This document discusses uniform circular motion and related concepts. It begins by defining uniform circular motion as motion at constant speed in a circular path. It then derives the formula for centripetal acceleration and explains that a centripetal force is needed to provide the acceleration toward the center required for circular motion. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating centripetal force for different objects in circular motion, including effects of speed and radius. The document also discusses banked curves and satellites in circular orbits, providing the relevant equations and example calculations.
The document discusses rotational motion and angular measurements like angular speed, angular acceleration, and their relationships to linear speed and acceleration. It defines radians and average angular speed, discusses rotational motion of rigid bodies, and provides formulas for angular speed, acceleration, and their equivalence to linear speed and acceleration for objects moving in circular motion. Example problems demonstrate applying these concepts and formulas to calculate values like angular speed in revolutions per minute given angular acceleration and time.
1) Simple harmonic motion is the motion of an object where the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and directed towards the equilibrium.
2) It can be modeled as circular motion where the acceleration towards the center is proportional to the displacement from the center.
3) Simple harmonic oscillators include spring-mass systems and pendulums, where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement.
This document provides an outline on the topic of harmonic motion in physics. It discusses key concepts such as Hooke's law, elastic potential energy, simple harmonic motion, the period and frequency of oscillation, and using a simple pendulum as an example of simple harmonic motion. The document defines important terms and provides examples to illustrate harmonic motion concepts.
This document provides an overview of kinematics of rectilinear motion. It defines key concepts like displacement, distance, speed, velocity, acceleration. It describes equations for uniform and accelerated rectilinear motion as well as vertical motion. It discusses using position-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs to represent rectilinear motion and determine values like displacement, velocity and acceleration. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate applying the concepts and equations.
(a) If speed doubles, centripetal force must quadruple. Radius must halve to maintain same centripetal force, so smallest radius would be r/2.
(b) If mass doubles, centripetal force must double to provide the same centripetal acceleration. Radius must halve again to maintain the doubled force, so smallest radius would be r/4.
MATERI PRESENTASI FISIKA UNTUK ANAK SMA KELAS X PADA SEMESTER GANJIL. SUDAH SAYA SUSUN DENGAN RINCI, MENARIK DAN DETAIL, SEHINGGA MEMUDAHKAN ANDA UNTUK MEMPELAJARINYA. Kunjungi saya di http://aguspurnomosite.blogspot.com
This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM), which refers to the periodic back-and-forth motion of an object attached to a spring or pendulum. It defines SHM as motion produced by a restoring force proportional to displacement and in the opposite direction. The key conditions for SHM are described, including that the maximum displacement from equilibrium is the amplitude. Equations show that the frequency and period of SHM depend only on the spring constant and mass. Graphs illustrate the variation in displacement, velocity, and acceleration over time for SHM. The document also discusses the conservation of energy for SHM systems, where potential and kinetic energy periodically convert between each other during the oscillation.
The document discusses rotational motion and angular measurements like angular speed, angular acceleration, and their relationships to linear speed and acceleration. It defines radians and average angular speed, discusses rotational motion of rigid bodies, and provides formulas for angular speed, acceleration, and their equivalence to linear speed and acceleration for objects moving in circular motion. Example problems demonstrate applying these concepts and formulas to calculate values like angular speed in revolutions per minute given angular acceleration and time.
1) Simple harmonic motion is the motion of an object where the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and directed towards the equilibrium.
2) It can be modeled as circular motion where the acceleration towards the center is proportional to the displacement from the center.
3) Simple harmonic oscillators include spring-mass systems and pendulums, where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement.
This document provides an outline on the topic of harmonic motion in physics. It discusses key concepts such as Hooke's law, elastic potential energy, simple harmonic motion, the period and frequency of oscillation, and using a simple pendulum as an example of simple harmonic motion. The document defines important terms and provides examples to illustrate harmonic motion concepts.
This document provides an overview of kinematics of rectilinear motion. It defines key concepts like displacement, distance, speed, velocity, acceleration. It describes equations for uniform and accelerated rectilinear motion as well as vertical motion. It discusses using position-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs to represent rectilinear motion and determine values like displacement, velocity and acceleration. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate applying the concepts and equations.
(a) If speed doubles, centripetal force must quadruple. Radius must halve to maintain same centripetal force, so smallest radius would be r/2.
(b) If mass doubles, centripetal force must double to provide the same centripetal acceleration. Radius must halve again to maintain the doubled force, so smallest radius would be r/4.
MATERI PRESENTASI FISIKA UNTUK ANAK SMA KELAS X PADA SEMESTER GANJIL. SUDAH SAYA SUSUN DENGAN RINCI, MENARIK DAN DETAIL, SEHINGGA MEMUDAHKAN ANDA UNTUK MEMPELAJARINYA. Kunjungi saya di http://aguspurnomosite.blogspot.com
This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM), which refers to the periodic back-and-forth motion of an object attached to a spring or pendulum. It defines SHM as motion produced by a restoring force proportional to displacement and in the opposite direction. The key conditions for SHM are described, including that the maximum displacement from equilibrium is the amplitude. Equations show that the frequency and period of SHM depend only on the spring constant and mass. Graphs illustrate the variation in displacement, velocity, and acceleration over time for SHM. The document also discusses the conservation of energy for SHM systems, where potential and kinetic energy periodically convert between each other during the oscillation.
Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term vibration is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current.
Oscillations occur not only in mechanical systems but also in dynamic systems in virtually every area of science: for example the beating of the human heart (for circulation), business cycles in economics, predator–prey population cycles in ecology, geothermal geysers in geology, vibration of strings in guitar and other string instruments, periodic firing of nerve cells in the brain, and the periodic swelling of Cepheid variable stars in astronomy. Contents
Soal Kinematika Rotasi dan Pembahasan 2Neli Narulita
1. Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal fisika tentang momentum, gaya, dan inersia. Termasuk menghitung momentum gaya, percepatan benda pada katrol, dan besar inersia partikel.
This document defines key terms and equations related to simple harmonic motion (SHM). It discusses oscillating systems that vibrate back and forth around an equilibrium point, like a mass on a spring or pendulum. The key parameters of SHM systems are defined, including amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, displacement, velocity, acceleration. Equations are presented that relate the displacement, velocity, acceleration as sinusoidal functions of time. The concepts of kinetic, potential and total energy are also explained for oscillating systems undergoing SHM.
The document discusses several applications of the Bernoulli equation to fluid flow measurement and analysis, including:
1. Pitot tubes and Pitot-static tubes, which use stagnation pressure measurements to determine flow velocity.
2. Venturi meters, which use differential pressure measurements across a converging-diverging nozzle to calculate flow rate.
3. Flow through small orifices, where the Bernoulli equation relates head loss to flow velocity and discharge.
4. Analysis of time required to empty a tank through an orifice, and for fluid levels to equalize between two connected tanks.
This document summarizes key concepts about linear momentum from Chapter 2:
Linear momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity that determines how difficult an object is to stop or set in motion. The total linear momentum of a system of objects is equal to the sum of the individual momenta. Newton's second law can be expressed as the rate of change of linear momentum of a particle or system being equal to the net external force acting on it.
This document provides an overview of concepts in mechanics including:
1) Forces, linear momentum, the three laws of motion, inertia, impulse, friction, and conservation of momentum.
2) Uniform circular motion, centripetal force, centrifugal force, and equilibrium of concurrent forces.
3) Steps for solving mechanics problems including drawing free body diagrams and applying Newton's laws. The document is authored by five individuals and contains examples and explanations of key mechanics concepts.
Momentum sudut adalah momentum yang dimiliki oleh benda yang bergerak melakukan rotasi, didefinisikan sebagai hasil perkalian antara momentum linear dan jari-jari vektor dari poros rotasi. Besarnya sama dengan hasil kali massa, kuadrat jari-jari, dan kecepatan sudut, mirip dengan hubungan momentum linear dengan massa dan kecepatan linear.
The document discusses the center of mass of objects and systems of objects. It defines the center of mass as the point that behaves as if all the mass is concentrated there and external forces are applied there. It provides examples of how changing body position during motions like jumping can affect the height and motion of the center of mass. Equations are presented for calculating the center of mass for systems of particles and continuous objects. Examples of solving for the center of mass in different geometric configurations are also included.
This document discusses oscillations and wave motion. It begins by introducing mechanical vibrations and simple harmonic motion. It then covers damped and driven oscillations, as well as different oscillating systems like springs, pendulums, and driven oscillations. The document goes on to discuss traveling waves, the wave equation, periodic waves on strings and in electromagnetic fields. It also covers waves in three dimensions, reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves. Key concepts covered include amplitude, frequency, period, angular frequency, energy of oscillating systems, and resonance.
This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM) and related concepts like angular velocity, restoring forces, displacement, velocity, acceleration, energy, resonance, and damping. It provides equations for angular velocity, SHM acceleration, displacement, velocity, energy, and the simple pendulum. Examples are given and questions provided for practice calculations involving these equations and concepts.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang momentum, impuls, dan hukum kekekalan momentum. Secara singkat:
1. Momentum adalah besaran yang menggambarkan ketahanan benda untuk berhenti dan dihitung dari perkalian massa dan kecepatan suatu benda.
2. Impuls adalah peristiwa gaya yang bekerja pada benda dalam waktu singkat dan sama dengan perubahan momentum benda.
3. Hukum kekekalan momentum menyatakan bahwa jika tidak ad
This document discusses waves at boundaries and wave superposition. When a wave encounters a boundary between two media, it is partially transmitted and partially reflected. Special cases like free ends and walls are also examined. When two waves of equal wavelength and amplitude but opposite phase overlap, they cancel out in destructive interference. Overlapping waves of the same phase results in constructive interference and a doubling of amplitude. Superposition of waves involves both destructive and constructive interference combining waves of different shapes. Practice questions apply these concepts to pulses moving between springs with different wave speeds.
The document introduces the concept of linear momentum, which is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Linear momentum depends on both the mass and speed of an object. The linear momentum of a system remains conserved as long as there are no external forces acting, according to the law of conservation of linear momentum. Collisions between objects also conserve linear momentum, with the total momentum before a collision equaling the total momentum after.
MATERI PRESENTASI FISIKA UNTUK ANAK SMA KELAS XI PADA SEMESTER GANJIL. SUDAH SAYA SUSUN DENGAN RINCI, MENARIK DAN DETAIL, SEHINGGA MEMUDAHKAN ANDA UNTUK MEMPELAJARINYA. Kunjungi saya di http://aguspurnomosite.blogspot.com
Bab 3-rotasi-dan-kesetimbangan-benda-tegarEmanuel Manek
Benda tegar dapat mengalami gerak rotasi selain gerak translasi ketika mendapat gaya luar yang tidak tepat pada pusat massa. Gerak rotasi disebabkan oleh torsi yang merupakan hasil kali antara gaya dan lengannya. Momen inersia menggambarkan kecenderungan suatu benda untuk melawan perubahan gerak rotasi, dan dihitung dari jumlahan massa partikel dikalikan kuadrat jaraknya dari sumbu rotasi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang gerak melingkar (rotasi) yang meliputi definisi, persamaan, dan contoh soalnya. Gerak melingkar adalah gerak dengan lintasan berbentuk lingkaran yang dapat dijelaskan dengan koordinat polar, kecepatan sudut, percepatan sentripetal, dan gaya sentripetal. Ada dua jenis gerak melingkar yaitu gerak melingkar beraturan dan berubah beraturan.
This document discusses uniform circular motion and related concepts like centripetal acceleration and centripetal force. It covers topics like how radius, speed and acceleration are related in uniform circular motion; the direction of velocity and acceleration vectors; forces that cause an object to travel in a circular path like friction or the normal force on a banked curve; and applications involving objects moving in horizontal and vertical circles like cars on curved roads. The document contains learning objectives, definitions, examples, questions and sections on key ideas like centripetal acceleration, centripetal force and banked curves.
1) The document discusses rotational dynamics and provides analogies between linear and rotational motion. It covers topics like horizontal and vertical circular motion, moment of inertia, angular momentum, and rolling motion.
2) Applications of uniform circular motion discussed include a vehicle moving in a horizontal circular track, the well of death, and motion on a banked road. Expressions are derived for the maximum and minimum speeds in these cases.
3) Banking of roads helps provide the necessary centripetal force to keep vehicles on track while turning by tilting the road surface at an angle. The "safe speed" and banking angle formulas given allow designing roads and determining speed limits.
Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term vibration is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current.
Oscillations occur not only in mechanical systems but also in dynamic systems in virtually every area of science: for example the beating of the human heart (for circulation), business cycles in economics, predator–prey population cycles in ecology, geothermal geysers in geology, vibration of strings in guitar and other string instruments, periodic firing of nerve cells in the brain, and the periodic swelling of Cepheid variable stars in astronomy. Contents
Soal Kinematika Rotasi dan Pembahasan 2Neli Narulita
1. Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal fisika tentang momentum, gaya, dan inersia. Termasuk menghitung momentum gaya, percepatan benda pada katrol, dan besar inersia partikel.
This document defines key terms and equations related to simple harmonic motion (SHM). It discusses oscillating systems that vibrate back and forth around an equilibrium point, like a mass on a spring or pendulum. The key parameters of SHM systems are defined, including amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, displacement, velocity, acceleration. Equations are presented that relate the displacement, velocity, acceleration as sinusoidal functions of time. The concepts of kinetic, potential and total energy are also explained for oscillating systems undergoing SHM.
The document discusses several applications of the Bernoulli equation to fluid flow measurement and analysis, including:
1. Pitot tubes and Pitot-static tubes, which use stagnation pressure measurements to determine flow velocity.
2. Venturi meters, which use differential pressure measurements across a converging-diverging nozzle to calculate flow rate.
3. Flow through small orifices, where the Bernoulli equation relates head loss to flow velocity and discharge.
4. Analysis of time required to empty a tank through an orifice, and for fluid levels to equalize between two connected tanks.
This document summarizes key concepts about linear momentum from Chapter 2:
Linear momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity that determines how difficult an object is to stop or set in motion. The total linear momentum of a system of objects is equal to the sum of the individual momenta. Newton's second law can be expressed as the rate of change of linear momentum of a particle or system being equal to the net external force acting on it.
This document provides an overview of concepts in mechanics including:
1) Forces, linear momentum, the three laws of motion, inertia, impulse, friction, and conservation of momentum.
2) Uniform circular motion, centripetal force, centrifugal force, and equilibrium of concurrent forces.
3) Steps for solving mechanics problems including drawing free body diagrams and applying Newton's laws. The document is authored by five individuals and contains examples and explanations of key mechanics concepts.
Momentum sudut adalah momentum yang dimiliki oleh benda yang bergerak melakukan rotasi, didefinisikan sebagai hasil perkalian antara momentum linear dan jari-jari vektor dari poros rotasi. Besarnya sama dengan hasil kali massa, kuadrat jari-jari, dan kecepatan sudut, mirip dengan hubungan momentum linear dengan massa dan kecepatan linear.
The document discusses the center of mass of objects and systems of objects. It defines the center of mass as the point that behaves as if all the mass is concentrated there and external forces are applied there. It provides examples of how changing body position during motions like jumping can affect the height and motion of the center of mass. Equations are presented for calculating the center of mass for systems of particles and continuous objects. Examples of solving for the center of mass in different geometric configurations are also included.
This document discusses oscillations and wave motion. It begins by introducing mechanical vibrations and simple harmonic motion. It then covers damped and driven oscillations, as well as different oscillating systems like springs, pendulums, and driven oscillations. The document goes on to discuss traveling waves, the wave equation, periodic waves on strings and in electromagnetic fields. It also covers waves in three dimensions, reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves. Key concepts covered include amplitude, frequency, period, angular frequency, energy of oscillating systems, and resonance.
This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM) and related concepts like angular velocity, restoring forces, displacement, velocity, acceleration, energy, resonance, and damping. It provides equations for angular velocity, SHM acceleration, displacement, velocity, energy, and the simple pendulum. Examples are given and questions provided for practice calculations involving these equations and concepts.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang momentum, impuls, dan hukum kekekalan momentum. Secara singkat:
1. Momentum adalah besaran yang menggambarkan ketahanan benda untuk berhenti dan dihitung dari perkalian massa dan kecepatan suatu benda.
2. Impuls adalah peristiwa gaya yang bekerja pada benda dalam waktu singkat dan sama dengan perubahan momentum benda.
3. Hukum kekekalan momentum menyatakan bahwa jika tidak ad
This document discusses waves at boundaries and wave superposition. When a wave encounters a boundary between two media, it is partially transmitted and partially reflected. Special cases like free ends and walls are also examined. When two waves of equal wavelength and amplitude but opposite phase overlap, they cancel out in destructive interference. Overlapping waves of the same phase results in constructive interference and a doubling of amplitude. Superposition of waves involves both destructive and constructive interference combining waves of different shapes. Practice questions apply these concepts to pulses moving between springs with different wave speeds.
The document introduces the concept of linear momentum, which is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Linear momentum depends on both the mass and speed of an object. The linear momentum of a system remains conserved as long as there are no external forces acting, according to the law of conservation of linear momentum. Collisions between objects also conserve linear momentum, with the total momentum before a collision equaling the total momentum after.
MATERI PRESENTASI FISIKA UNTUK ANAK SMA KELAS XI PADA SEMESTER GANJIL. SUDAH SAYA SUSUN DENGAN RINCI, MENARIK DAN DETAIL, SEHINGGA MEMUDAHKAN ANDA UNTUK MEMPELAJARINYA. Kunjungi saya di http://aguspurnomosite.blogspot.com
Bab 3-rotasi-dan-kesetimbangan-benda-tegarEmanuel Manek
Benda tegar dapat mengalami gerak rotasi selain gerak translasi ketika mendapat gaya luar yang tidak tepat pada pusat massa. Gerak rotasi disebabkan oleh torsi yang merupakan hasil kali antara gaya dan lengannya. Momen inersia menggambarkan kecenderungan suatu benda untuk melawan perubahan gerak rotasi, dan dihitung dari jumlahan massa partikel dikalikan kuadrat jaraknya dari sumbu rotasi.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang gerak melingkar (rotasi) yang meliputi definisi, persamaan, dan contoh soalnya. Gerak melingkar adalah gerak dengan lintasan berbentuk lingkaran yang dapat dijelaskan dengan koordinat polar, kecepatan sudut, percepatan sentripetal, dan gaya sentripetal. Ada dua jenis gerak melingkar yaitu gerak melingkar beraturan dan berubah beraturan.
This document discusses uniform circular motion and related concepts like centripetal acceleration and centripetal force. It covers topics like how radius, speed and acceleration are related in uniform circular motion; the direction of velocity and acceleration vectors; forces that cause an object to travel in a circular path like friction or the normal force on a banked curve; and applications involving objects moving in horizontal and vertical circles like cars on curved roads. The document contains learning objectives, definitions, examples, questions and sections on key ideas like centripetal acceleration, centripetal force and banked curves.
1) The document discusses rotational dynamics and provides analogies between linear and rotational motion. It covers topics like horizontal and vertical circular motion, moment of inertia, angular momentum, and rolling motion.
2) Applications of uniform circular motion discussed include a vehicle moving in a horizontal circular track, the well of death, and motion on a banked road. Expressions are derived for the maximum and minimum speeds in these cases.
3) Banking of roads helps provide the necessary centripetal force to keep vehicles on track while turning by tilting the road surface at an angle. The "safe speed" and banking angle formulas given allow designing roads and determining speed limits.
Rotational dynamics as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board syllabusRutticka Kedare
This ppt is as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board's new syllabus w.e.f. 2020. Images are taken from Google public sources and Maharashtra state board textbook of physics. Gif(videos) from Giphy.com. Only intention behind uploading these ppts is to help state board's class 12 students understand physics concepts.
Chapter 1 - rotational dnamics excercises solutionPooja M
This document contains physics exercises related to rotational dynamics. It includes multiple choice questions testing concepts like angular velocity, moment of inertia, and rolling motion. It also includes longer questions requiring derivations of expressions for acceleration, speed, and minimum speeds for circular motion situations involving banked roads, conical pendulums, and rotational kinetic energy. The questions cover topics like conservation of angular momentum, radius of gyration, parallel axis theorem, and circular motion scenarios involving coins on spinning discs, ants on bicycle wheels, and cyclists in cylindrical wells.
1. Circular motion involves an object moving in a circular path at a constant speed. While the speed is constant, the velocity is always changing since it is changing direction.
2. For an object in circular motion, there is an acceleration even when the speed is constant called centripetal acceleration which is directed towards the center of the circle. This acceleration requires a net force towards the center known as the centripetal force.
3. Common examples of centripetal force include gravity keeping planets in orbit, tension in a string keeping a rock whirling above one's head, and friction between tires and the road allowing cars to turn. The magnitude of centripetal acceleration depends on speed, radius of the
Solucionario Fundamentos de Física 9na edición Capitulo 3Guadalupe Tavárez
This document provides sample clicker questions and answers related to vectors and two-dimensional motion. It includes questions about acceleration, vector components, and curvilinear motion. Commentary is provided with each question to explain the purpose and key concepts. The document also includes quick quizzes, answers to multiple choice questions, and discussions of curvilinear and projectile motion. Overall, the document aims to help instructors assess and develop student understanding of fundamental vector and motion concepts.
The document discusses key concepts in kinematics including scalar and vector quantities, displacement, velocity, acceleration, free fall acceleration on Earth, displacement-time graphs, velocity-time graphs, and the kinematic equations relating displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and time. It provides examples and sample problems involving calculating displacement, velocity, acceleration, and distance/time using the kinematic equations and interpreting graphs of displacement and velocity over time.
Kinematics is the study of linear motion. Key terms include displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Displacement is the distance from a starting point, velocity is speed in a direction, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Average values are calculated by total distance or displacement over total time. Instantaneous values give a clearer picture of motion at a moment in time and can be derived from graphs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration over time. When acceleration is constant, five equations can be used to describe motion with constant acceleration.
Principle of Circular Motion - Physics - An Introduction by Arun Umraossuserd6b1fd
The document discusses circular motion, including angular velocity, centripetal force, components of circular motion, and motion in both horizontal and vertical planes. It defines key terms like angular displacement, angular velocity, tangential velocity, centripetal acceleration, and centrifugal force. Equations are provided for these quantities. Circular motion concepts are applied to examples like stability of vehicles on banked roads and vertical circular motion with a string.
The document discusses circular motion, including angular velocity, centripetal force, components of circular motion, and motion in horizontal and vertical planes. It defines key terms like angular displacement, angular velocity, tangential velocity, centripetal acceleration, and centrifugal force. Equations are provided for these quantities. Circular motion concepts are applied to examples like stability of vehicles on banked roads and vertical circular motion with a string.
Here are the homework problems from Section 8.5 of the textbook:
81. A figure skater with arms extended has a moment of inertia of 2.5 kg·m2. She pulls her arms in so her moment of inertia decreases to 1.8 kg·m2. If initially she was rotating at 5.0 rad/s, what is her final angular speed?
83. A solid cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 0.1 m rolls without slipping down an inclined plane that makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. If its initial speed is 5 m/s, find its angular speed and linear speed when it reaches the bottom of the plane.
84. A solid sphere of mass 2
This document provides an overview of key concepts in rotational kinematics covered in Chapter 8, including angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It defines these rotational variables and their relationships to linear motion. Examples are given to illustrate calculating angular variables and transforming between rotational and tangential linear motion for objects like rolling wheels or helicopter blades. Formulas for rotational kinematics with constant angular acceleration are also presented.
1) Projectile motion involves motion in two dimensions - horizontal and vertical. The horizontal motion is constant while the vertical motion accelerates downward at 9.8 m/s^2.
2) Uniform circular motion requires a centripetal force directed toward the center of rotation to cause centripetal acceleration.
3) Newton's law of universal gravitation describes the gravitational attraction between two objects, proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The document discusses circular motion and related concepts such as radians, angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, centripetal acceleration, and centripetal force. It provides definitions and equations for these terms and concepts, including that centripetal acceleration is directed toward the center of the circular path, and is given by a=v2/r. Centripetal force is the net force providing the centripetal acceleration, and is given by Fc=mv2/r.
1) Uniform circular motion is motion at a constant speed in a circular path. It requires centripetal acceleration towards the center.
2) The magnitude of centripetal acceleration depends on speed and radius, and is given by a=v^2/r.
3) A centripetal force is needed to produce the centripetal acceleration. This force can be provided by tension (in a rope), friction, or banking of the surface.
This document provides an overview of chapter 2 on forces and motion from the Form 4 Physics textbook. It includes 12 learning objectives covering topics like linear motion, motion graphs, inertia, momentum, forces, impulse, and applications. The chapter also analyzes past year exam questions and provides a concept map relating different concepts in forces and motion. Examples and exercises are given to illustrate key concepts.
The document discusses motion in two and three dimensions. It defines key concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their representations as vectors. It also covers projectile motion, describing how the horizontal and vertical components are independent, and how to calculate range, time of flight and maximum height. Other topics covered include circular motion, uniform circular motion, relative motion using an intermediate frame of reference, and examples/activities calculating values for motion scenarios.
The document discusses motion on inclined planes and how acceleration is related to the angle of the plane. It provides examples of calculating acceleration using the height and length of a ramp. A key point is that acceleration increases as the ramp angle increases because the force of gravity has a greater downward component along the ramp. Free-body diagrams and a tilted coordinate system are used to explain this relationship between ramp angle and acceleration.
An object moving in a circle experiences uniform circular motion, requiring a centripetal acceleration towards the center. This acceleration is provided by a centripetal force, which may come from friction, gravity, tension or the normal force. Newton's law of universal gravitation describes gravity as a force between all masses that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Satellites remain in orbit around Earth through balancing gravitational force with their high tangential speed, in a state of apparent weightlessness.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
3. Topic for Discussion: Speed
Limit around a curve
1. What is the meaning of the sign indicated?
2. How did they come to say the speed indicated should be 100 km/h?.
3. Do you think the small car and the big truck or bus should obey the
same speed limit when passing through the indicated sign of 100 km/h
4. What do you think can happen if one travels more or less than the
indicated speed limit?
4. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the surface of the
earth. Consider the following quantities based on the motion
of the ball.
1: Speed; 2: velocity; 3: acceleration
Speed, velocity and acceleration activities 5 02 2015
1.1 Which of these is (are) zero when the ball has reached the
maximum height at position B? Select the correct one
A: 1 and 2 only, B: 1 and 3 only, C: 1 only, D: 2 only, E: 1, 2 and 3
1.2 What do you think will be the magnitude and direction of acceleration
of an object at the following points? Give reasons for your answer.
1.2.1 Point A moving up magnitude_____direction_______(UP or DOWN)
1.2.2 Point B at maximum height: magnitude___direction__(UP or DOWN)
1.2.3 Point C moving down: magnitude___direction_____ (UP or DOWN)
5. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the surface of the
earth. Consider the following quantities based on the motion
of the ball.
1: Speed; 2: velocity; 3: acceleration
Speed, velocity and acceleration activities 9 02 2015
1.3 What do you think will happen to the velocities of an object at the
following points? (Only write, increase, decrease, zero or remains the
same and give reason(s))
1.3.1 At position A : increase, decrease, zero or remains the same
1.3.2 At Position B: increase, decrease, zero or remains the same
1.3.3 At position C: increase, decrease, zero or remains the same
What about the accelerations at the points above?
1.2.1 At position A : increase, decrease, zero or remains the same
1.2.2 At Position B: increase, decrease, zero or remains the same
1.3.3 At position C: increase, decrease, zero or remains the same
6. Newton’s Laws of Motion
State and apply Newton’s Laws of Motion
Conditions for equilibrium: How do we know if objects are in equilibrium?
• Sum of the forces is equal to zero (along the x and y independently)
• Objects move at the same velocity
• The acceleration is zero
What is ACCELERATION?
Do you think an object moving at constant speed around a circular
track is accelerating?
Claim Evidence and reasoning format of an answer.
7. 5.1 Uniform Circular Motion
DEFINITION OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Uniform circular motion is the motion of an object
traveling at a constant speed on a circular path.
8. 5.1 Uniform Circular Motion
Let T be the time it takes for the object to
travel once around the circle.
v
r
T
2r
What is the formula to calculate the circumference of the circle?
Then the speed v around the circular path will be given by
Do example 1 as a homework,
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
R the radius of the circle and
T the period in seconds
9. 5.2 Centripetal Acceleration
In uniform circular motion, the speed is constant, but the
direction of the velocity vector is not constant.
90
90
10. Similarities of Triangles (back 2000)
Two triangles are similar if:
(a) The corresponding angles are equal
(b) The corresponding sides are in proportion
Note:
-Corresponding sides are sides opposite equal angles
-Corresponding angles are angles opposite sides in proportion
11. Your Turn
Consider ∆𝐶𝐵𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 Prove that the two triangles are similar
What are equal angles in the two triangles?
What are the sides in proportion between the two triangles?
Lastly we derive the formula for centripetal acceleration using mathematical
geometry
13. 5.2 Centripetal Acceleration
The direction of the centripetal acceleration is toward the
center of the circle; in the same direction as the change in
velocity.
r
v
ac
2
Note that the velocity is constant and only time is changing
14. Your Turn
Which Way Will the Object Go?
An object is in uniform circular motion. At point O it
is released from its circular path. Does the object
move along the straight path between O and A or
along the circular arc between points O and P ?
Claim:
Evidence:
Reasoning:
15. The Impact of Radius on Centripetal Acceleration
The bobsled track contains turns with radii of 33 m and
24 m. Without doing any calculation which of the curve
will have greater acceleration?
Claim:
Evidence:
Reasoning:
Justifications using calculations
gac 6.3sm35
m33
sm34 2
2
gac 9.4sm48
m24
sm34 2
2
16. 5.3 Centripetal Force
aF
m
m
F
a
Recall Newton’s Second Law
When a net external force acts on an object
of mass m, the acceleration that results is
directly proportional to the net force
and has a magnitude that is inversely
proportional to the mass.
The direction of the acceleration is
the same as the direction of the net force.
17. 5.3 Centripetal Force
Thus, in uniform circular motion there must be a net
force to produce the centripetal acceleration.
The centripetal force is the name given to the net force
required to keep an object moving on a circular path.
The direction of the centripetal force always points toward
the center of the circle and continually changes direction
as the object moves.
r
v
mmaF cc
2
18. 5.3 Centripetal Force
Example 5: The Effect of Speed on Centripetal Force
The model airplane has a mass of 0.90 kg and moves at
constant speed on a circle that is parallel to the ground.
The path of the airplane and the guideline lie in the same
horizontal plane because the weight of the plane is balanced
by the lift generated by its wings. Find the tension in the 17 m
guideline for a speed of 19 m/s.
r
v
mTFc
2
N19
m17
sm19
kg90.0
2
T
19. 5.3 Centripetal Force
Check Conceptual Example 6: A Trapeze Act
In a circus, a man hangs upside down from a trapeze, legs
bent over and arms downward, holding his partner. Is it
harder for the man to hold his partner when the partner
hangs straight down and is stationary of when the partner
is swinging through the straight-down position?
20. Personal Activity: Due: 23 Feb
2015
To negotiate an unbanked curve at faster
speed, a driver puts a couple of sand bags
in his van to increase the force of friction
between the tires and the road. Will the
sand bags help?
Claim: (1)
Scientific Evidence: (2)
Reasoning: (2)
21. 5.4 Banked Curves
Note:
On an unbanked curve, the static frictional force
provides the centripetal force. Centripetal force and
Safe Driving Check example page 141
22. Highway Curves: Banked & Unbanked
Case 1 - Unbanked Curve:
When a car rounds a curve, there MUST be a net force toward the circle
center (a Centripetal Force) of which the curve is an arc.
If there weren’t such a force, the car couldn’t follow the curve, but would (by
Newton’s 1st Law) go in a straight line.
On a flat road, this Centripetal Force is the static friction force.
No static friction?
No Centripetal Force
The Car goes straight!
=
23. Note:
If the friction force isn’t sufficient, the car will tend to move
more nearly in a straight line (Newton’s 1st Law) as the skid
marks show.
As long as the tires don’t slip, the
friction is static. If the tires start
to slip, the friction is kinetic,
which is bad
1. The kinetic friction force is
smaller than the static friction
force.
2. The static friction force can point
toward the circle center, but the
kinetic friction force opposes the
direction of motion, making it
difficult to regain control of the car
& continue around the curve.
24. 5.4 Banked Curves
On a frictionless banked curve,
• the centripetal force is the horizontal component of
the normal force.
• The vertical component of the normal force balances the
car’s weight.
25. 5.4 Banked Curves
r
v
mFF Nc
2
sin )1(cos mgFN
)2(sin
2
r
v
mFN
:)2()1( bydivide
rg
v2
tan
Conclusion:
The speed around the curve
Is independent of the mass of
the car or bus
27. 5.4 Banked Curves
Example 8: The Daytona 500
The turns at the Daytona International Speedway have a
maximum radius of 316 m and are steely banked at 31
degrees. Suppose these turns were frictionless. At what
speed would the cars have to travel around them?
rg
v2
tan tanrgv
mph96sm4331tansm8.9m316 2
v
29. 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
There is only one speed that a satellite can have if the
satellite is to remain in an orbit with a fixed radius.
What are the names and formula of the forces acting ?
30. 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
r
v
m
r
mM
GF E
c
2
2
r
GM
v E
Hence the speed that a satellite is independent of
its mass but its radius (r) from the Earth.
31. 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
Example 9: Orbital Speed of the Hubble Space Telescope
Determine the speed of the Hubble Space Telescope orbiting
at a height of 598 km above the earth’s surface.
hmi16900sm1056.7
m10598m1038.6
kg1098.5kgmN1067.6
3
36
242211
v
32. 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
T
r
r
GM
v E 2
EGM
r
T
23
2
33. 5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits
Global Positioning System
hours24T
EGM
r
T
23
2
35. Section 5.2 no 1 p 149
1. Two cars are traveling at the same constant speed v. Car A is
moving along a straight section of the road, while B is rounding a
circular turn. Which statement is true about the acceleration of the
cars?
(a) The acceleration of both cars is zero, since they
are traveling at a constant speed.
(b) Car A is accelerating, but car B is not accelerating.
(c) Car A is not accelerating, but car B is accelerating.
(d) Both cars are accelerating.
Explanation :The velocity of car A has a constant
magnitude (speed) and direction. Since its velocity is constant, car A
does not have an acceleration. The velocity of car B is continually
changing direction during the turn. Therefore, even though car B has a
constant speed, it has an acceleration (known as a centripetal
acceleration).
36. Section 5.4: Banked Curves
10. Two identical cars, one on the moon and one on the earth, have the same
speed and are rounding banked turns that have the same radius r. There are
two forces acting on each car, its weight mg and the normal force exerted by
the road. Recall that the weight of an object on the moon is about one-sixth of
its weight on earth. How does the centripetal force on the moon compare with
that on the earth?
(a) The centripetal forces are the same.
(b) The centripetal force on the moon is less than that on the earth.
(c) The centripetal force on the moon is greater than that on the earth.
Explanation
The magnitude of the centripetal force is given by Fc = mv2
/r. The two cars have the
same speed v and the radius r of the turn is the same. The cars also have the same
mass m, even though they have different weights due to the different
accelerations due to gravity. Therefore, the centripetal accelerations are the same.
37. Section 5.5: Satellites in circular orbirts
11. Two identical satellites are in orbit about the earth. One orbit has a
radius r and the other 2r. The centripetal force on the satellite in the
larger orbit is ________ as that on the satellite in the smaller orbit.
(a) the same
(b) twice as great
(c) four times as great
(d) half as great
(e) one- fourth as great
Explanation:
(e) The centripetal force acting on a satellite is provided by the gravitational force.
The magnitude of the gravitational force is inversely proportional to the radius
squared (1/r
2
), so if the radius is doubled, the gravitational force is one fourth as great;
1/2
2
= 1/4.
38. Question: Skidding on a curve
A car, mass m = 1,000 kg car rounds a curve on a flat road of radius r = 50 m at a constant
speed v = 14 m/s (50 km/h). Will the car follow the curve, or will it skid? Assume
a. Dry pavement with the coefficient of static friction μs = 0.6.
b. Icy pavement with μs = 0.25.
Free Body
Diagram
Approach
Step 2:
Draw the FBD and identify all forces acting on the car
The force of gravity 𝐹𝐺 = 𝑚𝑔 = 1000 9.8 = 9800 𝑁 downward
The normal force 𝐹 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔
The horizontal frictional force 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇 𝑠 𝐹 𝑁 = 𝜇 𝑠 𝑚𝑔
Step 1: Criteria to follow the curve or skidding.
Reasoning: The car will follow the curve if the maximum static frictional force is
greater than the centripetal force.
That is 𝐹𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑥
≥ 𝐹𝐶 where 𝐹𝐶= 𝑚
𝑣2
𝑟
= 1000
(14)2
50
= 3900 𝑁
Noting that once the car skid, the static frictional force becomes kinetic
frictional force which is less than static frictional force
Answer: Compare the static frictional force with the centripetal force
If 𝑭 𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒙
> 𝑭 𝑪 hence the car will follow the curve
If 𝐹𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑥
< 𝐹𝐶 hence the car will skid
a. Dry pavement with the coefficient of static friction μs = 0.6
𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇 𝑠 𝐹 𝑁 = (0.6)(9800) = 5900 𝑁 > 𝐹𝐶 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
b. Icy pavement with μs = 0.25
𝐹𝑓 = 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇 𝑠 𝐹 𝑁 = (0.25)(9800) = 2500 𝑁 < 𝐹𝐶 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑑
39. Vertical circular motion
Question: Is vertical circular motion uniform? Explain
• When the speed of travel on a circular path changes from moment to moment, the motion is said
to be non-uniform.
• But, we can use the concepts that apply to uniform circular motion to gain considerable insight into
the motion that occurs on a vertical circle.
Considering the second diagram
There are four points on a vertical circle where the centripetal force can be identified easily, denoted by points 1 to 4
• Keep in mind that the centripetal force is not a new and separate force of nature. Instead, at each point the centripetal force is
the net sum of all the force components oriented along the radial direction, and it points toward the centre of the circle.
• The drawing shows only the weight of the cycle plus rider (magnitude = mg) and the normal force pushing on
the cycle (magnitude = FN).
• The magnitude of the centripetal force at each of the four points is given as follows in terms of mg and FN:
• As the cycle goes around, the magnitude of the normal force changes. It changes because the speed changes
and because the weight does not have the same effect at every point
Case 1:
At the bottom, the normal force and the weight opposes one another, giving a resulting centripetal force of magnitude FN1 - mg and the
second law becomes: Resultant F: 𝐹 𝑁1 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑣1
2
𝑟
Case 3:
On top, the normal force and the weight are facing the same direction, giving a resulting centripetal force of magnitude
FN1 +mg and hence the second law becomes: 𝐹 𝑁3 + 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑣3
2
𝑟
Cases 2 and 4:
In both cases, the normal force and weight are perpendicular to each other,, and weight not in the same direction as the centripetal
force hence the resulting centripetal force will be caused by the normal force:
second law becomes: 𝐹 𝑁2 = 𝑚
𝑣2
2
𝑟
and 𝐹 𝑁4 = 𝑚
𝑣4
2
𝑟
40. The case of the minimum force to keep an object at circular on top of vertical track
• Riders who perform the loop-the-loop trick must have at least a minimum speed at the top of the circle to remain on
the track. This speed can be determined by considering the centripetal force at point 3.
• The speed 𝑣3 in the equation 𝐹 𝑁3 + 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑣3
2
𝑟
is a minimum when 𝑭 𝑵𝟑 is zero. Hence it will be given by
• Then, the speed is given by 𝒗 𝟑 = 𝒓𝒈 .
• At this speed, the track does not exert a normal force to keep the cycle on the circle, because the weight mg provides
all the centripetal force.
mg
FN
Free-body diagram of
the motorcycle
Do no problem no 46 on your own
41. 47. REASONING Because the crest of the hill is a circular arc, the motorcycle’s
speed v is related to the centripetal force Fc acting on the motorcycle: 2
cF mv r
where m is the mass of the motorcycle and r is the radius of the circular
crest. Solving Equation 5.3 for the speed, we obtain 2
cv F r m or cv F r m .
The free-body diagram shows that two vertical forces act on the motorcycle. One is
the weight mg of the motorcycle, which points downward. The other is the normal
force FN exerted by the road. The normal force points directly opposite the
motorcycle’s weight.
mg
FN
Free-body diagram of
the motorcycle
Note that the motorcycle’s weight must be greater than the normal force. The reason
for this is that the centripetal force is the net force produced by mg and FN and
must point toward the center of the circle, which lies below the motorcycle.
Only if the magnitude mg of the weight exceeds the magnitude FN of the normal
force will the centripetal force point downward.
Therefore, we can express the magnitude of the centripetal force as Fc = mg − FN.
With this identity, the relation cv F r m becomes
When the motorcycle rides over the crest sufficiently fast, it loses contact with the
road. At that point, the normal force FN is zero. In that case, Equation (1) yields
the motorcycle’s maximum speed:
42. REASONING
The drawing at the right shows the two forces that act
on a piece of clothing just before it loses contact with
the wall of the cylinder.
At that instant the centripetal force is provided by
the normal force 𝐹 𝑁 and the radial component of the
weight.
From the drawing, the radial component of the weight
is given by
mg mg mgcos = cos (90 – ) = sin
Therefore, with inward taken as the positive direction, Equation 5.3 ( Fc mv2
/r )
gives
43. Therefore, with inward taken as the positive direction, Equation 5.3 ( Fc mv2
/r )
gives
F mg
mv
r
2
N
sin =
At the instant that a piece of clothing loses contact with the surface of the drum,
FN
0N, and the above expression becomes
mg
mv
r
2
sin =
Substituting the equation of speed, v 2r /T, we get
g
r T
r
r
T
2
sin =
( / )2 4 2
2
Solving for T and substituting unknowns we get
T
r
g
r
g
4
2 1 17
2
sin sin
2
0.32 m
9.80 m / s sin 70.0
s2
c h .
Therefore, the number of revolutions per
second that the cylinder should make is 1 1
1 17T
. s
0.85 rev / s
44. Extra Problems
REASONING
The speed v of a satellite in circular orbit about the earth is given by 𝑣 =
𝐺𝑀 𝐸
𝑟
, where G is the universal gravitational
constant, and 𝑀 𝐸 is the mass of the earth, and r is the radius of the orbit.
The radius is measured from the center of the earth, not the surface of the earth, to the satellite.
Therefore, the radius is found by adding the height of the satellite above the surface of the earth to the radius of the
earth (6.38 × 106
𝑚).
Satellite A
Satellite B
𝑉 = 7690 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉 = 7500 𝑚/𝑠
45. Vertical Circular Motion
For vertical circular motion, the motion is not uniform, as the object increases
speed on the downward swing and decreases on the way up. When analysing
vertical circular motion, one finds that there are two forces acting on the object.
These two forces are T, the tension in the
string, and FW, the weight of the object, as
shown below.
The weight, FW, can be resolved into a tangential component
expressed as FWsinθ and a radial component expressed as FWcosθ
𝑎 𝑇 =
𝐹 𝑇
𝑚
=
𝐹 𝑊 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑚
=
𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑚
= 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑎 𝑅 =
𝐹 𝑅
𝑚
=
𝑇 − 𝐹 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑚
=
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑚
=
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑚
Applying Newton's second law to express the tangential
acceleration gives:
Similarly, the radial acceleration can be expressed as:
Substituting
𝑣2
𝑟
for 𝑎 𝑅 and solving for T yields: 𝑇 = 𝑚(
𝑣2
𝑟
+ 𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Two interesting
points to
consider are the
top and the
bottom of the
circle.
At the lowest point (Bottom) of the circular
path, θ = 0° and cos 0° = 1. Substituting into
the equation for T yields:
𝑇 = 𝑚(
𝑣2
𝑟
+ 𝑔)
At the highest point of the circular path,
θ = 180° and cos 180° = -1. Substituting
into the equation for T yields:
T = m(
𝑣2
𝑟
- g)
46. At Gold Reef City, a child of mass m rides on a Ferris wheel as
shown in the diagram above. The child moves in a vertical
circle of radius 10.0 m at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s.
(a) Calculate the force exerted by the seat on the child at the
bottom of the ride. Express your answer in terms of the
weight of the child, mg.
(b) Calculate the force exerted by the seat on the child at the
top of the ride.
Test Your Understanding
47. (a) At the bottom, Consider the forces acting at the bottom: Force of gravity
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔, downwards and the normal force 𝐹 𝑁 upwards. Hence
𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛′
𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑤:
𝐹 = 𝐹 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚
𝑣2
𝑟
𝐹 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑚
𝑣2
𝑟
= 𝑚(𝑔 +
𝑣2
𝑟
)
𝐹 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 1 +
𝑣2
𝑔𝑟
= 1.09 𝑚𝑔
(b) At the bottom, Consider the forces acting at the bottom: Force of gravity
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔, downwards and the normal force 𝐹 𝑁 is always upwards.
Because the child is always in upright position.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 𝑁 = 𝑚
𝑣2
𝑟
𝐹 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑚
𝑣2
𝑟
= 𝑚(𝑔 −
𝑣2
𝑟
)
𝐹 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 1 −
𝑣2
𝑔𝑟
= 0.908 𝑚𝑔
48. Test your understanding:
An object with a mass of 8.0 kg is swung in a vertical circle of radius
2.4 m with a speed of 6.0 m/s.
(a) Determine the maximum and minimum tension in the string.
(b) The string breaks when the tension exceeds 340 N.
Determine the maximum speed of the object and where the
mass will be when the string breaks. Justify your answer as to
where the mass will be.
For solution check: http://mmsphyschem.com/verCMAns.htm
49. 1. SOLUTION Since 2
c
/a v r and 2 /v r T , the magnitude of the car’s
centripetal acceleration is
2
2 32 2
2
2c 2
2
4 10 m4
0.86 m/s
400 s
r
v rT
a
r r T
4 SOLUTION Using Equation 5.2 for the centripetal acceleration of each boat,
we have
2 2
A B
cA cB
A B
and
v v
a a
r r
Setting the two centripetal accelerations equal gives
2 2
A B
A B
v v
r r
Solving for the ratio of the speeds gives A A
B B
80 m
0.58
240 m
v r
v r
15. REASONING At the maximum speed, the maximum centripetal force acts on the
tires, and static friction supplies it. The magnitude of the maximum force of static
friction is specified by Equation 4.7 as MAX
s s Nf F , where s is the coefficient
of static friction and FN is the magnitude of the normal force. Our strategy, then,
is to find the normal force, substitute it into the expression for the maximum
frictional force, and then equate the result to the centripetal force, which is
2
c /F mv r , according to Equation 5.3. This will lead us to an expression for the
maximum speed that we can apply to each car.
SOLUTION Since neither car accelerates in the vertical direction, we can
conclude that the car’s weight mg is balanced by the normal force, so FN = mg.
From Equations 4.7 and 5.3 it follows that
2
MAX
s s N s c
mv
f F mg F
r
Thus, we find that
2
s sor
mv
mg v gr
r
Applying this result to car A and car B gives
A s, A B s, Bandv gr v gr
Some of the Tutorial Solutions
50. In these two equations, the radius r does not have a subscript, since the radius is the
same for either car. Dividing the two equations and noting that the terms g and r
are eliminated algebraically, we see that
s, B s, B s, BB
B A
A s, As, A s, A
0.85
or 25 m/s 22 m/s
1.1
grv
v v
v gr
18. REASONING The centripetal force Fc that keeps the car (mass = m, speed = v) on
the curve (radius = r) is 2
c /F mv r (Equation 5.3). The maximum force of static
friction MAX
sF provides this centripetal force. Thus, we know that MAX 2
s /F mv r
, which can be solved for the speed to show that MAX
s /v rF m . We can apply
this result to both the dry road and the wet road and, in so doing, obtain the desired
wet-road speed.
Applying the expression MAX
s /v rF m to both road conditions gives
MAX MAX
s, dry s, wet
dry wetand
rF rF
v v
m m
We divide the two equations in order to eliminate the unknown mass m and unknown
radius r algebraically, and we remember that
MAX MAX1
s, wet s, dry3
F F :
MAX
MAX
MAXMAX
s, wet
s, wetwet
dry s, drys, dry
1
3
rF
Fv m
v FrF
m
Solving for vwet, we obtain
dry
wet
25 m / s
14 m / s
3 3
v
v
51. What you should do
Tutorial Problems Chapter 5
1, 4, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 35, 38, 55