to divine life in heaven. It notes that God desires all the faithful to be united to him and one another in the mystical body. The Church is the instrument for the salvation of all. It also discusses the four marks of the Church - that it is one, holy, catholic, and apostolic. Jesus Christ founded the Church and gave authority to the apostles and St. Peter to govern it.
The document discusses the foundations of Christian moral life. It begins by noting that humanity is created in God's image as gifts of love. Morality is understood as conducting oneself according to one's identity and relationship to God. The Christian moral life involves following Christ's example by centering one's mind, heart, and actions on the Gospel. It requires growing in faith through love of others, prayer, and courageous commitment to God's mission. A morally good life recognizes that people are both unique yet equal, rational and relational beings who are embodied spirits and shaped by historical realities. Virtues, both theological and cardinal, are important for freely choosing moral good. Prayer and the sacraments help strengthen one's ability to
Introduction to World Religions: Judaism.
Click on the link below for a Power Point presentation by R. D. Baker (Phoenix,
AZ) and Ryan Cartwright (Edmonton, Alberta). This is a general introduction
to a course on world religions, followed by the body of the class, which is
on the background of Judaism.
This document provides an overview of the five major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It discusses their origins, founders, key beliefs, practices and customs. The religions are ordered from oldest to newest, with Hinduism dating back to around 1500 BC. Statistics on current global populations of adherents to each religion are also presented.
The document discusses various theories and concepts related to motivation and emotion. It summarizes that Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory suggested that motives are divided into hierarchical levels ranging from basic survival needs to psychological and self-fulfillment needs. Regarding emotion, it describes the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories, with the two-factor theory proposing that physiological arousal and cognitive labeling both contribute to emotional experience.
1. The document discusses several theories of motivation including drive theory which proposes that biological needs activate behavior, arousal theory which suggests people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, and humanistic theory from Maslow that motivation comes from a hierarchy of needs.
2. It also covers theories of emotion including the James-Lange theory that proposed emotional experience is a result of physiological arousal, as well as more modern cognitive theories suggesting appraisal and interpretation of situations trigger emotions.
3. Motivation and emotion are influenced by both biological and cognitive factors according to the theories and concepts presented.
Motivation refers to driving and pulling forces that result in persistent goal-directed behavior. Motives are inferred from behavior and help explain and predict behavior. There are various theories of motivation including instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, cognitive, and humanistic theories. Physiological needs like hunger and thirst are deeply rooted biological motives driven by bodily needs and regulated by mechanisms like the hypothalamus. Psychological needs for achievement, affiliation, and power also motivate behavior and are influenced by both innate and learned factors.
The concept of motivation focuses on explaining what ‘moves’ behavior
It was derived from a Latin word ‘movere’ meaning movement
Motivation is one of the determinants of behavior
Instincts, derives, needs, goals and incentives come under the broad cluster of motivation.
This document provides an overview of motivation and emotion. It discusses biological and psychological theories of motivation including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Key topics on emotion include the biology of emotion such as the autonomic nervous system, measuring arousal, and theories of emotion like James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory. Gender differences in the expression and experience of emotions are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of human development from conception to death. It discusses the key domains of development - physical, cognitive, and psychosocial - and describes typical developments within each domain for different age periods from prenatal to late adulthood. The document also outlines major theories of development, research methods used in developmental psychology, and key concepts like heredity, environment, and culture.
This document discusses theories and concepts related to motivation and emotion. It covers several theories of motivation including instinct, drive, incentive, arousal, and humanistic theories. It discusses drives like hunger and factors that regulate eating behavior and body weight. Cultural and genetic factors that influence weight are presented. Theories of emotion are also summarized, including basic and complex emotions. Gender and cultural differences in emotion are covered, along with the brain regions and physiology involved in emotional experiences.
This document provides an overview of different theories of motivation and emotion. It discusses drive reduction theory, incentive theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It also covers topics like achievement motivation, intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, emotions, and stress response. The document aims to describe key concepts and theories related to motivation and emotion.
The document discusses various topics related to motivation and emotion, including biological and psychological factors that influence hunger, theories of motivation such as drive-reduction theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and factors that influence sexual motivation such as hormones and Masters and Johnson's model of the sexual response cycle. It provides definitions of key concepts and examines research findings on these topics.
The document discusses several theories of motivation:
- Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to resolve inconsistencies between their beliefs and behaviors.
- Instinct theory suggests that motivation comes from innate instincts and behaviors that are species-specific.
- Drive reduction theory views motivation as stemming from drives to reduce physiological or learned needs.
- Opponent-process theory describes how emotional reactions trigger opposite subsequent emotions.
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before pursuing higher-level needs like esteem and self-actualization.
- Cognitive theories view motivation as influenced by expectations, self-efficacy, and the desire for cognitive consistency.
The document discusses various theories of motivation, including drives to satisfy biological needs like hunger and sex, as well as the need to belong. It covers motivations at both the biological and psychological levels, such as instincts, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and theories of work motivation. Key motivators discussed include basic drives, achievement, and belongingness.
This document provides an overview of personality for physiotherapy and nursing students. It defines personality as the total quality of an individual's behavior and discusses its components like maturation, growth, and learning. It describes several theories of personality including trait theory, psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, and humanistic theory. It also outlines different methods of assessing personality such as interviews, questionnaires, and projective techniques. Finally, it discusses some alterations in personality including paranoid, schizotypal, borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
This document discusses various types of human motivation beyond basic drives like hunger and thirst. It describes the motivation for affiliation, or the need to be with others, and explains that this motive is strongest when people feel threatened, anxious or celebratory. The document also covers achievement motivation, defining it as the desire to meet internal standards of excellence. Research on achievement motivation is discussed, including traits of high achievers and situational factors that influence motivation.
The document discusses motivation and different theories of what motivates human behavior from an psychological perspective. It covers instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, incentive theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. It examines how each theory views motivated behavior and provides examples.
This document contains summaries of topics in psychology including:
1) The Stanford Prison Experiment and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.
2) Research on hunger motivation, sex and sexual behavior, and work motivation including goal setting theory.
3) Key concepts around evolutionary psychology and how it explains differences in male and female sexuality from an evolutionary perspective.
The document discusses whether role models encourage anorexia in teenagers. It presents the social learning theory perspective that teenagers may emulate extremely thin celebrities and develop eating disorders like anorexia as a result. The theory is evaluated, finding some supporting evidence but also limitations like not explaining why only some develop disorders. Other potential causes like biological or psychodynamic factors are also mentioned.
This document discusses various theories of motivation and emotion. It covers instinct theory, drive reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, biological drives like hunger regulated by the hypothalamus, achievement motivation influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, sexual motivation studied by Kinsey and Masters/Johnson, and theories of emotion like the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and two-factor theory. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and researchers involved in understanding human motivation and the experience of emotion.
Health grade 7 first quarter Holistic Health and Its Five Dimensions Elmer Llames
The document discusses the five dimensions of holistic health - physical, mental, emotional, social, and moral-spiritual health. It provides information on physical health issues during adolescence such as postural problems, body odor, dental problems, and lack of sleep. Mental/intellectual changes include better decision making skills. Emotional changes involve increased sensitivity. Social changes see importance of peer approval. Moral-spiritual changes involve identity development. Health problems discussed are related to these physical, mental, emotional, social, and sexual changes during adolescence.
This document discusses holistic health and adolescent development. It defines holistic health as harmony across physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions. Each dimension is then discussed in more detail. For example, physical health refers to the body's state and ability to perform tasks without fatigue. Maintaining good posture, managing body odor, and addressing postural problems are also covered. The document also examines factors like heredity and environment that influence growth. Puberty and changes to primary and secondary sex characteristics are described for both males and females. Potential health issues related to these physical changes are identified, such as body odor and postural problems.
2. In the grasslands,
somewhere on the African continent,
success can be defined in terms of life and death,
Survival is a strong motivator.
Here’s a short story …
3. When the light comes in the Eastern sky and you sense
that the sun will soon steal the comfort and security of
the night, the gazelle starts to stir. He knows that if,
during this day, he does not run faster than the fastest
cheetah, he may be caught and then he will be killed.
Not far away, the cheetah stretches out this powerful
muscles and thinks of the day ahead, He knows that if
he does not run faster than the slowest gazelle, he will
surely starve.
The moral of this story …
4. It doesn’t matter whether you are a gazelle or
a cheetah …
…when the sun is up …
… you had better be
running.
5. GROUP ACTIVITY NO .1
Instruction:
1.The students will count off from 1 – 7
2.Those who have the same number
form a group
3.Each group will be given 15 min. to do
the task
4.Present it in class (1-3 min. only)
6. Problem situation
• You and your group-mates are friends who
share one ticket in a contest. You have won
the grand prize – a round the world trip for
one person, all expenses paid. The prize
cannot be encashed. Neither can any of you
afford to pay the share of the others, so that
only one of you can take the tour. Decide
what to do with the prize. You have 15 min.
to come up with a decision or else the prizes
will be forfeited.
7. What is MOTIVATION
• Factors within and outside an organism that
cause it to behave a certain way at a
certain time.
• An inner state (either a need or
desire) that energizes & directs us
and keeps us moving toward our
goals
– why we do
– what we do
9. OUTLINE: Theories of
Motivation
• Instinct—motives are innate
• Drive—biological needs as
motivation
• Incentive—extrinsic things push
or pull behavior
• Arousal—people are motivated
to maintain optimum level of
arousal
• Humanistic—hierarchy of needs
10. 1. INSTINCT THEORY
• Inherited tendencies to produce
organized and unalterable
responses to particular stimuli.
• Inborn pattern of behavior that are
biologically determined rather than
learned
11. 2. DRIVE THEORY
• A motivation that pushes you to
reach a goal.
• Motivational tension induced to fulfill
a need by need
example: Food, water, sex
12. Drives as Tissue Needs
• Goal is to reduce the tension and restore
homeostasis
HOMEOSTASIS - the constancy of internal
conditions that the body must actively maintain
or maintain a steady internal state.
• Equilibrium – preserving tendency is needed for
the body to survive and function
• However, homeostasis cannot explain all drives
13. Energy Homeostasis
Basic metabolic Rate (BMR)--the rate a body at
rest uses for vital life functions or rate at which
body burns calories just to stay alive
• Positive energy balance--when caloric intake
exceeds amount of caloric energy expended
• Negative energy balance--when caloric intake
falls short of amount of caloric energy expended
14. 3. INCENTIVE THEORY
• External goal that “pulls” or “pushes”
behavior.
• People are motivated to behave in
ways that produce a valued incentive
15. 4. Arousal Theory
• People are motivated to maintain an
optimum level of arousal—neither too
high nor too low
• Studies show that too little arousal
and we get bored; too much arousal
and we withdraw, in an effort to lower
our levels of arousal
16. Sensation Seeking
A person high
in sensation
seeking tends
to look for
exciting (and
sometimes
risky)
activities
17. 5. Humanistic Theories
Abraham Maslow suggested that
motives are divided into several
levels from basic survival needs to
psychological and self-fulfillment
needs.
18. • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self-actualization
Cognitive & Aesthetic needs
Esteem
Belongingness & Love
Safety & Security
Physiological
22. Short-Term Eating
Signals
Physiological- slight increase in blood
insulin
Psychological - classical and operant
conditioning surrounding eating behavior
Satiety- signals from the stomach, chemical
(CCK), and stretch receptors
23. Basal Metabolic Rate
• The rate at which the body uses
energy for vital functions while at
rest.
• Factors that influence BMR
– Age
– Sex
– Size
– Genetics
– Food intake
24. Excess Weight and
Obesity
• Obesity—condition characterized
by excessive body fat and a BMI
equal to or greater than 30.0
• Overweight—condition
characterized by BMI between
25.0 and 29.9
25. Factors in Obesity
• Positive incentive value of
palatable food
• Super-size it!
• Cafeteria diet effect
• BMR changes over the life span
• Sedentary lifestyle
26. Factors Contributing to Being
Overweight
• Highly palatable food—we eat because it
tastes so good
• SuperSize It—food portions are larger than
necessary for health
• Cafeteria Diet Effect—more food and more
variety lead us to eat more
• Snacking—does not cause us to eat less at
dinner
• BMR—changes through the lifespan
• Sedentary lifestyles
27. Eating Disorders
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
• Characterized by excessive weight loss,
irrational fear of gaining weight, and
distorted body image.
• People refuse to eat while denying that
their behavior and appearance – which
can become skeletonlike.
28. • Bulimia nervosa — characterized by
binges of extreme overeating
followed by self-induced purging
such as vomiting, laxatives
30. Sexual Motivation and
Behavior
• Sex—the biological category of male or female;
sexual intercourse
• Gender—cultural, social, and psychological
meanings associated with masculinity or
femininity
• Gender roles —behaviors, attitudes, and
personality traits designated either masculine or
feminine in a given culture
• Gender identity —A person’s psychological
sense of being male or female
• Sexual orientation —direction of a person's
emotional and erotic attractions
31. Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation —direction of a
person's emotional and erotic
attractions
– Heterosexual —sexual attraction for the
opposite sex
– Homosexual —sexual attraction for the
same sex
– Gay —typically used to describe male
homosexuals
– Lesbian —typically used to describe
female homosexuals
– Bisexual —sexual attraction for both sexes
32. Human Sexual Response
• Stage 1: Excitement—beginning of
sexual arousal
• Stage 2: Plateau—increased
physical arousal
• Stage 3: Orgasm—male ejaculates,
female vaginal contractions
• Stage 4: Resolution—arousal
subsides
33. Sexuality in Adulthood
• Majority of adults (80%) report having none or
one sexual partner in the past year (marriage
factor)
• Majority of men ages 18-59 have sex about
seven times per month
• Majority of women ages 18-59 have sex about
six times per month
• Vaginal intercourse is nearly universal as the
most widely practiced sexual activity among
heterosexual couples
• 50 percent of older Americans reported sexual
activity at least once per month.
34. Sexual Disorders and
Problems
• Sexual dysfunction —consistent disturbance
in sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm that
causes psychological distress and
interpersonal difficulties
• Low desire and arousal problems common
among women
• Premature ejaculation and erectile problems
common among men
35. Social Motives
Optimal human functioning can occur only if
the psychological needs of autonomy,
competence, and relatedness are met
• Autonomy—need to determine, control, and
organize one’s own behavior and goals
• Competence—need to effectively learn and
master challenging tasks
• Relatedness—need to feel attached to
others
36. Need for Affiliation
• Interest in establishing and
maintaining relationship with other
people
• Need to associate with others &
maintain social bonds
37. Need for Power
• Tendency to seek impact, control,
or influence over others and to be
seen as a powerful individual.
38. Need for Achievement
• Need to master difficult
challenges, outperform others, &
meet high standards
• Behavior aimed at excelling,
succeeding, or outperforming
others at some activity
– Behavior depends on:
• Incentive value
• Expectancy
40. Should you study late for an exam
and satisfy your SOCIAL NEED
TO ACHIEVE or to go bed at
regular time and satisfy your
BIOLOGICAL NEED FOR
SLEEP?
41. References:
Feldman, Robert S. (2008).
Understanding Psychology (5th
Mc Graw Hill International
edition).
Gaerlan, Josefina, Limpingco Delia & Tria
Geraldine. General Psychology (5th
edition). Ken Incorporated
43. Assignment
1. Make a drawing that shows an ideal
day in the life you would like 10 years
from now. BE CREATIVE. Consider the
following in your drawing
• A. What are you?
• B. Where are you?
• Who do you live with?
• What are you doing?
• How do you feel about your life?
44. 2. At the back of your drawing in two
columns, write your answers to
the following:
FIRST COLUMN
SECOND COLUMN
What made you aspire What steps will you
for such life?
take to achieve the
kind of life
45. Concept of Emotion
• A class of subjective feelings
elicited by stimuli that have high
significance to an individual
– stimuli that produce high arousal
generally produce strong feelings
– are rapid and automatic
– emerged through natural selection
to benefit survival and
reproduction
46. Basic Emotions
• Fear, surprise, anger, disgust,
happiness, sadness
• Basic emotions are innate and
“hard-wired”
• Complex emotions are a blend
of many aspects of emotions
• Classified along two dimensions
– Pleasant or unpleasant
– Level of activation or arousal
associated with the emotion
47. Physical Arousal and
Emotions
• Sympathetic nervous system is
aroused with emotions (fight-orflight response)
• Different emotions stimulate
different responses
– Fear—decrease in skin temperature
(cold-feet)
– Anger—increase in skin temperature
(hot under the collar)
48. Brain and Emotions
Amygdala
– evaluates the significance of stimuli
and generates emotional responses
– generates hormonal secretions and
autonomic reactions that accompany
strong emotions
– Direct connection to thalamus allows
for rapid reaction to potentially
dangerous situations
49. Emotion and Facial
Expressions
• Each basic emotion is associated with
a unique facial expression
• Facial expressions are innate and
“hard-wired”
• Innate facial expressions the same
across many cultures
• Display rules—social and cultural
rules that regulate emotional
expression, especially facial
expressions.
53. Cognitive-Mediational
Theory
• Emotions result from the cognitive
appraisal of a situation’s effect on
personal well-being
• Similar to two-factor, but cognitive
mediational theory’s emphasis is
on the cognitive appraisal as the
essential trigger of the emotional
response
54. Determination of Sexual
Orientation
• Genetics—role suggested by twin
and family studies
• Brain structure—differences found
in hypothalamus of homosexual
and heterosexual men
• Hormonal – adrogenized females
• Complex issue with no clear
answers
http://www.danbaileyphoto.com/ouray3.htm
If you can’t get permission for this picture, you can substitute the one from the text on p302 at the bottom.
Okay, so now that we have considered general theories of motivation, let us now examine some of the specific motives that direct and energize our behavior. In other words, what is it that we want most in life?
In response to this question, Abraham Maslow, in 1954, proposed that human beings are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, from those that are basic for survival up to those that promote growth and self-enhancement.
At the base of the hierarchy are the physiological needs for food, water, oxygen, sleep and sex. Once these needs are met, people seek safety, steady work, financial security, stability at home, and a predictable environment. Next on the ladder are the social needs for affiliation, belongingness and love, affection, close relations, family ties, and group membership. If these needs aren’t met, we feel lonely and alienated. Next are the esteem needs, which include our desires for social status, respect, recognition, achievement, and power. Failing to satisfy this need and we feel inferior and unimportant. Next are the cognitive and aesthetic needs, which include our need for knowledge, meaning, self-awareness and beauty, balance, and form. Let me point out here that this step is an addition to the original hierarchy (an addition that was made in 1970). Also, this step is considered a lower self-actualization step (kind of the preview to actual self-actualization).
In short, everyone strives in their own way to satisfy all the needs on the hierarchy. Once these needs are met, we become ready, willing, and able to strive for self-actualization – a distinctly human need to fulfill one’s potential. As Maslow put it ‘A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is ultimately to be at peace with himself. What a man CAN be, he MUST be.’
By arranging human needs in the shape of a pyramid, Maslow claimed that the needs at the base take priority over those at the top. In other words, the higher needs become important to us only after more basic needs are satisfied. Research generally confirms this prediction that motives lower in the pyramid take precedence, though there are occasional exceptions, as when people starve themselves to death in order to make a political statement. Research also shows that not everyone climbs Maslow’s hierarchy in the same prescribed order. Some people seek love and romance before fulfilling their esteem motives, but others who are more achievement-oriented may try to establish a career before a family.
Maslow’s theory may not accurately describe the motivational path that all people take. It does not, for example, account for our need to feel capable, autonomous, and socially secure in our endeavors. But his distinctions – and the notion that the various needs form a hierarchy – provide a convenient framework for the study of motivation.
Discovering Psy 2e Figure 8.1 p. 281
Keywords: leptin, appetizer effect
Discovering Psy2e Photo p 288
Satisfying the body’s appetite for food helps propel the biological human engine. But people are not content merely to survive. Most of us want more out of life, much more. In varying degrees, we want to be part of a community, to love and be loved, and to achieve recognition, status, fame, wealth, and power. Let’s examine two common needs: the need to belong and the need to achieve.
Although born helpless, human infants are equipped at birth with reflexes that orient them toward people. They are responsive to faces, turn their head toward voices, and are prepared to mimic certain facial gestures on cue. Much to the delight of parents, the newborn seems an inherently social animal. If you reflect on the amount of time you spend talking to, being with, pining for, or worrying about other people, you’ll realize that we all are. People need people.
We saw that Maslow ranked belongingness and love needs third in his hierarchy. Being part of a family or community, playing on a sports team, joining a social or religious or professional group, making friends, falling in love, and having children – all serve this important motive. So just how important is it? Do people REALLY NEED other people?
According to Baumeister and Leary, the need to belong is a fundamental human motive. As they put it, ‘human beings have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and significant personal relationships.’ This conclusion is supported by a great deal of research. All over the world, people experience joy when they form new social attachments and react with loneliness, grief, and anxiety when these bonds are borken.
We have a desire to establish and maintain social contacts. But research shows that individuals differ in the strength of their need for affiliation. As you might expect, people with a high need for affiliation are socially more active than lows. They prefer to be in contact with others more often and are more likely to visit friends or even make phone calls and write letters as a way to maintain social contact at a distance.
Although individuals differ, even the most gregarious among us wants to be alone at times. It seems that people are motivated to establish and maintain an optimum balance of social contact.
Social contacts can also give us feedback about ourselves.
Have you ever met someone so single-mindedly driven to succeed that you couldn’t help but wonder why? One individual who might pop to mind is Bill Gates – the cofounder and chair of Microsoft. Gates is the richest man in the world and seems to have an insatiable appetite for more. By his own admission, Gates wants to achieve worldwide domination of the computer industry. What fuels the drive we often have to succeed, excel, and advance in our work?
It appears to be our achievement motivation – a strong desire to accomplish difficult tasks, outperform others, and excel. There is no question that individuals differ in the intensity of their achievement strivings. As you might expect, there are strong links among a person’s motivation, behavior, and level of accomplishment. Those who score high rather than low in the need for achievement work harder and are more persistent, innovative, and future-oriented. They also crave success more than they fear failure and then credit their success to their own abilities rather than to luck or chance.
Keywords: emotion
Keywords: brain-based theory of emotions, amygdala, psychic blindness