The document provides an overview of molecular biology concepts, including tissues, organs, and various body systems such as the circulatory and endocrine systems. It discusses the types of animal and plant tissues, cell adhesion mechanisms, and the roles of different hormones and molecules in physiological processes. Additionally, it covers the functions of blood components and the coagulation cascade, highlighting important proteins and their roles in maintaining body functions.

1. Molecular Biology 1-5
put together by: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska
Disclaimer: I put these together for my kid for his smartphone.
However, I found most images had very small type and increased the
font size. I am posting it because another teacher might find this useful.
The sources are given.
If I have used anything illegally, write me and I will take it off.

2. Contents
• Tissues, Organs and Systems
• Connective Tissues
• Cell Adhesion
• Endocrine System + Hormones
• Circulatory System + Blood

3. Tissues, Organs and Systems
• A tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate
between cells and a complete organism.
• An organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural
unit to serve a common function.
• A biological system (or organ system or body
system) is a group of organs that work together to
perform a certain task
• A group of systems composes an organism, e.g. the
human body.

4. Systems of Human Body
• Circulatory system
• Digestive system
• Endocrine system
• Integumentary (skin) system
• Lymphatic system
• Muscular system/ Skeletal system
• Nervous system
• Reproductive system
• Respiratory system
• Excretory System / Urinary system

5. Tissues - Animal
• Tissue is a cellular organizational level
intermediate between cells and a complete
organism.
• Four basic types of animal tissue
– epithelial tissue
– connective tissue
– muscle tissue and
– nervous tissue

6. Epithelial Tissues
Epithelial tissues
•one of four basic types of tissue
•line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout
the body,
•form many glands.
Functions of epithelial cells include
•secretion, selective absorption, protection,
transcellular transport and detection of sensation.

7. Connective Tissues
Connective tissues (CT)
•one of four basic types of animal tissue
•most diverse tissue, found throughout body
CT has 3 main components
•cells,
•fibers, and
•ground substance
(non-cellular material of extracellular matrix ECM)

8. Connective Tissues
Functions of connective tissues include
•Storage of energy
•Protection of organs
•Provide structural framework for the body
•Connection of body tissues.
Fibrous connective tissue proteins
– Collagen
– Elastin
– Recticular

9. Proteins of Connective Tissue - Collagen
• Collagen is the main component of connective
tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals,
making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body
protein content.
• Collagen is a fibrous matrix protein found in fibrous
tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin, and is also
abundant in cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the
gut, and intervertebral disc.
• The fibroblast is the cell which creates collagen.

10. Proteins of Connective Tissue - Proteoglycin
• Proteoglycans are the major component of the ground
substance (non-cellular parts of ECM).
• They form large complexes, both to other
proteoglycans, to hyaluronan and to fibrous matrix
proteins (such as collagen).
• They are also involved in binding cations (such as
sodium, potassium and calcium) and water, and also
regulating the movement of molecules through the
matrix.

11. Proteins of Connective Tissue - ECM

12. Proteins of Connective Tissue - Elastin
• Elastin is a fibrous matrix protein of connective tissue.
• Elastin is elastic - it allows many tissues in the body to
resume their shape after stretching or contracting.
• Elastin helps skin to return to its original position when it
is poked or pinched.
• Elastin is also an important load-bearing tissue in the
bodies of vertebrates and
• It used in places where mechanical energy is required to
be stored.

13. Proteins of Connective Tissue - Elastin

14. Tissues - Plant
Three basic types of plant tissue
•epidermis, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue.
•Epidermis – forms the outer surface of the leaves and
of the young plant body.
•Ground tissue - manufactures and stores nutrients.
•Vascular tissue - The primary components are xylem
and phloem - transport fluid and nutrients internally.

15. Cell Adhesion - Connectivity
• Cell Adhesion is the binding of a cell
– to another cell, a surface, or to the extracellular matrix.
• Cell Adhesion uses molecules such as
– selectins,
– integrins, and
– cadherins
• Correct cellular adhesion is essential in maintaining
multicellular structure. It can link the cytoplasm of cells
and can be involved in signal transduction.

16. Cell Adhesion - Junctions
• A cell junction - is cell-to-cell adhesion in animals
Plants have plasmodesmata.
In vertebrates, 3 major types of cell junctions:
• Tight junctions
• Adherens junctions and Desmosome junctions
(Anchoring Junctions)
• Gap junctions
(Communicating Junction)

17. Cell Connectivity - Junctions

18. Cell Connectivity - Cadherins
• Cadherins ("calcium-dependent adhesion") are a
class of type-1 transmembrane proteins.
• They are dependent on calcium (Ca2+) ions to function
• The cadherin superfamily includes
– cadherins,
– protocadherins
– desmosomes …

19. Tight Junctions
A tight junction
is virtually
impenetrable to
fluid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction

20. Adherens Junction
A adherens
junction is a
“sticky” junction
where the
transmembrane
protein fibers
adhere to each
other in the
extracellular
matrix.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherens_junction

21. Desmosome Junction
• A desmosome junction is an anchoring junction.
• Desmosomes help to resist shearing forces.
• The intercellular space is very wide (about 30 nm).
• Desmosomes are found in epithelial and in muscle
tissue.

22. Desmosome Junction
• Desmosomes
are molecular
complexes of
cell adhesion
proteins and
linking proteins
that attach the
cell surface
adhesion
proteins to
intracellular
keratin
cytoskeletal
filaments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosome

23. Gap Junction
A gap junction
directly connects
the cytoplasm of
two cells allowing
various molecules
and ions to pass
between cells.
Gap junctions are
analogous to the
plasmodesmata
that join plant cells.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction

24. Cell–to–Cell Adhesion in Plants
• Plasmodesma is a microscopic channel which goes
between the cell walls of plant cells enabling transport
and communication between them.
• Plant cell is surrounded by a polysaccharide cell wall.
• Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a
pair of cell walls forming an extracellular domain
divided by a lamella.
• The plasmodesmata connected t

25. Cell–to–Cell Adhesion in Plants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodesma

26. Cell–to–Cell Adhesion in Plants

27. Endocrine System
The endocrine
system is the
system of glands,
each of which
secretes a type of
hormone directly
into the
bloodstream to
regulate the body.
(Exocrine system
uses ducts that open
into the
environment.)

28. Hormones
• Hormones are substances produced by glands and
released into the bloodstream. They affect activity in
cells at other locations of the body.
• The binding of a hormone to a receptor speeds up,
slows down, or in some other way alters the cell's
function.
• Hormones bind to receptors
– on a cell's surface (protein hormone) or
– inside a cell (steroid hormone).

29. Hormones
• Hormones are either proteins or steroids.
• Hormones can also be classified by their chemical
composition
• Monoamine hormones - contain one amino group that
is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain
• Peptide hormones are protein hormones and are
synthesized in cells from amino acids according to an
mRNA template, which is itself synthesized from a DNA.
• Lipid and phospholipid –derived hormones
– Mainly steroid hormones.

30. Monoamine Hormones
• Monoamine hormones
– Histamine
– Catecholamines, e.g. Dopamine
– Adrenaline, e.g. Epinephrine

31. Monoamine Hormones
Tyrosine (amino acid)

32. Peptide Hormones
• Peptide hormones consist of chains of amino acids.
– Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that controls the
reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys by
affecting the tissue's permeability.
Vasopressin is nonapeptid (9 amino acids):
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly
– Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by the pancreas, which
is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in
the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue
to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the
liver and muscle.

33. Peptide Hormones
• Peptide hormones

34. Lipid - Steroid Hormones
• Steroids are lipids with a characteristic arrangement of
four cycloalkane rings.
• Steroids can be hormones or sterols (ex: cholesterol)
• Examples of steroid hormones:

35. Hormones
• Protein hormones bind with receptors on the surface of
cells.
• Steroid hormones are small molecules that are fat-
soluble (and thus easily diffuse through cell walls to bind
with receptors inside of cells

36. Protein Hormones
Protein hormones bind to receptors on surface of cells.
http://www.emcom.ca/faq/ans3.shtml

37. Protein Hormones
Protein hormones bind to receptors on surface of cells.
http://www.emcom.ca/faq/ans3.shtml

38. Protein Hormones
Protein hormones bind to receptors on surface of cells.

39. Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones bind to receptors inside cells.

40. Circulatory System
The circulatory system is an organ system helps
maintain homeostasis and fight disease by
passing
•nutrients such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph,
•gases such as O2 and CO2
•hormones and
•blood cells, etc.
to and from cells in the body.

41. Blood Clotting Cascade
• Thrombin is the most important constituent of the
coagulation cascade in terms of its feedback and
activation roles
• Tissue factor pathway (extrinsic) – primary pathway
– The main role of the tissue factor pathway is to generate a "thrombin
burst" in releasing thrombin instantaneously.
• Contact activation pathway (intrinsic) - secondary
– formation of complex on collagen
• Common pathway – here thrombin performs its
primary role which is to convert fibrinogen to fibrin,
the building block of a hemostatic plug.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation

42. Blood Clotting Cascade
• Coagulation is the process by which blood forms
clots.
• It is an important part of hemostasis, the stopping of
blood loss from a damaged vessel.
• In coagulation, a damaged blood vessel wall is covered
by a platelet and fibrin-containing clot to stop
bleeding and begin repair of the damaged vessel.
• Disorders of coagulation can lead to an increased
risk of bleeding (hemorrhage) or obstructive clotting
(thrombosis).

43. Blood Clotting Cascade
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation

44. Blood Cells
• leukocytes WBC
(natural immune response)
• thrombocytes - platelets
(blood clotting)
• erythrocytes RBC
(oxygen transport)
http://shs-bio-6th-wood.wikispaces.com/Topic+16-Blood-+Erythrocytes,+Leukocytes,+Platelets,+%26+Plasma

45. Blood Separation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_coat

46. Blood Separation
• Three anticoagulants can be used to inhibit
coagulation in donor blood
• EDTA
– removes calcium from the blood, but does not distort blood
cells.
• Heparin
– Stops the formation of thrombin from prothrombin therefore
stopping formation of fibrin from fibrinogen
• Na-Citrate
– removes calcium from the blood, but not as effective as
EDTA and harder to regulate.