This document discusses different types of motion and motion-related concepts. It begins by defining motion as a continuous change in an object's position over time, and distinguishes between motion and rest. The types of motion described include rectilinear, circular, rotational, and oscillatory motion. Distance is defined as the total length of the path traveled, while displacement refers to the shortest distance between the initial and final positions. Uniform motion means an object covers equal distances in equal time intervals, while non-uniform motion means distances covered are unequal. Speed is the distance traveled per unit time. Graphs can represent relationships between distance, displacement, speed, and other motion concepts.
Christian Kasumo gave a presentation at the ZAME Annual Provincial Conference on teaching kinematics. He defined key kinematics concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and discussed common student difficulties. He recommended teaching kinematics through real-world examples, group work, and activities using software like Geogebra to help students understand graphs and equations of motion. He concluded by thanking the organizers and Mulungushi University for their support.
This document provides information about two-dimensional motion and vectors. It introduces vectors, including that vectors have both magnitude and direction while scalars only have magnitude. It discusses basic vector operations like addition and subtraction of vectors. It also provides examples of calculating the displacement and direction of objects moving in two dimensions using vector addition. Key concepts covered include resolving vectors into horizontal and vertical components, and that the horizontal and vertical motions of a projectile are independent.
This document provides an overview of kinematics concepts including:
- Displacement vs. distance and examples of calculating each.
- Speed vs. velocity and examples of calculating average and instantaneous values.
- Acceleration and examples of calculating average acceleration.
- Free fall equations and examples of calculating time and height using gravitational acceleration.
- The "big four" kinematic equations and examples of solving kinematics problems using each equation.
- Additional examples are provided for students to practice calculating values related to displacement, velocity, acceleration, and free fall scenarios.
This document discusses uniform circular motion and related concepts. It begins by defining uniform circular motion as motion at constant speed in a circular path. It then derives the formula for centripetal acceleration and explains that a centripetal force is needed to provide the acceleration toward the center required for circular motion. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating centripetal force for different objects in circular motion, including effects of speed and radius. The document also discusses banked curves and satellites in circular orbits, providing the relevant equations and example calculations.
The document discusses motion along a straight line and concepts related to kinematics such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and the equations of motion. It provides examples and sample problems to illustrate these concepts. Key points include: motion is relative to a reference point; distance is total path length while displacement considers direction; uniform motion means constant speed; acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time; and the three equations of motion relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time for objects with uniform acceleration.
The document summarizes key concepts about motion. It discusses:
1) Objects can be at rest or in motion, with motion defined as a change in position over time. Motion can be linear, circular, rotational, or vibrational.
2) Distance traveled refers to the total path length, while displacement refers to the straight-line distance between the start and end point. Displacement can be zero even if distance traveled is not.
3) Uniform motion means equal distances are covered in equal time intervals, while non-uniform motion means unequal distances are covered.
4) Speed is the distance traveled per unit time. Velocity also includes direction of motion. Average speed/velocity can be used when speed
The document discusses different types of motion including straight motion. Straight motion is defined as motion where an object moves between two points in a straight line without changing direction. Velocity and speed are also discussed. Velocity takes into account both magnitude and direction of motion, while speed only considers magnitude. The relationship between distance, time, and velocity is explained using formulas. Motion is described as relative based on the point of reference used to observe it.
This document provides an overview of key physics concepts and mathematical tools. It covers units of measurement in the SI system, vector notation and operations like addition/subtraction, trigonometry, and dimensional analysis. Example problems demonstrate various concepts like finding components of vectors and adding multiple vectors. The document concludes with additional mathematical rules and functions important for physics problems.
Christian Kasumo gave a presentation at the ZAME Annual Provincial Conference on teaching kinematics. He defined key kinematics concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and discussed common student difficulties. He recommended teaching kinematics through real-world examples, group work, and activities using software like Geogebra to help students understand graphs and equations of motion. He concluded by thanking the organizers and Mulungushi University for their support.
This document provides information about two-dimensional motion and vectors. It introduces vectors, including that vectors have both magnitude and direction while scalars only have magnitude. It discusses basic vector operations like addition and subtraction of vectors. It also provides examples of calculating the displacement and direction of objects moving in two dimensions using vector addition. Key concepts covered include resolving vectors into horizontal and vertical components, and that the horizontal and vertical motions of a projectile are independent.
This document provides an overview of kinematics concepts including:
- Displacement vs. distance and examples of calculating each.
- Speed vs. velocity and examples of calculating average and instantaneous values.
- Acceleration and examples of calculating average acceleration.
- Free fall equations and examples of calculating time and height using gravitational acceleration.
- The "big four" kinematic equations and examples of solving kinematics problems using each equation.
- Additional examples are provided for students to practice calculating values related to displacement, velocity, acceleration, and free fall scenarios.
This document discusses uniform circular motion and related concepts. It begins by defining uniform circular motion as motion at constant speed in a circular path. It then derives the formula for centripetal acceleration and explains that a centripetal force is needed to provide the acceleration toward the center required for circular motion. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating centripetal force for different objects in circular motion, including effects of speed and radius. The document also discusses banked curves and satellites in circular orbits, providing the relevant equations and example calculations.
The document discusses motion along a straight line and concepts related to kinematics such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and the equations of motion. It provides examples and sample problems to illustrate these concepts. Key points include: motion is relative to a reference point; distance is total path length while displacement considers direction; uniform motion means constant speed; acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time; and the three equations of motion relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time for objects with uniform acceleration.
The document summarizes key concepts about motion. It discusses:
1) Objects can be at rest or in motion, with motion defined as a change in position over time. Motion can be linear, circular, rotational, or vibrational.
2) Distance traveled refers to the total path length, while displacement refers to the straight-line distance between the start and end point. Displacement can be zero even if distance traveled is not.
3) Uniform motion means equal distances are covered in equal time intervals, while non-uniform motion means unequal distances are covered.
4) Speed is the distance traveled per unit time. Velocity also includes direction of motion. Average speed/velocity can be used when speed
The document discusses different types of motion including straight motion. Straight motion is defined as motion where an object moves between two points in a straight line without changing direction. Velocity and speed are also discussed. Velocity takes into account both magnitude and direction of motion, while speed only considers magnitude. The relationship between distance, time, and velocity is explained using formulas. Motion is described as relative based on the point of reference used to observe it.
This document provides an overview of key physics concepts and mathematical tools. It covers units of measurement in the SI system, vector notation and operations like addition/subtraction, trigonometry, and dimensional analysis. Example problems demonstrate various concepts like finding components of vectors and adding multiple vectors. The document concludes with additional mathematical rules and functions important for physics problems.
This document defines key terms related to motion, including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It provides examples and sample problems for each term. Motion refers to a change in an object's position, and can be quantified using these terms. Distance is a scalar quantity representing the total path traveled, while displacement is the vector change in position. Speed is a scalar measure of how fast something moves, while velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration refers to how quickly an object's velocity changes. The document aims to build understanding of these foundational physics concepts through examples, diagrams, and practice problems.
Chapter 1 - rotational dnamics excercises solutionPooja M
This document contains physics exercises related to rotational dynamics. It includes multiple choice questions testing concepts like angular velocity, moment of inertia, and rolling motion. It also includes longer questions requiring derivations of expressions for acceleration, speed, and minimum speeds for circular motion situations involving banked roads, conical pendulums, and rotational kinetic energy. The questions cover topics like conservation of angular momentum, radius of gyration, parallel axis theorem, and circular motion scenarios involving coins on spinning discs, ants on bicycle wheels, and cyclists in cylindrical wells.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on rotational dynamics:
- It discusses rotational motion versus translational motion and defines torque as the cause of angular acceleration.
- Rigid objects in equilibrium are analyzed using the concepts of torque and center of gravity.
- Newton's second law is extended to rotational motion, defining moment of inertia and relating torque to angular acceleration.
- Several example problems demonstrate calculating torque, center of gravity, and rotational motion and equilibrium for various objects.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in two-dimensional kinematics and projectile motion. It begins by defining displacement, velocity, and acceleration in two dimensions. It then discusses solving kinematics problems by resolving vectors into horizontal and vertical components. The document also covers projectile motion, where the horizontal velocity is constant and vertical acceleration is due to gravity. It ends by discussing relative velocity problems involving adding velocities of objects moving relative to each other or to a fixed point.
1. The document provides an overview of Newton's Laws of Motion from chapters 4 and 5, including definitions of key concepts like force, mass, inertia, and Newton's three laws.
2. It presents sample problems and questions to illustrate applications of Newton's laws to forces like gravity, normal force, friction, and their relationships.
3. Key points covered include identifying and calculating net forces, relating force to mass and acceleration through F=ma, and distinguishing between different types of forces acting on objects.
Solucionario Fundamentos de Física 9na edición Capitulo 2Guadalupe Tavárez
This document contains three clicker questions about motion in one dimension that are intended to introduce or reinforce concepts like average speed, velocity, acceleration, and the motion of a vertically thrown projectile.
The questions probe student understanding of how to calculate average speed for a trip involving different speeds, the difference between speed and velocity, and the fact that acceleration is constant for an object in free fall under gravity. The document provides detailed commentary and discussion points for instructors on common student misconceptions and the reasoning required to answer the questions correctly.
Here are the key points about rate of change of velocity:
- Rate of change of velocity is also known as acceleration.
- Acceleration is a vector quantity which indicates the rate at which the velocity of an object is changing.
- The SI unit of acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s2).
- If an object's velocity is increasing with time, it has a positive acceleration. If velocity is decreasing with time, acceleration is negative.
- Acceleration can be caused by a change in the object's speed, direction of motion, or both.
- Constant acceleration means the rate of change of velocity remains the same over time. This results in a linear relationship between velocity and time
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to motion including:
1. Motion is defined as a change in an object's position over time, while rest is defined as no change in position over time. Motion and rest are relative terms depending on the frame of reference.
2. Displacement is the straight-line distance between an object's initial and final positions including direction, while distance is the total path length traveled by an object regardless of direction.
3. Speed is the rate of change of distance over time and is a scalar quantity, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time and is a vector quantity that includes direction.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in rotational kinematics covered in Chapter 8, including angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It defines these rotational variables and their relationships to linear motion. Examples are given to illustrate calculating angular variables and transforming between rotational and tangential linear motion for objects like rolling wheels or helicopter blades. Formulas for rotational kinematics with constant angular acceleration are also presented.
1. Linear kinematics describes motion using position, velocity, and acceleration without regard to forces. It includes linear (straight line) and curvilinear (bent line) motion.
2. Angular kinematics describes rotational motion like elbow flexion or spinning.
3. General motion combines translation and rotation, describing most human and sports motions.
4. Key descriptors include position, distance/displacement, speed/velocity, and acceleration. Displacement is the straight-line distance between start and end points while distance is the total path length. Velocity describes speed with direction and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
In this unit we will analyze the plane kinematics of a rigid body
➢The study is very important for the design of gears, cams and
mechanisms, often in mechanical operations,
THE PLANE MOVEMENT. It is when all the particles of a
rigid bodies move along trajectories that are
equidistant from a fixed plane, the body is said to experience
fixed plane motion
This document discusses linear motion and its related concepts. It defines kinematics as the study of motion without consideration of forces, and kinetics as the study of motion with consideration of forces. It then discusses various types of linear motion including rectilinear motion, motion under gravity, and motion under variable acceleration. Key concepts defined include displacement, velocity, acceleration, uniform motion, and graphical representation of motion using displacement-time and velocity-time curves. Equations of motion are provided for rectilinear motion and motion under gravity with uniform acceleration.
Solucionario Fundamentos de Física 9na edición Capitulo 3Guadalupe Tavárez
This document provides sample clicker questions and answers related to vectors and two-dimensional motion. It includes questions about acceleration, vector components, and curvilinear motion. Commentary is provided with each question to explain the purpose and key concepts. The document also includes quick quizzes, answers to multiple choice questions, and discussions of curvilinear and projectile motion. Overall, the document aims to help instructors assess and develop student understanding of fundamental vector and motion concepts.
Motion refers to an object changing its position over time. Distance is how far an object has moved, while displacement includes both distance and direction of motion. Speed is the distance traveled over a period of time. Velocity differs from speed in that it considers both distance and direction of motion. While an object's speed may remain constant, its velocity changes if its direction of motion changes.
This document discusses speed, velocity, distance, and displacement. It defines these terms and distinguishes between them. Speed is a scalar quantity referring to the total distance traveled over time, while velocity is a vector quantity that includes direction of motion. Distance is the total length of travel regardless of direction, while displacement refers to the distance moved in a particular direction. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, including a discussion of constant speed but changing velocity when moving in a circle. Graphs of distance over time are also used to represent speed.
Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with forces and motion. It is divided into statics, kinematics, and dynamics. Statics deals with forces in equilibrium, kinematics with motion without forces, and dynamics with the relationship between forces and motion. Motion refers to a change in an object's position over time and can be described in terms of distance traveled, displacement, speed, and velocity. Distance is a scalar quantity representing total path length, while displacement is a vector quantity referring to straight-line distance between start and end points. Speed is a scalar measure of distance covered per unit time, and velocity is a vector measure representing rate of change of displacement over time.
This document discusses kinematics, which is the analysis of motion along a straight line without considering forces. It defines key concepts like position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and how to calculate these values using basic equations. Position is measured relative to a reference point and displacement is the change in position. Velocity is the rate of change of position and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Under constant acceleration, the average and instantaneous values are equal and basic equations can be used to calculate values like displacement, velocity, and acceleration given time and initial conditions.
Social in Motion: The Rise of the Video FormatSpredfast
This document summarizes a panel discussion on social video. It introduces the panelists from Turner Sports, Electronic Arts, and Edelman. They discuss the rise of video on social media and how consumers are spending more time watching digital video on mobile devices. Turner Sports talks about their evolution with social video programming and how they promote content across platforms. Electronic Arts discusses five things to avoid with video, such as treating all audiences the same. The panel takes questions on topics like live social video, addressing piracy, and creating meaningful content.
Brandon Deal is seeking a project manager position and has over 8 years of experience in configuration management, hardware engineering design, and systems engineering. He has worked as a technical trainer, project manager for Northrop Grumman, and ground segment engineer for Northrop Grumman. Brandon has a background in the US Army and is working towards a bachelor's degree in computer science.
This document provides information about a television program called "Soccer Saturday" that discusses live soccer games. There are animated captions on the right side of the screen displaying the soccer league tables that change every 10 seconds. At the bottom, animated captions display scores and game updates. Techniques used include overlaying the tables/scores, using video clips, appropriate colors, and continually moving text. The graphics are clear and easy to read with no blurring or distortion.
Calgary Multimedia Company consist of media and information that makes use of wide range of diverse content types. It is the adjustment with media that utilizes computer to show such as text-only or traditional types of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia take account of an arrangement of content, aCalgary Multimedia Companyudio, still images, moving picture, video or interactivity text forms.
Multimedia Information Retrieval: What is it, and why isn't ...webhostingguy
The document discusses opportunities and challenges in video search. It begins with an introduction to video search and outlines key market trends driving growth in online video. It then explores opportunities in leveraging metadata, community contributions, and large datasets. However, it also notes challenges including developing theoretical frameworks for video search and addressing the complexity of video content analysis.
This document defines key terms related to motion, including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It provides examples and sample problems for each term. Motion refers to a change in an object's position, and can be quantified using these terms. Distance is a scalar quantity representing the total path traveled, while displacement is the vector change in position. Speed is a scalar measure of how fast something moves, while velocity includes both speed and direction of motion. Acceleration refers to how quickly an object's velocity changes. The document aims to build understanding of these foundational physics concepts through examples, diagrams, and practice problems.
Chapter 1 - rotational dnamics excercises solutionPooja M
This document contains physics exercises related to rotational dynamics. It includes multiple choice questions testing concepts like angular velocity, moment of inertia, and rolling motion. It also includes longer questions requiring derivations of expressions for acceleration, speed, and minimum speeds for circular motion situations involving banked roads, conical pendulums, and rotational kinetic energy. The questions cover topics like conservation of angular momentum, radius of gyration, parallel axis theorem, and circular motion scenarios involving coins on spinning discs, ants on bicycle wheels, and cyclists in cylindrical wells.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on rotational dynamics:
- It discusses rotational motion versus translational motion and defines torque as the cause of angular acceleration.
- Rigid objects in equilibrium are analyzed using the concepts of torque and center of gravity.
- Newton's second law is extended to rotational motion, defining moment of inertia and relating torque to angular acceleration.
- Several example problems demonstrate calculating torque, center of gravity, and rotational motion and equilibrium for various objects.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in two-dimensional kinematics and projectile motion. It begins by defining displacement, velocity, and acceleration in two dimensions. It then discusses solving kinematics problems by resolving vectors into horizontal and vertical components. The document also covers projectile motion, where the horizontal velocity is constant and vertical acceleration is due to gravity. It ends by discussing relative velocity problems involving adding velocities of objects moving relative to each other or to a fixed point.
1. The document provides an overview of Newton's Laws of Motion from chapters 4 and 5, including definitions of key concepts like force, mass, inertia, and Newton's three laws.
2. It presents sample problems and questions to illustrate applications of Newton's laws to forces like gravity, normal force, friction, and their relationships.
3. Key points covered include identifying and calculating net forces, relating force to mass and acceleration through F=ma, and distinguishing between different types of forces acting on objects.
Solucionario Fundamentos de Física 9na edición Capitulo 2Guadalupe Tavárez
This document contains three clicker questions about motion in one dimension that are intended to introduce or reinforce concepts like average speed, velocity, acceleration, and the motion of a vertically thrown projectile.
The questions probe student understanding of how to calculate average speed for a trip involving different speeds, the difference between speed and velocity, and the fact that acceleration is constant for an object in free fall under gravity. The document provides detailed commentary and discussion points for instructors on common student misconceptions and the reasoning required to answer the questions correctly.
Here are the key points about rate of change of velocity:
- Rate of change of velocity is also known as acceleration.
- Acceleration is a vector quantity which indicates the rate at which the velocity of an object is changing.
- The SI unit of acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s2).
- If an object's velocity is increasing with time, it has a positive acceleration. If velocity is decreasing with time, acceleration is negative.
- Acceleration can be caused by a change in the object's speed, direction of motion, or both.
- Constant acceleration means the rate of change of velocity remains the same over time. This results in a linear relationship between velocity and time
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to motion including:
1. Motion is defined as a change in an object's position over time, while rest is defined as no change in position over time. Motion and rest are relative terms depending on the frame of reference.
2. Displacement is the straight-line distance between an object's initial and final positions including direction, while distance is the total path length traveled by an object regardless of direction.
3. Speed is the rate of change of distance over time and is a scalar quantity, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time and is a vector quantity that includes direction.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in rotational kinematics covered in Chapter 8, including angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It defines these rotational variables and their relationships to linear motion. Examples are given to illustrate calculating angular variables and transforming between rotational and tangential linear motion for objects like rolling wheels or helicopter blades. Formulas for rotational kinematics with constant angular acceleration are also presented.
1. Linear kinematics describes motion using position, velocity, and acceleration without regard to forces. It includes linear (straight line) and curvilinear (bent line) motion.
2. Angular kinematics describes rotational motion like elbow flexion or spinning.
3. General motion combines translation and rotation, describing most human and sports motions.
4. Key descriptors include position, distance/displacement, speed/velocity, and acceleration. Displacement is the straight-line distance between start and end points while distance is the total path length. Velocity describes speed with direction and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
In this unit we will analyze the plane kinematics of a rigid body
➢The study is very important for the design of gears, cams and
mechanisms, often in mechanical operations,
THE PLANE MOVEMENT. It is when all the particles of a
rigid bodies move along trajectories that are
equidistant from a fixed plane, the body is said to experience
fixed plane motion
This document discusses linear motion and its related concepts. It defines kinematics as the study of motion without consideration of forces, and kinetics as the study of motion with consideration of forces. It then discusses various types of linear motion including rectilinear motion, motion under gravity, and motion under variable acceleration. Key concepts defined include displacement, velocity, acceleration, uniform motion, and graphical representation of motion using displacement-time and velocity-time curves. Equations of motion are provided for rectilinear motion and motion under gravity with uniform acceleration.
Solucionario Fundamentos de Física 9na edición Capitulo 3Guadalupe Tavárez
This document provides sample clicker questions and answers related to vectors and two-dimensional motion. It includes questions about acceleration, vector components, and curvilinear motion. Commentary is provided with each question to explain the purpose and key concepts. The document also includes quick quizzes, answers to multiple choice questions, and discussions of curvilinear and projectile motion. Overall, the document aims to help instructors assess and develop student understanding of fundamental vector and motion concepts.
Motion refers to an object changing its position over time. Distance is how far an object has moved, while displacement includes both distance and direction of motion. Speed is the distance traveled over a period of time. Velocity differs from speed in that it considers both distance and direction of motion. While an object's speed may remain constant, its velocity changes if its direction of motion changes.
This document discusses speed, velocity, distance, and displacement. It defines these terms and distinguishes between them. Speed is a scalar quantity referring to the total distance traveled over time, while velocity is a vector quantity that includes direction of motion. Distance is the total length of travel regardless of direction, while displacement refers to the distance moved in a particular direction. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, including a discussion of constant speed but changing velocity when moving in a circle. Graphs of distance over time are also used to represent speed.
Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with forces and motion. It is divided into statics, kinematics, and dynamics. Statics deals with forces in equilibrium, kinematics with motion without forces, and dynamics with the relationship between forces and motion. Motion refers to a change in an object's position over time and can be described in terms of distance traveled, displacement, speed, and velocity. Distance is a scalar quantity representing total path length, while displacement is a vector quantity referring to straight-line distance between start and end points. Speed is a scalar measure of distance covered per unit time, and velocity is a vector measure representing rate of change of displacement over time.
This document discusses kinematics, which is the analysis of motion along a straight line without considering forces. It defines key concepts like position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and how to calculate these values using basic equations. Position is measured relative to a reference point and displacement is the change in position. Velocity is the rate of change of position and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Under constant acceleration, the average and instantaneous values are equal and basic equations can be used to calculate values like displacement, velocity, and acceleration given time and initial conditions.
Social in Motion: The Rise of the Video FormatSpredfast
This document summarizes a panel discussion on social video. It introduces the panelists from Turner Sports, Electronic Arts, and Edelman. They discuss the rise of video on social media and how consumers are spending more time watching digital video on mobile devices. Turner Sports talks about their evolution with social video programming and how they promote content across platforms. Electronic Arts discusses five things to avoid with video, such as treating all audiences the same. The panel takes questions on topics like live social video, addressing piracy, and creating meaningful content.
Brandon Deal is seeking a project manager position and has over 8 years of experience in configuration management, hardware engineering design, and systems engineering. He has worked as a technical trainer, project manager for Northrop Grumman, and ground segment engineer for Northrop Grumman. Brandon has a background in the US Army and is working towards a bachelor's degree in computer science.
This document provides information about a television program called "Soccer Saturday" that discusses live soccer games. There are animated captions on the right side of the screen displaying the soccer league tables that change every 10 seconds. At the bottom, animated captions display scores and game updates. Techniques used include overlaying the tables/scores, using video clips, appropriate colors, and continually moving text. The graphics are clear and easy to read with no blurring or distortion.
Calgary Multimedia Company consist of media and information that makes use of wide range of diverse content types. It is the adjustment with media that utilizes computer to show such as text-only or traditional types of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia take account of an arrangement of content, aCalgary Multimedia Companyudio, still images, moving picture, video or interactivity text forms.
Multimedia Information Retrieval: What is it, and why isn't ...webhostingguy
The document discusses opportunities and challenges in video search. It begins with an introduction to video search and outlines key market trends driving growth in online video. It then explores opportunities in leveraging metadata, community contributions, and large datasets. However, it also notes challenges including developing theoretical frameworks for video search and addressing the complexity of video content analysis.
- India has economic relationships with other countries through trade, exports, imports and the movement of people. This involves the exchange of goods, services, money and ideas.
- International trade is important as it allows for specialization and more efficient production. Countries can focus on goods they have a comparative advantage in, increasing variety and lowering costs for consumers.
- India exports engineering goods, handicrafts and chemicals while importing petroleum, capital goods and fertilizers. Major trading partners include the US, UAE, and China.
- Globalization has increased economic integration between countries through advances in transportation, communication and policy coordination that facilitate the flow of goods, services and ideas.
- A brief comparison notes that while
The document discusses advertising and its importance for businesses. It begins by explaining that for a business to succeed, customers must be made aware of its products/services through advertising. Advertising makes people aware of the availability, price and features of products so that customers can make informed purchase decisions.
The key objectives of advertising are to educate customers, create demand for new products, retain existing customers, and increase sales. Advertising helps achieve these objectives. Various media are used for advertising like print media (newspapers, magazines), electronic media (radio, television, internet) and other outdoor media (hoardings, posters, vehicle displays). Each media has its own advantages and limitations for businesses to consider when selecting advertising channels.
Raghu, an orphan, longingly watches families and wishes he had a family of his own to love and care for him. A family is defined as a group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who live together, share responsibilities, and care for one another. There are different types of families like nuclear families consisting of parents and children, and joint families including parents, children, and other relatives. A family provides important functions like protection, emotional bonding, security, education, cultural values, and recreation for its members. Understanding the different stages of a family life cycle such as the beginning, expanding, and contracting stages helps families prepare for challenges and transition smoothly. The expanding stage begins with childbirth
The document provides background on modern India, describing how:
1) The British gained political control over India through the East India Company and exploited India's economy and resources for British benefit.
2) Social conditions in 18th century India were characterized by religious divisions and oppressive treatment of women and lower castes.
3) Prominent social and religious reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda worked to improve social conditions and promote nationalism by opposing practices like sati and the caste system.
Nurturing the whole being an indian perspectiveindianeducation
The document discusses Indian perspectives on nurturing the whole being and personality development from a holistic view. It describes the concept of panch koshas (five sheaths of human existence), including the annamaya kosha (physical body), pranamaya kosha (vital sheath), manomaya kosha (mental sheath), vijnanamaya kosha (intellectual sheath), and anandamaya kosha (blissful sheath). It also discusses the three gunas of sattwa, rajas, and tamas, and how personalities can be influenced by different proportions of these qualities. Finally, it explains Sri Aurobindo's view of levels of consciousness as
- The document discusses various techniques for controlling and disciplining the mind, including Jeevan Vigyan, Preksha Dhyana, Art of Living, Transcendental Meditation, and Vipassana.
- Jeevan Vigyan teaches positive values and helps develop emotional competence through controlling emotions. Preksha Dhyana involves relaxation and awareness techniques like Kayotsarg.
- Art of Living introduces techniques like Sudarshan Kriya to reduce stress through breathwork. Transcendental Meditation moves the mind from surface thoughts to deeper levels of consciousness. Vipassana involves mindful observation of the breath without control.
Large-scale retail trade refers to shops that purchase goods in bulk directly from manufacturers and sell them to a large number of customers. Department stores and super bazaars are examples of large-scale retail trade organizations. Department stores are large retail shops divided into departments that each deal with a specific type of good. They provide conveniences like restaurants and ATMs. Super bazaars are large cooperative stores that sell a wide variety of products for daily needs at reasonable prices by eliminating middlemen.
This document discusses choosing a career and provides information about career options in business. It begins by explaining that a career means the occupations one pursues over their lifetime to earn a livelihood. The document notes that properly choosing a career is important in today's competitive world. It identifies the main types of career paths as wage employment, where one works for another individual or company, or self-employment, where one runs their own business. The document outlines some common avenues for wage employment such as government jobs, private companies, schools, and hospitals. It also provides examples of self-employment opportunities like small shops and service businesses. Overall, the document aims to inform readers about factors to consider when choosing a career and the various options available
This document discusses demand and the factors that influence it. It begins by defining demand as the quantity of a good purchased at a given price and time period. It then explains that demand is influenced by price, income, tastes/preferences, and prices of related goods. The document provides an example of an individual's demand schedule for mangoes and uses it to construct an individual demand curve, which graphs the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded as described by the law of demand. It concludes by defining market demand as the total quantity demanded by all individual buyers in the market.
- The document discusses congruence of triangles and various criteria for determining if two triangles are congruent.
- There are four criteria presented: 1) SAS (two sides and included angle are equal), 2) ASA (two angles and a non-included side are equal), 3) SSS (all three sides are equal), and 4) RHS (right triangle with hypotenuse and one side equal).
- Theorems are proved that the angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are equal, and the sides opposite equal angles of a triangle are equal.
Warehousing refers to storing goods on a large scale in a systematic and orderly manner from the time they are produced until they are consumed. It removes the hindrance of time and bridges the gap between production and consumption. The key needs for warehousing include seasonal production/demand of goods, large-scale production, ensuring quick supply of goods to consumers, and enabling continuous production through adequate raw material storage. Warehousing provides various benefits such as protecting goods, facilitating regular supply and continuity in production, making goods available at convenient locations, and enabling financing through warehouse receipts.
This document discusses exponents and radicals. It introduces exponential notation to write repeated multiplication concisely. Natural numbers can be uniquely expressed as a product of prime number factors raised to powers. Radicals are also introduced to represent roots of numbers. Laws of exponents and radicals are defined to simplify expressions. The objectives are to write expressions using exponential notation, factor numbers, simplify expressions using exponent laws, and perform operations on radicals.
Production, consumption, and capital formation are the basic economic activities. Production involves combining factors of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship to produce goods and services. The factors are paid incomes of rent, wages, interest, and profits. Consumption is the use of goods and services to satisfy wants and needs. Some of current production is saved and added to existing capital like machinery and buildings to expand future production potential through capital formation. So what is produced is disposed through consumption or capital formation.
The document provides an overview of different methods used in psychology to study human behavior and mental processes. It discusses several key approaches:
1) The biological approach focuses on biological structures like the brain, genes, and hormones to understand behavior.
2) Observation is a systematic method of recording events without interference to study behavior in natural and laboratory settings.
3) Psychological research uses scientific methods like observation, surveys, and experiments to develop theories about human behavior that can be tested and applied to solve problems.
This document discusses human wants. It explains that wants are unlimited but resources are limited. People engage in different economic activities to earn income to satisfy their many wants. Wants arise from birth and have grown over time with developments like cooking food and new clothing and housing options. Not all wants can be satisfied due to scarce resources. Wants are satisfied through goods and services that are produced using resources like land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. Wants vary by person, time and place. The Indian philosophy is to limit wants to have a satisfied life within limited resources. Wants expand and change with economic development as new goods and technologies emerge.
This document discusses motion and how it is described. It explains that motion can be linear, circular, rotational, or vibrational. Linear motion along a straight line is the simplest to describe. Position is described relative to a reference point, while displacement is the straight-line distance between the initial and final positions. Distance refers to the total path length traveled, which can be different from displacement. Uniform motion means equal distances are covered in equal time intervals, while non-uniform motion means unequal distances are covered. Speed is the distance traveled per unit time and gives only the rate of motion, while velocity also considers direction of motion. Average speed and velocity can be used to describe non-uniform motion.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to motion, including:
1. Motion is defined as a change in an object's position over time, while rest is defined as no change in position over time. Motion and rest are relative terms depending on the frame of reference.
2. Distance is the total path length traveled by an object, while displacement is the straight-line distance between the starting and ending points of an object's motion. Displacement is a vector quantity.
3. Speed is defined as the rate of change of distance over time and is a scalar quantity. Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement over time and includes both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity
This document summarizes research on a type of motion called "zigzag motion" where random dots make alternating long and short jumps. The key findings are:
1) The perceived direction of zigzag motion depends on viewing distance - from close up the short jumps dominate and the motion looks left/right, from far the long jumps dominate and it looks up/down.
2) When the motion stops, a motion aftereffect (MAE) is seen in the direction of the short jumps, dissociated from the perceived direction of motion.
3) Experiments using rotating images and blurred noise found the static MAE is driven by short jumps while the dynamic MAE is driven by long jumps, suggesting separate
Motion is one of the fundamental topics in physics and describes how everything in the universe changes position over time. Even objects that appear stationary are in motion due to larger scale movements like the Earth orbiting the sun. There are several laws that govern motion and explain changes in the speed and direction of moving objects. Equations of motion precisely define the relationships between variables like velocity, acceleration, distance, and time that are used to analyze and predict how objects will move. Motion can be linear along a straight path or involve changes in direction. While distance refers only to the length traveled, displacement considers both distance and direction of movement between two points.
1. Three observers see the same object from different positions and report different positions for it, which are all correct from their perspectives due to their different frames of reference. Position is defined by a vector called the position vector that specifies distance and direction from the observer.
2. An object at rest does not change its position over time relative to a frame of reference, while a moving object does change its position over time. Rest and motion are relative terms depending on the frame of reference. One-dimensional motion involves change of only one coordinate, two-dimensional two coordinates, and three-dimensional all three coordinates changing over time.
3. A particle is the smallest unit of matter that can be described by its mass and
G7 Science Q3- Week 1_2- Force and Motion Standards.pptNhiceElardoTelen
1) The document discusses force and motion standards related to determining the relationship between velocity and acceleration, and the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object.
2) It defines key terms related to motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Distance refers to how far an object travels regardless of direction, while displacement takes direction into account. Speed is how fast something moves, while velocity includes both speed and direction.
3) Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, whether that be a change in speed, direction, or both. Equations for calculating speed, velocity and acceleration from distance, time and other variables are provided.
Straight Motion Regular Report by Fildia PutriIndy Puteri
The document describes an experiment on straight line motion. The purpose was to understand the difference between distance and displacement, determine speed and average speed, and investigate the relationship between displacement and time for objects moving in a straight line with constant speed. Students measured the distance, displacement, and travel time of three objects moving along three different tracks using a meter and stopwatch. Data was also collected for a bubble rising in a vertical glass tube at different distances, measuring the travel time. The results showed that objects with higher speeds took less time to travel the same distance, and objects placed higher in the tube moved faster between points.
Sprint Motion and measurement of distance grade 6.pdfNehaTiwari387910
This document contains questions and answers related to the topic of motion. It includes short answer questions about translatory motion and its types, whether a person sitting in a moving bus is at rest or in motion, converting a distance in meters to kilometers, defining uniform and non-uniform motion, and precautions for using a meter scale. Long answer questions ask for examples of different types of motion, how rectilinear motion differs from circular motion, differentiating between distance and displacement, and whether displacement can be zero if distance is positive or if displacement can exceed distance traveled.
The document discusses motion in a straight line, including key concepts like:
1. Motion can be described using frames of reference with reference points and coordinate systems to define position and time.
2. Motion can occur in one, two, or three dimensions depending on the number of coordinates needed to describe the motion.
3. Distance refers to the total path length traveled, while displacement is the directed line segment between the start and end points and is a vector quantity.
4. Speed, velocity, and acceleration are concepts that describe the rate of change of motion and can be uniform, variable, average, or instantaneous depending on whether they change over time.
Motion in One Dimension - Kinematics pptKarthik537368
The document discusses motion in a straight line, including key concepts like:
1. Motion can be described using frames of reference with reference points and coordinate systems to define position and time.
2. Motion can occur in one, two, or three dimensions depending on the number of coordinates needed to describe the motion.
3. Distance refers to the total path length traveled, while displacement is the directed line segment between the start and end points and is a vector quantity.
4. Speed, velocity, and acceleration are concepts that describe the rate of change of motion and can be uniform, variable, average, or instantaneous depending on whether they change over time.
CBSE Class 9&10th Sample eBook , which helps you to understand the chapter in easy way also downaload sample papers and previous year papers and practice to solve the question on time. Download at www.misostudy.com.
This document discusses various concepts related to motion including:
1. Motion can be uniform or non-uniform. Uniform motion occurs when an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.
2. Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of an object, as opposed to distance which is the total path length covered.
3. Speed-time and distance-time graphs can be used to represent and analyze motion. The slope of speed-time graphs gives acceleration and areas under the graphs relate to displacement.
Motion can be described as a change in an object's position over time. This chapter discusses key concepts related to motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Distance is the total path travelled, while displacement is the net distance between the starting and ending points. Speed is a scalar quantity measuring distance over time, while velocity is a vector quantity that includes direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time. Uniform motion has constant speed or velocity, while non-uniform motion involves changes over time.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of motion including translational, rotational, and periodic motion. It discusses linear motion and distinguishes between uniform and non-uniform motion. Key physical quantities like displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration are defined. The three equations of motion relating these quantities are presented. Circular motion is also discussed.
Learners Module Quarter 3 and 4 Grade 7Rhea Domingo
This document provides information about describing motion, including key concepts like position, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, constant vs changing speed, and using diagrams, graphs, and tape charts to analyze motion. It contains two activities:
1) An activity where students describe the position of an object using words and diagrams. This reinforces the importance of reference points and visual representations of position.
2) An imaginary scenario where students analyze "oil spots" left by a suspected hit-and-run vehicle to determine if it was moving at a constant speed, as claimed, or with changing speed. Students would create a tape chart or motion graph to compare distances between spots over time. This allows them to make inferences about the
1) The document discusses various concepts related to motion including linear motion, uniform motion, non-uniform motion, scalar and vector quantities, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and circular motion.
2) It provides definitions and examples for different types of motion such as translatory, rotational, and periodic motion.
3) The three equations of motion relating displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time are described.
1) Motion is defined as a change in an object's position over time. It can be linear, circular, or oscillatory.
2) Mechanics studies the motion and forces on objects. It includes kinematics which describes motion, statics which considers forces on stationary objects, and dynamics which considers forces causing motion.
3) One dimensional motion involves change in one coordinate, two dimensional in two coordinates, and three dimensional in all three coordinates. Rectilinear motion follows a straight line path while circular motion follows a circular path.
Interactive textbook ch. 5 matter in motiontiffanysci
Forces have both direction and size. A net force is determined by adding all forces acting on an object. A balanced net force of 0 N means the object will not change its motion, while an unbalanced net force not equal to 0 N will cause a change in the object's motion. Examples given include a chair with balanced forces so it does not move, and a soccer ball kicked with an unbalanced force that changes its motion.
This document discusses organizations and the world of organizations from a psychological perspective. It begins by defining an organization as a social unit created for a specific purpose. It views organizations as open systems that take inputs from the environment, transform them, and provide outputs. Key subsystems of organizations include goals, technical, managerial, and structural.
It also discusses organizational climate, defined as the atmosphere or quality of an internal work environment. Determinants of climate include organizational structure, technology, external environment, and management policies. Interpersonal relationships at work, including between supervisors and subordinates and among coworkers, are also examined. The importance of communication and factors influencing individual productivity and organizational excellence are outlined.
1. Indian culture spread abroad through various means, including traders, teachers, scholars, missionaries and monks who traveled along trade routes like the Silk Road. They introduced Indian religion, philosophy, art, language and other aspects of culture to places in Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
2. Major universities like Nalanda and Vikramashila played an important role in spreading Indian culture abroad by attracting large numbers of foreign students and scholars. Eminent Indian teachers and scholars like Kumarajiva went abroad and translated Indian texts, establishing Buddhism in countries like China.
3. Indian cultural influence is seen in many regions through remnants like temples, sculptures and manuscripts. Places like K
The document discusses several major socio-cultural issues facing contemporary Indian society, including:
1) Casteism, as the caste system has historically led to discrimination and hampered social mobility, though government legislation and social reforms have helped improve the situation.
2) Issues related to women such as gender discrimination, dowry system, and declining child sex ratio showing discrimination against girls.
3) Substance abuse problems like drinking, smoking, and drug addiction, especially among youth, which have serious health and social consequences.
4) Communalism, where tensions between religious communities have led to violence and riots, challenging unity and progress.
5) Issues related to the elderly as joint families
Social psychological processes group and leadershipsindianeducation
This document discusses groups and leadership. It begins by explaining the importance of groups in our lives and how we are born into groups like our family. It describes the key characteristics of a group, including members having a shared identity and engaging in frequent interaction. It then discusses various aspects of group dynamics, including cohesiveness, conformity, and the differences between in-groups and out-groups. The document also examines the impact of groups on performance, through concepts like social facilitation and social loafing. It distinguishes between formal and informal groups and describes the typical stages of group development. Finally, it discusses the importance of leadership and some key qualities of effective leaders.
This document discusses communication and provides information on various aspects of communication including the definition of communication, types of communication (verbal and non-verbal), elements of the communication process, effective communication, non-verbal communication in the Indian context, and the role and impact of mass media. It defines communication as a process of interaction that allows the transmission of information, ideas, and attitudes between individuals. It notes that non-verbal communication accounts for over 70% of communication. Effective communication requires common understanding between parties, content of mutual interest, and consideration of cultural and social factors.
This document discusses social and educational problems in India. It begins by defining social problems as situations where community goals are not achieved due to difficulties in the system. People face issues like harassment, lack of good education, discrimination, and poverty. Educational problems refer to school dropout, stagnation, and wastage.
The document then focuses on analyzing the psychological aspects of some key social problems - poverty, drug addiction, and dowry. It explains the causes and consequences of poverty, like malnutrition, poor socialization patterns, effects on personality development and mental health. For drug addiction, it discusses risk factors like peer pressure, genetics, and maturity. It notes dowry was originally to help with marriage expenses but now burdens families.
The document provides information about sensory processes including attention and perception. It discusses the five basic senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, and the sense organs associated with each. It describes how sensation is the initial detection of sensory stimuli, while perception involves further interpretation and recognition based on past experiences. The key stages of perception identified are sensation, analysis of parts, perceptual synthesis, organization, assigning meaning and identification. Factors influencing attention like physical attributes of stimuli, motives, and expectations are also outlined.
This document discusses how yoga contributes to self-development. It begins by explaining how one's sense of self changes throughout different life stages from infancy to old age. It then discusses how yoga can play an important role in self-development by nurturing the body, mind, vital force and intellect through practices like asanas, pranayama and meditation. This enhances qualities like self-esteem, confidence and respect. The document also explores how yoga is relevant in different walks of life like studies, relationships, work and health. It shapes attitudes, thinking and behavior by training the body, mind and intellect. Yoga teaches excellence in action by motivating one to strive hard with a lofty goal and singleness of purpose
1. The document discusses several important Indian scientists from modern times who contributed greatly to fields like mathematics, physics, and plant physiology.
2. It describes the achievements of scientists like Srinivasa Ramanujan in mathematics, C.V. Raman who discovered the Raman Effect and won the Nobel Prize in Physics, and J.C. Bose who invented the Crescograph to study plant growth.
3. These scientists helped reawaken India's legacy of scientific achievement and brought great respect and recognition to India through their groundbreaking work.
1. Ancient Indian scientists made many significant contributions to mathematics, astronomy, medical science, and other fields.
2. Figures like Baudhayan, Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta, Bhaskaracharya, Kanad, Varahamihira, Nagarjuna, Susruta, and Charak advanced knowledge in areas like calculus, astronomy, algebra, medicine, and more.
3. Their work in mathematics and science laid the foundation for modern work but was not fully recognized due to lack of documentation and later domination by Western thinkers. However, many concepts like zero, place value system, and quadratic equations can be traced back to ancient Indian scholars.
Indian culture has a rich legacy of scientific ideas dating back to ancient times. In ancient India, various fields of science like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and metallurgy made progress. Key developments included Aryabhata's work in astronomy which established it on scientific principles instead of religious beliefs, the development of the decimal number system and discovery of zero in mathematics, and the works of Charaka and Sushruta in medicine which discussed plants, surgery and over 700 medical plants. During the medieval period, science continued along traditions from earlier times while also adopting new influences from Islamic and European contacts through institutions like madrasas.
Mathematics, astronomy, medicine, agriculture, and other sciences developed during the medieval period in India under both traditional indigenous and new Islamic influences.
Key developments included the establishment of madrasas and maktabs that taught subjects like arithmetic, mensuration, geometry, astronomy, and accountancy. Several important works were produced in mathematics, including treatises on trigonometric functions by scholars like Narayana Pandit, Gangadhara, and Nilakantha Somasutvan. Astronomy flourished with commentaries on established notions and the development of new instruments. Traditional Ayurveda and new Unani systems of medicine were both practiced. Agriculture continued with the introduction of new crops from foreign traders.
The document discusses religious reform movements in modern India that arose in response to rigid and inhumane practices in Indian society in the early 19th century. It highlights key figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy who founded the Brahmo Samaj movement to reject idol worship and rituals. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar worked to promote women's rights and education. The Prarthana Samaj in Bombay promoted rational worship and social reforms like inter-caste marriage. The Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, also aimed to reform Hindu practices and promote women's rights based on a strict interpretation of the Vedas. These religious reform movements addressed social issues
The document provides background information on the rise of Sufism and the Bhakti movement in medieval India. It discusses how the Sufi movement brought a new form of liberal religious expression within Islam that emphasized equality and universal love. Sufis formed mystical orders called silsilahs and used local languages to spread their message. The Bhakti movement similarly transformed Hinduism by introducing devotion and rejecting the caste system. The Sufi and Bhakti saints played an important role in promoting religious harmony between Muslims and Hindus in India.
This document provides an overview of religion and philosophy in ancient India. It discusses the development of religions from pre-Vedic times through the Vedic period, including the beliefs of early groups and the evolving ideas in Vedic texts. Major systems that developed include orthodox schools like the six systems of Vedic philosophy (including Samkhya and Yoga schools), and unorthodox movements like Buddhism, Jainism, various theistic religions, and folk cults centered around deities. The relationship between religion and philosophy in ancient India is described as complementary, with philosophy providing vision and religion guiding practice to attain the highest truths and freedom.
This document provides information about preparing for a vocational role, including the meaning of career, vocation, and occupation. It discusses the need to properly plan and prepare for a vocation through general education and/or specialized training. Choosing a vocation requires understanding one's interests, aptitudes, and personality characteristics. The document outlines the steps to make a good career choice, including self-assessment, researching occupations, narrowing options, setting goals, and creating an action plan. It also notes some common myths about career choice and emphasizes the importance of counseling in making a wise decision.
The document provides information on performing arts in India, including music, dance, and drama. It discusses how these art forms have been an integral part of Indian culture since ancient times, initially used for religious propagation and social reforms. It describes the two main classical music traditions of Hindustani music in North India and Carnatic music in South India. Key texts that discuss music include the Natyashastra, Brihaddesi, and Sangeet Ratnakara. The document also outlines the patronage of music by ancient and medieval rulers like the Mughals and the contributions of saints and poets in popularizing religious music.
Development is a lifelong process of qualitative changes from conception to death across physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional domains. It is influenced by both genetic/biological factors as well as environmental factors. While development progresses in general stages, there is variability between individuals. The document discusses several key concepts regarding development, including defining development, distinguishing it from related terms, outlining domains and stages of development, and characteristics of the developmental process.
This document discusses mental health and hygiene. It begins by defining mental health as an optimum level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. Mental hygiene is related to developing and maintaining behaviors and skills to sustain good mental health. The document outlines some behaviors that indicate poor mental health, such as irritability and withdrawal, and behaviors that promote good health, including proper nutrition, exercise, and positive thinking. It also discusses strategies for effective time management like prioritizing tasks and having a flexible schedule.
This document discusses mental disorders and their treatment. It begins by describing behaviors that seem unusual like checking a bag frequently or having increased anxiety before an exam, and notes that these could be signs of mental disorders. Mental disorders develop gradually due to factors like heredity, personality, stress tolerance, childhood experiences, and an inability to cope with stressors. The document then discusses the nature of stress and conflicts/frustrations as sources of disturbed mental health. It provides examples of different types of stressors, conflicts, and frustrations people may experience. Finally, it notes that people generally use problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies to deal with stressors, but that sometimes leads to mental disorders if coping is ineffective.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Motion and its description
1. Notes
MODULE - 3
Moving Things
191
Motion and its Description
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
9
MOTION AND ITS DESCRIPTION
Youmusthaveseennumberofthingsinmotion.Forexamplecar,bicycle,busmoving
on a road, train moving on rails, aeroplane flying in the sky, blades of an electric
fan and a child on a swing. What makes things move?Are all the motions similar?
You might have seen that some move along straight line, some along curved path
andsometoandfrofromafixedposition.Howandwhythesemotionsaredifferent?
You will find answers to all such questions in this lesson. Besides studying about
various types of motions, you will learn how to describe a motion. For this we will
try to understand the concepts of distance, displacement, velocity and acceleration.
We will also learn how these concepts are related with each other as well as with
time. How a body moving with constant speed can acquire acceleration will also be
discussed in this lesson.
OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson you will be able to:
explain the concept of motion and distinguish between rest and motion;
describe various types of motion – rectilinear, circular, rotational and
oscillatory;
define distance, displacement, speed, average speed, velocity and
acceleration;
describe uniform and uniformly accelerated motion in one dimension;
draw and interpret the distance time graphs and velocity time graphs;
establish relationship among displacement, speed, average speed, velocity
and acceleration;
apply these equations to make daily life situation convenient and
explain the circular motion.
2. Notes
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MODULE - 3 Motion and its Description
Moving Things
192
9.1 MOTION AND REST
If you observe a moving bus you will notice that the position of bus is changing with
time. What does this mean? This means that the bus is in motion. Now suppose you
are sitting in a bus moving parallel to another bus moving in the same direction with
same speed.You will observe that the position of the other bus with respect to your
bus is not changing with time. In this case the other bus seems to be at rest with
respect to your bus. However, both the buses are moving with respect to
surroundings. Thus, an object in motion can be at rest with respect to one observer
whereas for another observer, the same object may be in motion. Thus we can say
that the motion is relative.
Letusunderstandtheconceptofrelativemotion.Supposeyouaresittinginavehicle
waiting for traffic signal and the vehicle beside you just starts moving, you will feel
that your vehicle is moving backward.
Suppose Chintu and Golu are going to the market. Golu is running and Chintu is
walkingbehindhim.Thedistancebetweenthetwowillgoonincreasing,thoughboth
are moving in the same direction.To Golu it will appear that Chintu is moving away
from him. To Chintu also, it will appear that Golu is moving ahead and away from
him. This is also an example of relative motion. See Fig. 9.1.
Fig. 9.1 An example of relative motion
Think and Do
One day, Nimish while standing on the bank of a river in the evening observed
boats were approaching the bank, vehicles passing on the bridge, cattle going
away from the bank of the river towards the village, moon rising in the sky, birds
flying and going back to their nests, etc. Can you list some thoughts that could
be emerging in the mind of the Nimish. What type of world Nimish has around
him?
Chintu Golu
3. Notes
MODULE - 3
Moving Things
193
Motion and its Description
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
A
C
B
D
E
We can conclude that motion is a continuous change in the position of the object
with respect to the observer. Suppose you are moving towards your friend standing
in a field. In what way are you in motion?Are you in motion if you are observing
yourself?Isyourfriendinmotionwithrespecttoyou?Areyouinmotionwithrespect
to your friend? Now you may have understood that observer with respect to itself
can not be in motion. Thus, you are moving towards the object with respect to your
friendandyourfriendismovingtowardsyouwithrespecttoyouinoppositedirection.
In other words the change in position of the object with respect to observer decides
whether object is in motion. This change should also be continuous. Let us take an
interesting example to understand the concept of motion. There are five players
participating in 200 metre race event. They are running in their lanes as shown in
the Fig. 9.2. The players A, B, C, D and E runs 2, 3, 4, 3, 2 metre respectively
in one second. Can you help the player to understand that which player is in motion
withrespecttowhichplayerandwhichplayerisatrestwithrespecttowhichplayer?
Fill your responses in the table given below.
Fig. 9.2
Table 9.1
Observer player Player in motion Player at rest Remark
A B, C, D E E is in rest with respect to
A because change in
position of A and E in
1second is zero while in
other cases is not.
B
C
D
Now you will be able to help Nimish to answer some of his questions.
4. Notes
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MODULE - 3 Motion and its Description
Moving Things
194
9.1.1 Types of Motion
In our daily life we see many objects moving. Some objects moving in straight line
and some are not. For example, a ball rolls on a horizontal surface, a stone falling
from a building, and a runner on 100 m race track. In all these examples, you may
notice that the position of moving objects is changing with respect to time along a
straight line. This type of motion is called motion in a straight line or rectilinear
motion.
Fig. 9.3 Example of rectilinear motion
Can you think at least two more other example of such motions. You might have
observed the motion of time hands of a clock, motion of child sitting on a merry-
go-round, motion of the blades of an electric fan. In such a motion, an object follows
a circular path during motion. This type of motion is called circular motion.
ACTIVITY 9.1
(A) Suspend a small stone with a string (of length less than your height) with the
helpofyourhand.Displacethestoneasidefromthepositionofrestandrelease.
(B) Let the stone comes to rest and bring it to the point of suspension with the help
of your hand and release it.
(a) Ball rolling on horizontal surface
(b) Stone falling by hand
(c) A runner on a 100 m race track
5. Notes
MODULE - 3
Moving Things
195
Motion and its Description
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(A)
(B)
(C)
(C) Now hold the stone firmly in your hand and whirl it over your head.
Write in table given below, what type of motion of stone you have observed in all
the above three cases with justification.
Table 9.2
Case Type of motion Justification
A
B
C
(A) A person suspend the stone attached to a string, (B) A person oscillate the stone
attached to a string, (C) A person whirling the stone attached to a string
Fig. 9.4 (A), (B) (C)
Have you ever noticed that the motion of the branches of a tree? They move to and
fro from their central positions (position of rest). Such type of motion is called
oscillatory motion. In such a motion, an object oscillates about a point often called
position of rest or equilibrium position. The motion of swing and pendulum of wall
clock are also oscillating motions. Can you think about the motion of the needle of
a sewing machine? What type of motion is it? Now you can distinguish some of the
motions viewed by Nimish.
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9.2 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
For a moving object two points are significant. One is the point of start or origin
where from the object starts its motion and the other is the point where it reaches
after certain interval of time. Points of start and destination are connected by a path
taken by the object during its motion. The length of the path followed by object is
called distance. There may be a number of paths between the point of start and the
point of destination. Hence the object may cover different distances between same
point of start and destination. The unit of distance is metre (m) or kilometre (km).
ACTIVITY 9.2
An object moves from pointAto B along three different paths. Measure the distance
travelled by object along these three paths.
Fig. 9.5
In any motion, you will notice that object gets displaced while it changes its position
continuously. The change in position of the object is called displacement.
Basically, it is the shortest distance between initial and final position of the object.
The path followed by the object between initial and final positions may or may not
be straight line. Hence, the length of the path does not always represent the
displacement.
ACTIVITY 9.3
In the following cases measure the distance and displacement and write their values
in the table given below:
(a) A body moves from A to B
(b) A body moves from A to B then comes to C
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(c) A body goes from position A to B and comes back to position A
(d) A body goes from posion A to B and then C
(e) A body moves from position A to B along a circular arc
Fig. 9.6
Table 9.3
Case Distance Displacement
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Now you can conclude that:
(a) displacement is smaller or equal to the distance.
(b) displacement is equal to distance, if body moves along a straight line path and
does not change its direction.
(c) if a body does not move along a straight line path its displacement is less than
the distance.
(d) displacement can be zero but distance can not be zero.
(e) magnitudeofdisplacementistheminimumdistancebetweenfinalpositionand
initialposition.
(f) distance is the length of the path followed by the body.
(g) distance is path dependent while displacement is position dependent.
Can you now, suggest a situation in which the distance is twice the displacement?
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9.2.1 Graphical Representation of Distance and Displacement
Distance and displacement can also be shown by graphical representation. To draw
a graph, follow the following steps:
(i) Analyse the range of variables (maximum and minimum values).
(ii) Select the suitable scale to represent the data on the graph line adequately.
(iii) Take independent quantity on x-axis and dependent quantity on y-axis.
Take distance on x-axis and displacement on y-axis. You know that for a motion
along a straight line without changing its direction the distance is always equal to the
displacement. If you draw the graph, you will find that the graph line is a straight
line passing through origin making an angle of 45° with distance axis as shown in
Fig 9.7.
Fig. 9.7
Let us take another situation where an object moving from one position to another
and coming back to the same position. In this case the graph line will be a straight
linemakinganangleof45°withdistanceaxisuptoitsmaximumvalueandthencomes
to zero as shown in Fig. 9.8.
Fig. 9.8
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Now you can infer that:
If graph line is a straight line making an angle of 45° with x-axis or y-axis, the
motion is straight line motion and distance is equal to the displacement.
For same value of displacement, the distance travelled can be different.
If graph line does not make an angle of 45° with x-axis or y-axis, the motion
will not be straight line motion.
When an object moves along a circular path, the maximum displacement is equal
to the diameter of the circular path and the distance travelled by object keeps on
increasing with time as shown in Fig. 9.9.
Fig. 9.9
INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.1
Choose the correct answer in the followings:
1. For an object moving along a straight line without changing its direction the
(a) distance travelled > displacement
(b) distance travelled < displacement
(c) distance travelled = displacement
(d) distance is not zero but displacement is zero
2. In a circular motion the distance travelled is
(a) always > displacement
(b) always < displacements
(c) always = displacement
(d) zero when displacement is zero
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3. Two persons start from position A and reach to
position B by two different paths ACB and AB
respectively as shown in Fig. 9.10.
(a) Their distances travelled are same
(b) Their displacement are same
(c) The displacement of I > the displacement of II
(d) The distance travelled by I < distance travelled by II
4. In respect of the top point of the bicycle wheel of radius R moving along a
straightroad,whichofthefollowingholdsgoodduringhalfofthewheelrotation.
(a) distance = displacement
(b) distance < displacement
(c) displacement = 2R
(d) displacement = πR
5. An object thrown vertically upward to the height of 20 m comes to the hands
of the thrower in 10 second. The displacement of the object is
(a) 20 m (b) 40 m (c) Zero (d) 60 m
6. Draw a distance-displacement graph for an object in uniform circular motion on
a track of radius 14 m.
9.3 UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTION
Let us analyze the data of the motion of two objectsAand B given in the table 9.4.
Table 9.4
Time in seconds (t) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Position of A (x1 in metre) 0 4 8 12 16 20
Position of object B (x2 in metre) 0 4 12 12 12 20
DoyoufindanydifferencebetweenthemotionofobjectAandB?Obviouslyobjects
AandBstartmovingatthesametimefromrestandbothobjectstravelequaldistance
in equal time. However, the object A has same rate of change in its position and
objectBhasdifferentrateofchangeinposition.Themotioninwhichanobjectcovers
equal distance in equal interval of time is called uniform motion whereas the motion
in which distance covered by object is not equal in equal interval of time is called
non-uniform motion. Thus, the motion of object A is uniform and of object B is non-
uniform.You can draw the position-time graph for the motion of object A and B and
observe the nature of the graph for both types of motion.
For the uniform motion of object A the graph is a straight line graph and for non-
uniform motion of object B the graph is not a straight line as shown in the Fig. 9.11.
Fig. 9.10
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Fig. 9.11 Graph representing uniform and non-uniform motion
9.3.1 Speed
Whileyouplanyourjourneytovisitaplaceofyourinterestyouintendtothinkabout
timeofjourneysothatyoucanarrangeneedfulthingslikeeatablesetc.forthatperiod
of time. How will you do it? For this you would like to know how far you have
to reach and how fast you can cover the destination. The measure of how fast motion
can take place is the speed. Speed can be defined as the distance travelled by
a body in unit time.
Thus speed =
Distance travelled
time taken
Its SI unit is metre per second which is written as ms–1. The other commonly used
unit is km h–1.
i.e., 1 kmh–1 = –11000 m 5
ms
60 60 s 18
=
×
ACTIVITY 9.4
Here position of four bodies A, B, C and D are given after equal interval of time
i.e. 2 s. Identify the nature of the motion of the bodies as uniform and non-uniform
motion.
Table 9.5
Time (s) → Bodies ↓ 0 2 4 6 8
positions (m) → A 0 4 8 12 16
B 0 8 8 10 12
C 4 8 12 16 20
D 0 6 12 16 20
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To identify the nature of the motion you can make a table as given below
Table 9.6
Time taken by body (s) → 2 – 0 = 2 4 – 2 = 2 6 – 4 = 2 8 – 6 = 2
Distance covered by
body (m) ↓
A 4 – 0 = 4 8 – 4 = 4 12 – 8 = 4 16 – 12 = 4
B 8 – 0 = 8 8 – 8 = 0 10 – 8 = 2 12 – 10 = 2
C 8 – 4 = 4 12 – 8 = 4 16 – 12 = 4 20 – 16 = 4
D 8 – 4 = 4 12 – 6 = 6 16 – 12 = 4 20 – 16 = 4
From the above table you can conclude that body A and C travel equal distances
in equal interval of time so their motion is uniform. But the distances travelled by
body B and D for equal intervals of time are not equal, hence their motion is non-
uniformmotion.
To analyze the motion as uniform motion or non-uniform motion, the motion can be
represented by graph. The position-time graph of all the four bodies A, B, C and
D is shown in Fig. 9.12.
Fig. 9.12
Now you can see that the bodies having uniform motion e.g. A and C have their
graphlinestraightandthebodieshavingnon-uniformmotiondonothavetheirposition
time graph line straight. In this graphical representation on axis 1 div = 1s and on
y-axis 1 div = 2m.
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Agraphdrawnfordifferentdistancestravelledbyobjectwithrespecttotimeiscalled
distance-time graph as shown in Fig. 9.13.
Fig. 9.13
In Fig. 9.13 distance travelled in 10 s is 22 m. Therefore, the speed of the object
=
( )
( )
22 m
10 s
= 2.2 ms–1
This motion can be represented by another way i.e., speed =
AB
OB
. This ratio is also
known as slope of the graph line. Thus the speed is the slope of position-time graph.
Example 9.1 An object moves along a rectangular path of sides 20 m and 40 m
respectively. It takes 30 minutes to complete two rounds. What is the speed of the
object?
Solution:
( )2 2 20 40 mDistance travelled
time taken 30 60 s
× +
=
×
–14
ms
30
=
9.3.2 Velocity
If you are asked to reach a destination and you are provided three, four paths of
differentlengths,whichofthepathwouldyouprefer?Obviously,thepathofshortest
length but not always. This is also called displacement. In the previous section you
havelearntaboutdistance.Whenmotionisalongtheshortestpath,itisdirectedfrom
thepointofstarttothepointoffinish.Howfastthismotionisdeterminesthevelocity.
The velocity is the ratio of length of the shortest path i.e. displacement to the time
taken
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velocity =
Displacement
Time taken
Velocity has same unit as the unit of speed i.e., ms–1 (S.I. unit) or kmh–1.
The shortest path or the displacement is directed from initial position of the object
to the final position of the object. Hence, the velocity is also directed from initial
position of the object to the final position of the object. Thus we can say that the
velocity has direction. Speed does not have direction because it depends upon the
totaldistancetravelledbytheobjectirrespectiveofthedirection.Thequantitieswhich
have direction are called vector and which do not have direction are called scalar
quantity. Thus, velocity can also be expressed as
velocity =
Change in position
Time taken
ACTIVITY 9.5
Observe the motion of an object in the following situations. Find speed and velocity
ineachsituationandcommentoverthesituationwhichyoufinddifferentfromother.
Ohject moves from A to B in time 10 s on the scale 1 cm = 10 m
Object moves from A to B than to C in 10 s on the scale 1 cm = 10 m
Object moves from A to B than to C in 20 s on the scale 1 cm = 10 m
Object completes a round of radius 7 m in 10 s
Fig. 9.14
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Now you will be able to distinguish the speed and velocity. Magnitude of
instantaneous velocity is the speed. Now you can understand the importance of
preplanning your journey to save time, effort and fuel etc.
Example 9.2 In a rectangular field of sides 60 m and 80 m respectively two formers
start moving from the same point and takes same time i.e. 30 minutes to reach
diagonally opposite point along two different paths as shown in Fig. 9.15. Find the
velocity and speed of both the formers.
Fig. 9.15
Solution: The displacement of both the former in same i.e.,
2 260 80+ = 3600 6400 10000+ = = 100 m
∴ Velocity A and B, v =
displacement
time taken
=
100 m 1
30 60s 18
=
×
ms–1
speed of A =
( )80+60 mDistance travelled
time taken 30×60s
=
=
140
3800
ms–1 =14
18
ms–1
and speed of B =
Distance travelled 100s
time taken 30×60s
= =
1
18
ms–1
Note: In this example you can appreciate that the velocity of both the formers is
same but not the speed.
9.3.3 Average speed and average velocity
Speed during a certain interval of time can not be used to determine total distance
coveredingiventimeofthejourneyandalsothetimetakentocoverthetotaldistance
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ofjourney.Itisbecauseabodydoesnotalwaystravelequaldistanceinequalinterval
of time. In most of the cases the body travels non-uniformly. Thus, in case of non-
uniform motion to determine average speed is quite useful. The average speed can
be determined by the ratio of total distance covered to the total time taken.
Average speed =
total distance covered
total time taken
Similarly in case of average velocity in place of total distance covered you can take
totaldisplacement.
∴ Average speed =
total displacement
total time taken
Let us take few examples to understand the average speed and average velocity.
Example 9.3 If a body covers 50 m distance in 30 s and next 100 m in 45 s then
total distance covered
= 50 + 100 = 150 m
and total time taken = 30 + 45 = 75 s
∴ Average speed =
150 m
75 s
= 2ms–1
Example 9.4 If an object moves with the speed of 10 ms–1 for 10 s and with
8 ms–1 for 20 s, then total distance covered will be the sum of distance covered
in 10 s and the distance covered in 20 s = 10 × 10 + 8 × 20 = 260 m
∴ The average speed =
total distance covered
total time taken
=
( )
260 m 260 m
10+20 s 30 s
=
= 8.66 ms–1
Example 9.5 If a body moves 50 m with the speed of 5 ms–1 and then 60 m with
speed of 6 ms-1, then total distance covered
= 50 + 60 = 110 m
and total time taken will be the sum of time taken for 50 m and 60 m = 20 s
Thus, average speed =
total distance covered
total time taken
=
110 m
20 s
= 5.5 ms–1
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Example 9.6 If an object moves 30 m toward north in 10 s and then 40 m eastward
in next 10s, The displacement of the object will be OB
= 2 230 40+ = 900 1600+ = 2500
= 50 m
∴ The average velocity =
total displacement covered
total time taken
=
( )
50 m 50 m
= = 2.5
10+10 s 20 s
ms–1
Fig 9.16
Example 9.7 If an object moves along a circular track of radius 14 m and complete
one round in 20 s then for one complete round total displacement is zero and the
average velocity will also be zero.
From these examples you can conclude that:
(i) Instantaneous speed is the magnitude of instantaneous velocity but average
speed is not the magnitude of average velocity.
(ii) Average velocity is less than or equal to the average speed.
(iii) Average velocity can be zero but not average speed.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.2
1. Some of the quantities are given in column I. Their corresponding values are
written in column II but not in same order. You have to match these values
corresponding to the values given in column I:
Column I Column II
(a) 1 kmh–1 (i) 20 ms–1
(b) 18 kmh–1 (ii) 10 ms–1
(c) 72 kmh–1 (iii) 5/18 ms–1
(d) 36 kmh–1 (iv) 5 ms–1
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2. A cyclist moves along the path shown in the diagram and takes 20 minutes from
point A to point B. Find the distance, displacement and speed of the cyclist.
Fig. 9.17
3. Identify the situation for which speed and average speed of the objects are equal.
(i) Freelyfallingball
(ii) Second or minute needle of a clock
(iii) Motion of a ball on inclined plane
(iv) Train going from Delhi to Mumbai
(v) When object moves with uniform speed
4. The distance-time graph of the motion of an object is given. Find the average
speed and maximum speed of the object during the motion.
Fig. 9.18
5. The distance travelled by an object at different times is given in the table below.
Draw a distance-time graph and calculate the average speed of the object. State
whether the motion of the object is uniform or non-uniform.
Table 9.7
Time (s) → 0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance (m) → 0 2 4 6 8 10
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6. A player completes his half of the race in 60 minutes and next half of the race
in 40 minutes. If he covers a total distance of 1200 m, find his average speed.
7. A train has to cover a distance of 1200 km in 16 h. The first 800 km are covered
by the train in 10 h. What should be the speed of the train to cover the rest
of the distance? Also find the average speed of the train.
8. A bird flies from a tree A to the tree B with the speed of 40 km h–1 and returns
to tree A from tree B with the speed of 60 km h–1. What is the average speed
of the bird during this journey?
9. Three players P, Q and R reach from point A to B in same time by following
three paths shown in the Fig. 9.19. Which of the player has more speed, which
has covered more distance?
Fig. 9.19
9.4. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
Itshowsthechangeinonequantitycorrespondingtoanotherquantityinthegraphical
representation.
9.4.1 Position-time Graph
Itiseasytoanalyzeandunderstandmotionofanobjectifitisrepresentedgraphically.
To draw graph of the motion of an object, its position at different times are shown
on y-axis and time on x-axis. For example, positions of an object at different times
are given in Table 9.8.
Table 9.8 Position of different objects at different time
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Position(m) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
In order to plot position-time graph for data given in Table 9.8, we represent time
on horizontal axis and position on vertical axis drawn on a graph paper. Next, we
choose a suitable scale for this.
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Forexample,inFig.9.20onedivisiononhorizontalaxisrepresents1softimeinterval
and one division on vertical axis represents in 10 m, respectively. If we join different
points representing corresponding position time data, we get straight line as shown
inFig.9.20.Thislinerepresentstheposition-timegraphofthemotioncorresponding
to data given in Table 9.8.
Fig. 9.20 Position-time graph for the motion of a particle on the basis of
data given in table
We note from the data that displacement of the object in 1st second, 2nd second,.....,
10th second is the same i.e., 10 m. In 10 second, the displacement is 100 m.
Therefore, velocity is
100 m
10 s
= 10 ms–1 for the whole course of motion. Velocity
during 1st second = 10 ms–1 and so on.
Thus, velocity is constant i.e., equal to 10 ms–1 throughout the motion. The motion
of an object in which velocity is constant, is called uniform motion.
As you see Fig. 9.20, for uniform motion position-time graph is a straight line.
Like position-time graph, you can also plot displacement-time graph. Displacement
is represented on the vertical axis and time interval on the horizontal axis. Since
displacement in each second is 10 m for data in table, the same graph (Fig. 9.20)
alsorepresentsthedisplacement-timegraphifverticalaxisislabeledasdisplacement.
For good understanding you can observe the following graphs.
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(A) Uniform motion (B) Object is at rest
(C) Non-uniform motion, rate of change (D) Non-uniform motion, rate of change
in position is increasing in position is decreasing
Fig. 9.21 Graph (A), (B), (C), (D)
9.4.2 Velocity-Time Graph
Take time on the horizontal axis and velocity on the vertical axis on a graph paper.
Let one division on horizontal axis represent 1 s and one division on vertical axis
represent 10 ms–1. Plotting the data in Table 9.9 gives us the graph as shown in
Fig. 9.22.
Table 9.9 Velocity-time data of objects A and B
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Velocity of A (ms-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Velocity of B (ms-1) 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Fig. 9.22 Velocity-time graph for the motion of object A and B on the
basis of data given in table
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Lines OR and PQ represent the motion of object A and B respectively. Thus, we
see that the velocity-time graph of motion represented in Table 9.9 is a straight line
and parallel to time axis for object B. This is so because the velocity is constant
throughout the motion. The motion is uniform. Consider the area under the graph
in Fig. 9.22 for object B.
Area = (8s) × (10 ms–1) = 80 m. This is equal to the displacement of the object
B in 8 s.
Area under velocity-time graph = Displacement of the object during that time
interval
Similarly for object A area under the graph in Fig. 9.22.
= ( ) ( )
1
8 s 80 0
2
× − ms–1
= ( ) ( )
1
8 80 m
2
× = 320 m
This is equal to the displacement of object A in 8 s.
Though, we obtained this result for object B for a simple case of uniform motion,
it is general result.
Let x be displacement of an object in time t, moving with uniform velocity v, then
x = vt (for uniform motion)
You may have seen the motion of objects moving differently. Can you think what
make this difference? Observe the motion of a ball on a floor. The ball slows down
and finally comes to rest. This means that the velocity during different time intervals
ofmotionisdifferent.Inotherwordsvelocityisnotconstant.Suchamotioniscalled
accelerated motion.
9.5 ACCELERATION
In the previous section we have learnt about the non-uniform motion in which the
changeinvelocityindifferentintervalsofmotionisdifferent.Thischangeinvelocity
with time is called acceleration. Thus, the acceleration of an object is defined as
the change in velocity divided by the time interval during which this occurs.
Acceleration =
Change in velocity
Time interval
Itsunitisms–2.Itisspecifiedbydirection.Itsdirectionisalongthedirectionofchange
in velocity. Suppose the velocity of an object changes from 10 ms–1 to 30 ms–1 in
a time interval of 2 s.
Fig. 9.23 Changing velocity
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The acceleration, a =
–1 –130 ms – 10 ms
2.0s
= 10 ms–2
This means that the object accelerates in +x direction and its velocity increases at
a rate of 10 ms–1 in every second.
If the acceleration of an object during its motion is constant, we say that object is
moving with uniform acceleration. The velocity-time graph of such a motion is
straight line inclined to the time axis as shown in Fig. 9.24.
For a given time interval, if the final velocity is more than the initial velocity, then
accordingtoFig.9.24,theaccelerationwillbepositive.However,ifthefinalvelocity
is less than the initial velocity, the acceleration will be negative.
Fig. 9.24 velocity-time graph of an object moving with uniform acceleration
When velocity of the object is constant, acceleration will be zero. Thus, for uniform
motion,theaccelerationiszeroandfornon-uniformmotion,theaccelerationisnon-
zero.
Example9.8 Findthedistanceanddisplacementfromthegivenvelocity-timegraph
in Fig. 9.25.
Fig. 9.25
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Solution:
Distancetravelled = Area of ΔOAB + Area of ΔBCD
=
1
2
(25) × (20) +
1
2
(10) × (20)
= 250 + 100 = 350 m
Displacement = Area of ΔOAB – Area of ΔBCD
=
1
2
(25) × (20) –
1
2
(10) × (20)
= 250 – 100 = 150 m
Example9.9Fromthegivenvelocity-timegraphobtaintheacceleration-timegraph.
Fig. 9.26
Solution: From the given graph acceleration for 0 – 10 s time interval
=
15 0
10 0
−
−
= 1.5 ms–2
acceleration for 10 – 20s time interval in same as for 20 – 30s time interval
=
20 15 5
30 10 20
−
=
−
= 0.25 ms–2
acceleration for 30 – 40s time interval =
20 20
40 30
−
−
= 0
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acceleration for 40 – 50 and 50 – 60s interval =
30 20 10
60 40 20
−
=
−
= 0.5 ms–2
For all the above time intervals the acceleration-time graph can be drawn as shown
in Fig. 9.27.
Fig. 9.27
INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.3
1. Describe the motion of an object shown in Fig. 9.28.
Fig. 9.28 Position-time graph of an object
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2. Compare the velocity of two objects where motion is shown in Fig. 9.29.
Fig. 9.29 Position-time graph for object A and B.
3. Draw the graph for the motion of object A and B on the basis of data given in
Table 9.10.
Table 9.10
Time(s) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Position (m) for A 0 5 5 5 5 5
Position (m) for B 0 2 4 6 8 10
4. A car accelerates from rest uniformly and attains a maximum velocity of
2 ms–1 in 5 seconds. In next 10 seconds it slows down uniformly and comes
to rest at the end of 10th second. Draw a velocity-time graph for the motion.
Calculate from the graph (i) acceleration, (ii) retardation, and (iii) distance
travelled.
5. A body moving with a constant speed of 10 ms–1 suddenly reverses its direction
of motion at the 5th second and comes to rest in next 5 second. Draw a position-
time graph of the motion to represent this situation.
9.6 EQUATIONS OF MOTION
Consider an object moving with uniform acceleration, a. Let u be the initial velocity
(at time t = 0), v, velocity after time t and S, displacement during this time interval.
There are certain relationships between these quantities. Let us find out.
We know that
Acceleration =
Chnage in velocity
Time interval
∴ a =
v u
t
−
or v = u + at ...(9.1)
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This is called as the first equation of motion.
Also, we know that
Displacement = (average velocity) × (time interval)
or s =
2
v u
t
+⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
=
2
u at u
t
+ +⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
( )v u at= +∵
or s = 21
2
ut at+ ...(9.2)
This is called the second equation of motion.
If object starts from rest, u = 0 and
s = 21
0
2
t at× +
or s = 21
2
at
Thus, we see that the displacement of an object undergoing a constant acceleration
is proportional to t2, while the displacement of an object with constant velocity (zero
acceleration) is proportional to t.
Now, if we take
v u
a
t
−
= and .
2
v u
s t
+⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
and multiply them, we find that
a.s =
( )
2
v u v u
t
t
− +⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
=
2 2
2
v u−
or 2a.s = v2 – u2
or v2 = u2 + 2as ...(9.3)
This is called as third equation of motion. In case of motion under gravity ‘a’ can
be replaced by ‘g’.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.4
1. Aballisthrownstraightupwardswithaninitialvelocity19.6ms–1.Itwascaught
at the same distance above the ground from which it was thrown:
(i) How high does the ball rise?
(ii) How long does the ball remain in air? (g = 9.8 ms–2)
28. Notes
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218
2. A brick is thrown vertically upwards with the velocity of 192.08 ms–1to the
labourer at the height of 9.8 m. What are its velocity and acceleration when it
reaches the labourer?
3. A body starts its motion with a speed of 10 ms–1 and accelerates for 10 s with
10 ms–2. What will be the distance covered by the body in 10 s?
4. A car starts from rest and covers a distance of 50 m in 10 s and 100 m in next
10 s. What is the average speed of the car?
9.7 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Youmayhaveseenthe motionof the bicycle ona straightlevelroad.Doallmovable
parts of the bicycle move alike? If not, then how are they moving differently? Does
the peddling make a difference in these motions? Like Nimish, number of questions
you may have in your mind. Let us try to answer these questions. Bicycle is moving
on a straight road so its motion is rectilinear motion.
Fig. 9.30 Bicycle moving on a road
Now look at the wheels of the bicycle.Any point on the wheel of the bicycle always
remains at a constant distance from the axis of the wheel and moves around the fixed
point i.e., axis of the wheel. On the basis of this description of motion of the wheel
you can decide very obviously that this motion is circular motion.
Similarly,canyouthinkaboutthemotionoftheflywheelofthebicycle?Duringnon-
peddling, there is no circular motion of flywheel and it moves in a straight line thus,
its motion is rectilinear motion. But during the peddling its motion is circular motion
can you think about the motion of any part of the bicycle which has two types of
motion at the same time?Yes, during the circular motion of the wheel or flywheel,
they are also advancing in forward direction on a straight road. Thus, there motion
is circular motion as well as rectilinear motion at the same time.
Now consider the motion of an object along a circular track of radius R through
four points A, B, C and D on the track as shown in Fig. 9.31. If object completes
each round of motion in same time, than it covers equal distance in equal interval
oftimeanditsmotionwillbeuniformmotion.Sinceduringthisuniformmotionequal
distance is being covered in equal interval of time, therefore, the ratio of distance
29. Notes
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Motion and its Description
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Fig. 9.31 Circular motion
covered to the time taken i.e., speed will remain constant. It means in uniform
circular motion speed remains constant.
Now think about velocity, velocity remains
along the direction of motion. In Fig. 9.31
you can see the direction of motion changes
at every point as shown at point A, B, C and
D. Since there is a change in direction of
motion, therefore, the direction of velocity
also changes. We can say that in uniform
circular motion, velocity changes due to
changeindirectionofmotionandthemotion
of the object is accelerated motion. This
acceleration is due to change in the direction
of motion. But in this motion speed remains constant. How interested this motion
is because a body moving with constant speed acquires acceleration.
Think and Do
K I L O M E T R E T O
S P E E D T O N C N E
O N D I S T A A N O E
P D I S P L A C D I A
A N S V E L O C I T Y
T A P P E E R C S A N
K A L U D I N E T R A
T E A M Y O Y L A E D
M A C H I N E E N L L
E P E P T A D R C E K
T O M F T R E A E C D
R N E N G I N T G C Q
E E N K L O M E T A R
Intheabovewordgrididentifythemeaningfulwords,relatedtodescriptionofmotion,
in horizontal or vertical columns in sequence and define them (at least three).
30. Notes
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220
INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.5
1. In circular motion the point around which body moves
(a) always remain in rest
(b) always remain in motion
(c) may or may not be in motion
(d) remaininoscillatorymotion
2. Inuniformcircularmotion
(a) speed remain constant
(b) velocityremainconstant
(c) speed and velocity both remain constant
(d) neither speed nor velocity remain constant
3. A point on a blade of a ceiling fan has
(a) alwaysuniformcircularmotion
(b) always uniformly accelerated circular motion
(c) may be uniform or non-uniform circular motion
(d) variable accelerated circular motion
WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT
If a body stays at the same position with time, it is at rest.
If the body changes its position with time, it is in motion.
Motion is said to be rectilinear if the body moves in the same straight line all
the time. e.g., a car moving in straight line on a level road.
The motion is said to be circular if the body moves on a circular path; e.g. the
motion of the tip of the second needle of a watch.
The total path length covered by a moving body is the distance travelled by it.
The distance between the final and initial position of a body is called its
displacement.
Distance travelled in unit time is called speed, whereas, displacement per unit
time is called velocity.
31. Notes
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Position-time graph of a body moving in a straight line with constant speed is
a straight line sloping with time axis. The slope of the line gives the velocity of
the object in motion.
Velocity-time graph of a body in straight line with constant speed is a straight
line parallel to time axis.Area under the graph gives distance travelled.
Velocity-time graph of a body in straight line with constant acceleration is a
straight line sloping with the time axis. The slop of the line gives acceleration.
For uniformly accelerated motion
v = u + at
s = ut +
1
2
at2
and v2 = u2 + 2as
where u=initialvelocity,v=finalvelocity,ands=distancetravelledintseconds
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. An object initially at rest moves for t seconds with a constant acceleration a.
The average speed of the object during this time interval is
(a)
2
a t⋅
; (b) 2a t⋅ ; (c)
21
2
a t⋅ ; (d)
21
2
a t⋅
2. Acarstartsfromrestwithauniformaccelerationof4ms–2.Thedistancetravelled
in metres at the ends of 1s, 2s, 3s and 4s are respectively,
(a) 4, 8, 16, 32 (b) 2, 8, 18, 32
(c) 2, 6, 10, 14 (d) 4, 16, 32, 64
3. Does the direction of velocity decide the direction of acceleration?
4. Establish the relation between acceleration and distance travelled by the body
5. Explain whether or not the following particles have acceleration:
(i) a particle moving in a straight line with constant speed, and
(ii) a particle moving on a curve with constant speed.
6. Consider the following combination of signs for velocity and acceleration of an
object with respect to a one dimensional motion along x-axis and give example
from real life situation for each case:
32. Notes
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222
Table 9.11
Velocity Acceleration Example
(a)Positive Positive Ball rolling down on a slope
likeslideorramp
(b)Positive Negative
(c)Positive Zero
(d)Negative Positive
(e)Negative Negative
(f)Negative Zero
(g)zero Positive
(h) Zero Negative
7. Acartravellinginitiallyat7ms–1 acceleratesattherateof8.0ms–2 foraninterval
of 2.0 s. What is its velocity at the end of the 2 s?
8. Acar travelling in a straight line has a velocity of 5.0 ms–1 at some instant.After
4.0s,itsvelocityis8.0ms–1.Whatisitsaverageaccelerationinthistimeinterval?
9. The velocity-time graph for an object moving along a straight line has shown in
Fig. 3.32. Find the average acceleration of this object during the time interval
0 to 5.0 s, 5.0 s to 15.0 s and 0 to 20.0 s.
Fig. 9.32
10. The velocity of an automobile changes over a period of 8 s as shown in the table
givenbelow:
33. Notes
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Motion and its Description
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Table 9.12
Time (s) Velocity (ms–1) Time (s) Velocity (ms–1)
0.0 0.0 5.0 20.0
1.0 4.0 6.0 20.0
2.0 8.0 7.0 20.0
3.0 12.0 8.0 20.0
4.0 16.0
(i) Plot the velocity-time graph of motion.
(ii) Determine the distance the car travels during the first 2 s.
(iii) What distance does the car travel during the first 4 s?
(iv) What distance does the car travel during the entire 8 s?
(v) Find the slope of the line between t = 5.0 s and t = 7.0 s. What does
the slope indicate?
(vi) Find the slope of the line between t = 0 s to t = 4 s. What does this slope
represent?
11. The position-time data of a car is given in the table given below:
Table 9.13
Time (s) Position (m) Time (s) Position (m)
0 0 25 150
5 100 30 112.5
10 200 35 75
15 200 40 37.5
20 200 45 0
(i) Plot the position-time graph of the car.
(ii) Calculate average velocity of the car during first 10 seconds.
(iii) Calculate the average velocity between t = 10 s to t = 20 s.
(iv) Calculate the average velocity between t = 20 s and t = 25 s. What can
you say about the direction of the motion of car?
12. An object is dropped from the height of 19.6 m. Draw the displacement-time
graph for time when object reach the ground. Also find velocity of the object
when it touches the ground.
34. Notes
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Moving Things
224
13. An object is dropped from the height of 19.6 m. Find the distance travelled by
object in last second of its journey.
14. Show that for a uniformly accelerated motion starting from velocity u and
acquiring velocity v has average velocity equal to arithmetic mean of the initial
(u) and final velocity (v).
15. Findthedistance,averagespeed,displacement,averagevelocityandacceleration
of the object whose motion is shown in the graph (Fig. 9.33).
Fig. 9.33
16. A body accelerates from rest and attains a velocity of 10 ms-1 in 5 s. What is
its acceleration?
ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS
9.1
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6.
Fig. 9.34
35. Notes
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Motion and its Description
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9.2
1. (a)(iii) (b) (iv) (c) (i) (d) (ii)
2. Distance = 140 m,Displacement = 100 m, Speed = 7 ms–1
3. When object moves with uniform speed
4. 2ms–1, 5 ms–1
5. Average speed = 0.2 ms–1, motion is uniform motion
Fig. 9.35
6. 0.2 ms–1 7. 63 km h–1 8. 48 km h–1 9. R, R
9.3
1. For first five seconds object moves with constant speed i.e. 2ms–1. From 5 to
15 second it remains at rest and then from 15 to 20 seconds it moves with
constant speed 2 ms–1.
The motion of the object is not uniform.
2. Velocity of object A is 4 times the velocity of B.
3.
Fig. 9.36
36. Notes
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Moving Things
226
4.
Fig. 9.37
(i) a = 0.4 ms–2, (ii) –a = 0.4 ms–2, (iii) 10 m
5.
Fig. 9.38
9.4
1. (i) 19.6 m, (ii) 4 s 2. Zero and 9.8 ms–2
3. 600 m 4. 7.5 ms–1
9.5
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b)