This study investigated the prevalence of Babesia bigemina in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks collected from cattle in Punjab, India using microscopy and PCR-based assays. Engorged female ticks were collected from 135 cattle and processed for DNA extraction from egg masses and larval stages. PCR detected B. bigemina in 1.48% of egg mass DNA samples and 4.44% of primary PCR products tested with nested PCR. Nested PCR detected the parasite in 1.48% of larval DNA and 7.41% of primary PCR products. The prevalence was not significantly different across agro-climatic zones or cattle age groups, indicating an endemic status of B. bigemina in the tick population
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...BRNSS Publication Hub
Culex quinquefasciatus are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases worldwide. Recent
studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affects development, digestion,
metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Here, we studied the bacterial diversity found in midgut part
of C. quinquefasciatus to understand the host and microbe interaction. The adult C. quinquefasciatus
mosquitos were collected from Loyola College Campus, Chennai, using ovitraps, and midgut part was
extracted; moreover, the DNA templates were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The
DNA amplicons were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq gene sequencer. The total of 279,157 reads was
classified into 85, the bacterial genera of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Aeromonas
predominantly found to be high when compared to the other bacterial genera. The present data strongly
encourage further investigations to verify the potential role of the detected bacteria in mosquito for the
transmission of several vectoral diseases.
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
poultry immune system in brief
under the advanced rearing of poultry and some changes in breeds gene to give high meat and egg production some bad events appear on the surface which called immunosuppressive reaction from virus infection like avaian flu and I.B and other virus infection and from bad grade feed pellets containig high amount of aflatoxin so must understand good the immune system in brief to over come this problem
thank you
dr abdelaziz
poultry consultant
elmansoura lab at canal suez street
The document provides information on integrated pest management for controlling internal parasites in sheep populations. It discusses using a combination of chemical and non-chemical methods, including alternative forages, browsing, clean pastures, coccidiostats, delayed grazing, FAMACHA, genetics, host resistance, low stocking rates, management practices, multispecies grazing, natural anthelmintics, nutrition, pasture rotation, proper dewormer use, protein supplementation, refugia, sanitation, and zero grazing. The key internal parasites of sheep are also described.
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...BRNSS Publication Hub
Culex quinquefasciatus are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases worldwide. Recent
studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affects development, digestion,
metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Here, we studied the bacterial diversity found in midgut part
of C. quinquefasciatus to understand the host and microbe interaction. The adult C. quinquefasciatus
mosquitos were collected from Loyola College Campus, Chennai, using ovitraps, and midgut part was
extracted; moreover, the DNA templates were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The
DNA amplicons were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq gene sequencer. The total of 279,157 reads was
classified into 85, the bacterial genera of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Aeromonas
predominantly found to be high when compared to the other bacterial genera. The present data strongly
encourage further investigations to verify the potential role of the detected bacteria in mosquito for the
transmission of several vectoral diseases.
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
poultry immune system in brief
under the advanced rearing of poultry and some changes in breeds gene to give high meat and egg production some bad events appear on the surface which called immunosuppressive reaction from virus infection like avaian flu and I.B and other virus infection and from bad grade feed pellets containig high amount of aflatoxin so must understand good the immune system in brief to over come this problem
thank you
dr abdelaziz
poultry consultant
elmansoura lab at canal suez street
The document provides information on integrated pest management for controlling internal parasites in sheep populations. It discusses using a combination of chemical and non-chemical methods, including alternative forages, browsing, clean pastures, coccidiostats, delayed grazing, FAMACHA, genetics, host resistance, low stocking rates, management practices, multispecies grazing, natural anthelmintics, nutrition, pasture rotation, proper dewormer use, protein supplementation, refugia, sanitation, and zero grazing. The key internal parasites of sheep are also described.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
The document discusses the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in poultry feed. Key points include:
- Several fungi were identified in collected poultry feed samples, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria.
- Aspergillus flavus was found to be the most common species present and can produce the toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1.
- Molecular detection methods like PCR and DNA sequencing were the most accurate for identifying aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates compared to cultural and microscopic methods. Sequence analysis revealed the isolates were compatible with known toxigenic strains.
This document describes the biological assay process for testing rabies vaccines. It discusses that the potency of rabies vaccines is determined by comparing the lethal dose of a rabies virus challenge to the dose of vaccine needed to provide protection. It outlines the test animal groups, determination of the challenge virus titre, determination of vaccine potency through serial dilutions, and observation periods. Currently available rabies vaccines in India are also listed.
This document discusses types of poultry vaccines and methods of vaccine application. There are two main types of vaccines - live-type and killed-type. Live-type vaccines contain live viruses or bacteria and provide rapid immunity but can spread between birds. Killed-type vaccines use inactivated organisms and cannot spread but provide slower immunity. Methods of application include individual techniques like eye drops, beak dipping, and injection, and mass techniques like spray vaccination and drinking water vaccination. Factors like vaccine stability, bird age and water consumption impact mass techniques. Proper application and water quality control are important for successful vaccination.
1) The study aimed to determine if heating an oil emulsion Pasteurella multocida bacterin vaccine prior to intramuscular injection would reduce tissue reaction and lesions compared to the same vaccine injected at room temperature.
2) Fifty birds were vaccinated with the heated vaccine in one breast and room temperature vaccine in the other breast at 10 and 18 weeks, and lesion scores were evaluated at 6 and 14 weeks post vaccination.
3) Results showed the heated vaccine resulted in fewer and less severe lesions compared to the room temperature vaccine, as well as higher antibody titers and lower mortality following challenge.
Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and GoatsElisaMendelsohn
Managing internal parasites, especially Haemonchus contortus, is a primary concern for most sheep and goat producers. These parasites have become difficult to manage as they have developed resistance to nearly all available dewormers. This publication discusses using integrated techniques like pasture management and new drug administration methods to control parasites and prolong the effectiveness of dewormers. It provides an overview of the parasite lifecycle and factors that encourage parasite growth, as well as signs of parasitism.
This document summarizes a case study of Demodex phylloides mite infection (demodicosis) in pigs reared on a family farm near Sao Paulo, Brazil. Several pigs presented severe skin lesions after being castrated, and two were euthanized for examination. Skin scrapings revealed D. phylloides mites, and necropsy found additional pathogens and liver/intestinal abnormalities. The pigs were raised in poor conditions, resulting in multiple illnesses and immunosuppression. Treatment with ivermectin cured surviving pigs, and farm improvements aimed to boost health and profitability.
This study analyzed risk factors for tuberculosis prevalence in buffaloes at 7 livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall tuberculosis prevalence was 11.3%, with buffaloes testing positive at 86% of farms. Statistical analysis found higher prevalence associated with increased age, calving events, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, and shorter lactation lengths. Prevalence was lower with longer lactation lengths. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between tuberculosis status and age, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, lactation length, and number of other animals at the farm.
1. The document discusses the immune system and immune response in poultry. It describes the innate and acquired immunity in birds. Innate immunity is inborn and provides non-specific protection. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to pathogens and includes humoral and cell-mediated responses.
2. The adaptive immune system in birds involves B cells and T cells. B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricius and produce antibodies. T cells mature in the thymus and assist B cell antibody production. Antibodies neutralize, opsonize, and activate the complement system to destroy pathogens.
3. The key events in antibody production include antigen presentation by macrophages, antigen recognition by B cell receptors
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the concept of Diphtheria vaccine.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
Dossier Vaccination: what causes poultry vaccination to failHarm Kiezebrink
Vaccination failure can occur for several reasons:
1. The chickens do not develop adequate antibody levels in response to the vaccine.
2. The chickens remain susceptible to disease outbreaks in the field despite vaccination.
3. Common causes of vaccination failure include problems with vaccine administration technique, stress on the birds, and use of an incorrect vaccination program or improper vaccine storage. Ensuring good nutrition, health of the birds, and minimizing stress are important for developing an optimal immune response to vaccination.
This document discusses guidelines for good laboratory practices for animal facilities. It covers topics such as animal care and technical personnel, physical facility requirements including housing and sanitation, breeding and genetics of laboratory animals, and record keeping. The overall goal is to promote the humane care of laboratory animals used for research and testing to enhance animal well-being and the quality of scientific studies.
This document discusses vaccination through drinking water. It emphasizes protecting the vaccine virus particles in the water and water lines. Factors that can affect the outcome of water vaccination include the age of birds, their water consumption, the water withdrawal time before vaccination, the timing of vaccination, the exposure time to vaccinated water, and ensuring an even dosage through evaluating vaccination with a blue dye. Protecting the vaccine from factors like heat, light, chlorine and organic matter is important for successful vaccination.
Vaccines should be stored properly to maintain effectiveness. Live vaccines must be refrigerated between 2-8°C while killed vaccines should be below 8°C but not frozen. Vaccines should only be used on healthy birds and accurate procedures followed to ensure success. Primary vaccinations are individual but boosters can be administered via drinking water if proper precautions are taken. Inactivated vaccines stimulate strong immunity without risk of disease spread but require live priming for some diseases.
Internal parasites pose a significant health problem for sheep farms. Common internal parasites include various nematodes (roundworms) and flukes. The barber pole worm causes major losses worldwide. Widespread anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance has developed due to overreliance on and misuse of dewormers. Studies show resistance to common dewormers on many Alberta farms. Integrated parasite management is needed to control parasites in a sustainable manner while reducing selection pressure for resistance.
anthrax, bacillus anthracis, Koch's postulate, infectious agent, host, mode of transmission of anthrax, pathogenesis of anthrax,anthrax in nepal, clinical features of anthrax, types of anthrax, cutaneous anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax, inhalational anthrax, diagnosis of anthrax, investigations of anthrax, laboratory investigations of anthrax, treatment of anthrax, medicines of anthrax, prevention of anthrax, athrax vaccine, global scenario of anthrax, global burden of anthrax, outbreak of anthrax, anthrax as bio-weapon, WHO activities on anthrax, scenario of anthrax in nepal, brief history of anthrax, other names of anthrax, malignant pustle, malignant edema, woolsorter's disease, ragpicker's disease
Prevention and control of Mycoplasma sinoviae without vaccinationRafael Monleon
A presentation covering basic aspects regarding the prevention and control of Mycoplasma sinoviae (a poultry pathogen) without the use of vaccination.
Presented at the 2014 Biochek Seminar in Taiwan by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
Beak trimming involves partially removing the beak of poultry, usually hens and turkeys, to prevent injuries from pecking. There are four methods used - hot blade, cold blade, electrical and infrared. Beak trimming benefits welfare by reducing feather pecking and cannibalism but can cause acute and chronic stress and pain. Vaccination prevents or reduces disease in poultry using live, attenuated or killed vaccines administered via various methods. Sexing involves examining feather length and placement to determine if a chick is male or female to allow for separate rearing. Quality chicks are healthy, active and selected for desirable economic traits.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This study determined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in and around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia from 2008-2009. A total of 500 serum samples from sheep and goats were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 1.2% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.4% by the complement fixation test. All positive samples by complement fixation test were from adult female goats. While the prevalence was low, the study concluded that brucellosis exists in the area and positive animals should be eliminated to control spread of the disease in small ruminants.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
The document discusses the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in poultry feed. Key points include:
- Several fungi were identified in collected poultry feed samples, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria.
- Aspergillus flavus was found to be the most common species present and can produce the toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1.
- Molecular detection methods like PCR and DNA sequencing were the most accurate for identifying aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates compared to cultural and microscopic methods. Sequence analysis revealed the isolates were compatible with known toxigenic strains.
This document describes the biological assay process for testing rabies vaccines. It discusses that the potency of rabies vaccines is determined by comparing the lethal dose of a rabies virus challenge to the dose of vaccine needed to provide protection. It outlines the test animal groups, determination of the challenge virus titre, determination of vaccine potency through serial dilutions, and observation periods. Currently available rabies vaccines in India are also listed.
This document discusses types of poultry vaccines and methods of vaccine application. There are two main types of vaccines - live-type and killed-type. Live-type vaccines contain live viruses or bacteria and provide rapid immunity but can spread between birds. Killed-type vaccines use inactivated organisms and cannot spread but provide slower immunity. Methods of application include individual techniques like eye drops, beak dipping, and injection, and mass techniques like spray vaccination and drinking water vaccination. Factors like vaccine stability, bird age and water consumption impact mass techniques. Proper application and water quality control are important for successful vaccination.
1) The study aimed to determine if heating an oil emulsion Pasteurella multocida bacterin vaccine prior to intramuscular injection would reduce tissue reaction and lesions compared to the same vaccine injected at room temperature.
2) Fifty birds were vaccinated with the heated vaccine in one breast and room temperature vaccine in the other breast at 10 and 18 weeks, and lesion scores were evaluated at 6 and 14 weeks post vaccination.
3) Results showed the heated vaccine resulted in fewer and less severe lesions compared to the room temperature vaccine, as well as higher antibody titers and lower mortality following challenge.
Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and GoatsElisaMendelsohn
Managing internal parasites, especially Haemonchus contortus, is a primary concern for most sheep and goat producers. These parasites have become difficult to manage as they have developed resistance to nearly all available dewormers. This publication discusses using integrated techniques like pasture management and new drug administration methods to control parasites and prolong the effectiveness of dewormers. It provides an overview of the parasite lifecycle and factors that encourage parasite growth, as well as signs of parasitism.
This document summarizes a case study of Demodex phylloides mite infection (demodicosis) in pigs reared on a family farm near Sao Paulo, Brazil. Several pigs presented severe skin lesions after being castrated, and two were euthanized for examination. Skin scrapings revealed D. phylloides mites, and necropsy found additional pathogens and liver/intestinal abnormalities. The pigs were raised in poor conditions, resulting in multiple illnesses and immunosuppression. Treatment with ivermectin cured surviving pigs, and farm improvements aimed to boost health and profitability.
This study analyzed risk factors for tuberculosis prevalence in buffaloes at 7 livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall tuberculosis prevalence was 11.3%, with buffaloes testing positive at 86% of farms. Statistical analysis found higher prevalence associated with increased age, calving events, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, and shorter lactation lengths. Prevalence was lower with longer lactation lengths. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between tuberculosis status and age, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, lactation length, and number of other animals at the farm.
1. The document discusses the immune system and immune response in poultry. It describes the innate and acquired immunity in birds. Innate immunity is inborn and provides non-specific protection. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to pathogens and includes humoral and cell-mediated responses.
2. The adaptive immune system in birds involves B cells and T cells. B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricius and produce antibodies. T cells mature in the thymus and assist B cell antibody production. Antibodies neutralize, opsonize, and activate the complement system to destroy pathogens.
3. The key events in antibody production include antigen presentation by macrophages, antigen recognition by B cell receptors
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the concept of Diphtheria vaccine.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
Dossier Vaccination: what causes poultry vaccination to failHarm Kiezebrink
Vaccination failure can occur for several reasons:
1. The chickens do not develop adequate antibody levels in response to the vaccine.
2. The chickens remain susceptible to disease outbreaks in the field despite vaccination.
3. Common causes of vaccination failure include problems with vaccine administration technique, stress on the birds, and use of an incorrect vaccination program or improper vaccine storage. Ensuring good nutrition, health of the birds, and minimizing stress are important for developing an optimal immune response to vaccination.
This document discusses guidelines for good laboratory practices for animal facilities. It covers topics such as animal care and technical personnel, physical facility requirements including housing and sanitation, breeding and genetics of laboratory animals, and record keeping. The overall goal is to promote the humane care of laboratory animals used for research and testing to enhance animal well-being and the quality of scientific studies.
This document discusses vaccination through drinking water. It emphasizes protecting the vaccine virus particles in the water and water lines. Factors that can affect the outcome of water vaccination include the age of birds, their water consumption, the water withdrawal time before vaccination, the timing of vaccination, the exposure time to vaccinated water, and ensuring an even dosage through evaluating vaccination with a blue dye. Protecting the vaccine from factors like heat, light, chlorine and organic matter is important for successful vaccination.
Vaccines should be stored properly to maintain effectiveness. Live vaccines must be refrigerated between 2-8°C while killed vaccines should be below 8°C but not frozen. Vaccines should only be used on healthy birds and accurate procedures followed to ensure success. Primary vaccinations are individual but boosters can be administered via drinking water if proper precautions are taken. Inactivated vaccines stimulate strong immunity without risk of disease spread but require live priming for some diseases.
Internal parasites pose a significant health problem for sheep farms. Common internal parasites include various nematodes (roundworms) and flukes. The barber pole worm causes major losses worldwide. Widespread anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance has developed due to overreliance on and misuse of dewormers. Studies show resistance to common dewormers on many Alberta farms. Integrated parasite management is needed to control parasites in a sustainable manner while reducing selection pressure for resistance.
anthrax, bacillus anthracis, Koch's postulate, infectious agent, host, mode of transmission of anthrax, pathogenesis of anthrax,anthrax in nepal, clinical features of anthrax, types of anthrax, cutaneous anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax, inhalational anthrax, diagnosis of anthrax, investigations of anthrax, laboratory investigations of anthrax, treatment of anthrax, medicines of anthrax, prevention of anthrax, athrax vaccine, global scenario of anthrax, global burden of anthrax, outbreak of anthrax, anthrax as bio-weapon, WHO activities on anthrax, scenario of anthrax in nepal, brief history of anthrax, other names of anthrax, malignant pustle, malignant edema, woolsorter's disease, ragpicker's disease
Prevention and control of Mycoplasma sinoviae without vaccinationRafael Monleon
A presentation covering basic aspects regarding the prevention and control of Mycoplasma sinoviae (a poultry pathogen) without the use of vaccination.
Presented at the 2014 Biochek Seminar in Taiwan by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
Beak trimming involves partially removing the beak of poultry, usually hens and turkeys, to prevent injuries from pecking. There are four methods used - hot blade, cold blade, electrical and infrared. Beak trimming benefits welfare by reducing feather pecking and cannibalism but can cause acute and chronic stress and pain. Vaccination prevents or reduces disease in poultry using live, attenuated or killed vaccines administered via various methods. Sexing involves examining feather length and placement to determine if a chick is male or female to allow for separate rearing. Quality chicks are healthy, active and selected for desirable economic traits.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This study determined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in and around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia from 2008-2009. A total of 500 serum samples from sheep and goats were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 1.2% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.4% by the complement fixation test. All positive samples by complement fixation test were from adult female goats. While the prevalence was low, the study concluded that brucellosis exists in the area and positive animals should be eliminated to control spread of the disease in small ruminants.
Seromolecular prevalence of befv antibodies, their correlation with physiolog...Noor Zada
This study examined the prevalence of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) antibodies in cattle and buffalo in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 600 animals from three districts were tested using complement fixation tests and RT-PCR on blood samples. Overall prevalence of BEFV was highest in Lahore at 56%, followed by Multan at 55.5%, and Rajanpur at 52.2%. Risk factors like breed, age, and vaccination status were also found to influence prevalence. Exotic cattle breeds and younger animals had higher rates of infection compared to local breeds and older animals. Vaccinated animals showed much lower prevalence at 4.39% compared to 66.53% in non-vaccinated animals. RT-PCR results were
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent VaccineIOSR Journals
The document describes a study that investigated the efficacy of a Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. Shaver brown chickens were vaccinated and monitored over time. PHA antibody titers were measured in the vaccinated chickens at various time points post-vaccination and were found to increase after primary vaccination, booster dose, and pre-challenge. Chickens that received the bivalent vaccination withstood challenge with virulent S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, demonstrating the vaccine conferred protection. The results indicate the experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine was immunogenic and provided effective protection against challenge infection in chickens.
Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Infectious bronchitis virus a major cause of respiratory diseaseAlexander Decker
- The study aimed to detect the presence of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in outbreaks of respiratory disease in chickens in Ghana using RT-PCR.
- Tracheal swabs were collected from 10 chicken farms and a total of 47 samples were analyzed.
- RT-PCR detected IBV in 30 of the 47 samples, indicating an overall prevalence of 64%.
This document summarizes the development and testing of water dispersible powder (WDP) formulations containing a novel mosquitocidal bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis/tochigiensis (VCRC B-474), and different carrier materials for mosquito larval control. The bacterial strain was characterized and formulated into WDPs with chalk, bentonite, or talc as carriers. The formulations were tested for mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae over 12 months. The chalk formulation showed the highest activity with LC50 values ranging from 0.274-0.523 μg/ml and maintained activity for up to 6 months of storage at room
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting cattle in Lucknow, India and the evaluation of plant extracts to control ticks. The key points are:
1) A total of 2150 cattle were examined, of which 1262 (58.6%) were infested with ticks. The most common ticks identified were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (68.69%) and Hemaphysalis bispinosa (31.30%).
2) Highest tick prevalence was found in calves less than 1 year old (77.1%), followed by cattle aged 1-4 years (64.66%), and lowest in cattle over 4 years (48
The study found an overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation of 11.14% among goats in the Toba Tek Singh district of Pakistan. Ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasite, followed by lice, fleas, mites, and flies. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites was found during the winter months for lice, fleas, and mites, while ticks and flies were most common in summer and spring, respectively. Non-cemented flooring was associated with higher prevalence of ectoparasites compared to cemented flooring. Host characteristics like age, sex, and breed did not influence prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Frequency and Risk-Factors Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Bali-CattleUniversitasGadjahMada
Cattle are known as the main reservoir of zoonotic agents verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. These bacteria are usually isolated from calves with diarrhea and / or mucus and blood. Tolerance of these agents to the environmental conditions will strengthen of their transmission among livestock. A total of 238 cattle fecal samples from four sub-districts in Badung, Bali were used in this study. Epidemiological data observed include cattle age, sex, cattle rearing system, the source of drinking water, weather, altitude, and type of cage floor, the cleanliness of cage floor, the slope of cage floor, and the level of cattle cleanliness. The study was initiated by culturing of samples onto eosin methylene blue agar, then Gram stained, and tested for indole, methyl-red, voges proskauer, and citrate, Potential E.coli isolates were then cultured onto sorbitol MacConkey agar, and further tested using O157 latex agglutination test and H7 antisera. Molecular identification was performed by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and epidemiological data was analyzed using
STATA 12.0 software. The results showed, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle at Badung regency was 6.30% (15/238) covering four sub districts i.e. Petang, Abiansemal, Mengwi, and Kuta which their prevalence was 8.62%(5/58), 10%(6/60), 3.33%(2/60), and 3.33(2/60)%, respectively. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene confirmed of isolates as an E. coli O157:H7 strain with 99% similarities. Furthermore, the risk factors analysis showed that the slope of the cage floor has a highly significant effect (P<0.05) to the distribution of infection. Consequently, implementing this factor must be concerned in order to decrease of infection.
Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory effect of Enoxacin on Babesia and Theileria...sherein abdelgayed
Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory effect of Enoxacin on Babesia and Theileria parasites. 9th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, 24-28 August 2014.
The study developed a recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in swine using a multiple-epitope recombinant protein containing copies of immunogenic epitopes. The vaccine elicited high antibody titers and immune responses comparable to traditional inactivated vaccines. It provided protection for up to 6 months and has advantages over traditional vaccines such as safety and lower production costs.
This document summarizes a study that detected bovine tuberculosis in milk and serum samples from dairy farm animals in Assiut City, Egypt. Several methods were used for detection, including the tuberculin skin test, microscopic examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, bacterial culture using Lowenstein Jensen media, and an ELISA test using bovine PPD as the coating antigen. Acid-fast bacilli were detected microscopically in 7% of milk samples from tuberculin-positive reactors and 3% from tuberculin-negative reactors. Mycobacteria were isolated via culture from 3-4% of milk samples from tuberculin-positive reactors and 1-2% from negative reactors
1. The study developed a PCR amplification assay to rapidly screen bulk milk samples from dairy herds to identify those infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV).
2. Milk samples were collected from cows, somatic cells were purified, and viral RNA was extracted. Primers targeting the 5' untranslated region and p80 region of BVDV were used in PCR.
3. BVDV RNA was detected in milk from an acutely infected cow and two persistently infected cows. The assay could detect BVDV diluted up to 1:640 in milk and was more sensitive than virus isolation.
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
ABSTRACT- The objective of our study is to determine its anti-inflammatory potential of protein extracted from the
stings of honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, protein extracted from the stings of Apis mellifera using Tris HCl/ice
cold acetone and determined through Nano drop method and then determined its Da protein using SDS-PAGE. In
addition, indirect ELISA was performed using rubella vaccine as coating antigen and determined its antibody titre using
variable concentration of sting protein (15.62-250 μg) and also determined its activity on human whole blood for
determining total cellular content and proliferation against rubella vaccine antigen. The results showed that protein from
stings of Apis mellifera showed drastic declined in antibody titre at higher doses but there is slightly enhancement in
antibody titre, total cellular content and proliferations at lower concentration as compared to control and rubella vaccine
(standard).Overall, this study suggest that stings protein of Apis mellifera showed anti-inflammatory potential against
rubella vaccine antigen.
Key-words- Anti-inflammatory, Apis mellifera, Stings, Nanodrop, ELISA
My research proposals, to porotect holy cow, rejected by the ICAR-IVRI in the...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses three research proposals submitted by the author to the ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute over the last five years related to protecting holy cows. The proposals focused on (1) evaluating new therapies for brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes, (2) surveying infectious diseases in shelters for stray cows, and (3) studying epidemiological factors associated with reduced milk production from communicable diseases.
Emerging diseases of sheep and goat with reference to Blue Tongueshaikh Salahuddinshkh
This document discusses blue tongue, an emerging viral disease affecting sheep and goats. It is transmitted by biting midges and causes fever, facial swelling, and lesions in the mouth. There are 24 serotypes identified in India. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, serology, antigen detection and PCR. Treatment is supportive and control relies on vector control, quarantine, vaccination and notification of authorities. Vaccines developed in India target the most common 5 serotypes. Blue tongue is difficult to eradicate due to the many serotypes and abundant vector populations in India.
This study aims to analyze and compare the blood hematology and chemistry of captive and wild cranes in Pakistan. Blood samples will be collected from the cranes' radial vein and analyzed for various clinical hematology parameters like red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and platelet count. Biochemical analyses of plasma samples will also be conducted to measure proteins, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, and uric acid levels. The results will be statistically analyzed to investigate the effect of different diets on the blood of captive versus wild cranes.
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ectoparasites in wild and domesticated grey (Francolinus Pondicerianus) and black partridges (Francolinus Francolinus) in Khayber Pakhtoonkhawa, Pakistan. The study aimed to compare the types and prevalence of ectoparasites between wild and domesticated populations of these two partridge species. Ectoparasites were collected from birds using visual examination and dust ruffling methods. The ectoparasites were then identified microscopically. The prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasites was determined and compared between wild and domesticated birds to understand the impact of habitat and domestication on ectoparas
This document describes a proposed study to detect Clostridium perfringens types in goats in Bannu district, Pakistan using multiplex PCR. The study aims to 1) detect C. perfringens in goat blood samples using PCR, 2) identify the toxin types produced, and 3) determine the epidemiological characteristics of C. perfringens in the district. Blood samples will be collected from clinically suspected goats and tested microscopically, through DNA extraction and PCR amplification to detect C. perfringens. Gel electrophoresis will also be used to detect the bacteria. Statistical analysis will be conducted to analyze the results.
This document presents a proposed study on the molecular diagnosis of babesiosis in cattle in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Babesiosis is caused by protozoan parasites that infect cattle and other animals, causing economic losses. The study aims to 1) detect babesia species in cattle early in infection and 2) develop a tool to investigate the epidemiology and control the disease. Blood samples will be collected from clinically infected cattle and examined microscopically and through PCR to identify babesia species. Data will be statistically analyzed to understand the epidemiology of babesiosis in the region. The study seeks to better understand and control an important disease affecting the cattle industry in southern Khyber Pak
This document describes a study to identify pathogens in Hyalomma ticks collected from cattle in various regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 70 engorged female ticks will be collected and identified to species. Genomic DNA will be extracted from the ticks and tested using PCR and sequencing to detect Theileria, Babesia, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia, and Coxiella burnetii pathogens. Sequence results will be compared to the GenBank database to identify the pathogens present. This will help determine the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens affecting cattle in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The document discusses saving the common leopard population in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan is home to both the common leopard and snow leopard. The common leopard inhabits lower mountain ranges but has been hunted almost to extinction. Reasons for habitat loss include fuelwood collection, overgrazing, timber smuggling, and uncontrolled fires set by herders. To save the remaining leopard populations, the document recommends rehabilitating forests, banning grazing and cutting for 5 years, increasing environmental education, strictly enforcing laws, and protecting the Haro River corridor between two national parks.
The document discusses behavioral immunology and the bidirectional relationship between behavior and the immune system. It provides examples of how the immune system interacts with behavior in swordfish, electric eels, and sex differences in immune response. The thymus is described as an organ that helps develop T-cells. The behavioral immune system can influence prejudices and disease avoidance behaviors in humans.
This document discusses biosafety levels and biosafety cabinets. It describes the four biosafety levels based on the hazard level of the pathogens being used. It also explains different types of biosafety cabinets including class I, II and III cabinets and how they provide varying levels of protection for personnel, products and the environment. Air filtration using HEPA and ULPA filters in biosafety cabinets is also summarized. Finally, it provides an overview of international standards for biosafety cabinets.
Biosafety levels and biosafety cabinets are essential for safely working with infectious agents in laboratories. There are four biosafety levels with increasing safety precautions for more dangerous pathogens. Biosafety cabinets provide personnel, environmental or product protection depending on the class. Class I provides personnel and environmental protection while Class II and III also provide product protection using laminar airflow and HEPA filtration of exhaust air. Proper work practices, maintenance, and decontamination methods are required when using biosafety cabinets.
1) The document discusses the rhythmicity and automaticity of the heart, which refers to the heart's ability to beat regularly and generate impulses without external stimuli.
2) It originates from within the heart itself (myogenic, not neurogenic) and several factors can influence the heart rate such as the autonomic nervous system, temperature, drugs, blood gases, and inorganic ions.
3) The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker for the heart and has membrane properties that allow it to spontaneously depolarize, initiating the heartbeat via an action potential involving sodium, calcium, and potassium ion fluxes.
Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in animals characterized by reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. It enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability or cold temperatures by conserving energy. Torpor can be daily, lasting less than 24 hours, or longer during hibernation or aestivation. It evolved to provide a fitness advantage for maintaining a body temperature above ambient temperatures. Functions of torpor include conserving fat stores during migration or winter and surviving unpredictable food sources.
The document discusses the respiratory centers in the brain that control breathing. It describes:
- The medulla and pons as the primary respiratory control centers located in the brainstem. The medulla contains groups that stimulate expiratory and inspiratory movements. The pons controls the rate of breathing.
- Chemoreceptors in the bloodstream and brainstem that detect carbon dioxide levels and signal the respiratory centers to adjust breathing.
- The motor cortex and ascending pathways that control voluntary breathing movements.
- Nerves like the phrenic and vagus nerves that transmit signals from the brainstem to respiratory muscles.
- Chemoreceptor feedback as a negative feedback system that maintains blood pH levels by adjusting breathing in response
The document discusses the gastrointestinal tract and motility. It begins with defining the GI tract and its parts. It then discusses GI motility, describing peristalsis and segmentation contractions that move food through the digestive system. It details the layers of the stomach and small intestine walls and their roles in digestion. It concludes with an overview of motility in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Introduction to genetics and genes unlocking the secrets of heredity by noor ...Noor Zada
Genetics is the study of heredity and the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. It examines inheritance at multiple levels, from whole organisms to chromosomes to genes and DNA. DNA is the genetic material found in all living things. It exists as long double-stranded helix molecules. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases. The bases pair up in a specific way between strands through hydrogen bonding to form the DNA code. DNA codes for traits by determining the sequence of proteins and RNA molecules. Its double helix structure allows for accurate copying and transmission of the genetic code during cell division.
Dormancy is a period when growth, development, and physical activity are temporarily stopped in organisms to conserve energy. Organisms enter dormancy through predictive means, like plants using photoperiod and temperature to predict winter, or consequential means after conditions arise. Dormancy in animals includes hibernation, where mammals like bears sleep through winter; aestivation, summer sleep in desert animals due to heat or drought; and diapause, a predetermined developmental suspension in insects between seasons. Hibernation allows animals to survive winter by sleeping and not eating until warmer spring weather with more food.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
Carnotaurus was a large theropod dinosaur that lived in South America during the Late Cretaceous period, around 72-69.9 million years ago. It was a carnivore with bull-like horns and could grow up to 25 feet long. Studies have found that Carnotaurus may have hunted large prey like sauropods or smaller animals. It was well-adapted for running and had a top speed estimated between 30-35 mph, faster than humans but not as fast as ostriches. The skull was short and deep with numerous holes and spikes on the facial bones.
1) Respiration is regulated by the nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and determine signals to respiratory muscles.
2) There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The inspiratory center controls inspiration while the expiratory center controls expiration.
3) The chemical mechanism is operated by central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers.
The respiratory centers in the brainstem control both involuntary and voluntary respiration. The medulla and pons are the primary centers, with the medulla containing groups that stimulate inspiration and expiration. The pons controls respiratory rate. Chemoreceptors in the brainstem and body sense pH in the blood and provide feedback to adjust ventilation. Proprioceptors in the lungs called stretch receptors trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to prevent overinflation by inhibiting inspiration. This reflex can also cause the heart rate to briefly increase during inhalation in a phenomenon called sinus arrhythmia.
The document discusses the gastrointestinal tract and motility. It begins with defining the GI tract and its parts. It then discusses GI motility including peristalsis and segmentation contractions that move food through the digestive system. It details the layers of the stomach and small intestine walls and their roles in digestion. It concludes with describing motility and movement of food through the specific parts of the GI tract.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
2. latent infections microscopically due to low levels of parasitaemia. Alternatively, indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are widely used for detection of antibodies against Babesia infections in cattle. Further,
for detection of Babesia organism in vector ticks, its parasitic forms like ookinetes and sporozoites have been observed under
microscope using different staining methods. Giemsa stained hemolymph of adult ticks along with egg and larval squashes have also
been used for diagnosis in ticks (Bock et al., 2004; Oliveira-Sequeira et al., 2005). However, the main drawbacks of microscopic
detection of Babesia spp. in blood smears, hemolymph of adult ticks, and in tick egg and larval squashes are the low sensitivity and the
difficulty of differentiating between the species involved (Bock et al., 2004). Similarly, sero-diagnostics suffers from the problem of
cross-reactivity and sometimes low antigen output.
Therefore, application of molecular biology techniques as PCR-based assays to study the epidemiology of babesiosis is very helpful
but still incipient. These assays are characterized by high sensitivity and specificity as has been verified by several authors for the
detection of infection both in the vertebrate hosts and ticks (Oliveira-Sequeira et al., 2005; Smeenk et al., 2000; Gayo et al., 2003;
Oliveira et al., 2008; Tavassoli et al., 2013). However, in India, there are only few published reports regarding the use of molecular
methods for the detection of B. bigemina in cattle (Singh et al., 2007; Silva et al., 2009; Chaudhry et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2013) and
vector tick (Ravindran et al., 2006). Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the objective of determining the molecular
prevalence of B. bigemina infection in vector tick, R. microplus in Punjab, India.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Geographical area
The study was conducted from June 2011 to May 2013 in the northwestern Punjab state of India, covering a total area of
50,362 km2
located between 29″30′N to 32″32′N latitude and 73″55′E to 76″50′ E longitudes. The state has been divided into 5 major
agro-climatic zones i.e. Central Plain Zone, Undulating Zone, Western Zone, Western plain Zone and Sub-mountain Zone. Punjab has
an inland subtropical location and its climate is continental, being semi-arid to sub-humid. Summers are very hot and winters very
cold with annual temperatures in range from 1 °C to 46 °C (min to max) with average annual rainfall of 565.9 mm. These
environmental conditions provide favorable conditions for the survival and propagation of ticks. The major tick species infesting
cross-bred cattle of the region are R. microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum (Singh and Rath, 2013; Haque et al., 2011).
2.2. Sample collection
Engorged adult female R. microplus ticks were collected from 135 cattle of different agro-climatic zones of Punjab reared under
intensive production system with periodic use of chemical acaricides (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, amitraz and ivermectin) as the
only tick control measure adopted in the region. A total of 10 fully engorged females ticks were collected from each animal in
separate vials, closed with muslin cloth to allow air and moisture exchange and brought to the laboratory. Ticks were washed, kept
individually in labeled plastic tubes covered with muslin cloth and kept in desiccators placed in BOD incubator maintained at
28 ± 1 °C and 85 ± 5% relative humidity for oviposition.
2.3. Maintenance and processing of tick
Hemolymph was collected from four ticks collected from each individual animal at 8–10 days post incubation by removing both
distal legs and blotting the exuding droplet of hemolymph on separate clean microscopic glass slide. Eight hemolymph smears were
made from the ticks collected from each animal, fixed in methanol for 2–3 min, stained with Giemsa and observed under oil
immersion microscope for presence of any parasitic stage. The remaining engorged female ticks were incubated till completion of
oviposition. The eggs laid by all the ticks collected from each animal were pooled. Approximately, 25–30 eggs from the pooled egg
mass were utilized for the preparation of egg squash in duplicate, fixed in methanol for 2–3 min, stained with Giemsa and observed
under oil immersion microscope for presence of any parasitic stage. A small proportion of pooled egg mass was transferred to a
microcentrifuge tube and kept at −20 °C for DNA isolation. The remaining major portion of egg mass was transferred to labeled
plastic tubes covered with muslin cloth and kept in desiccators placed in BOD incubator maintained at 28 ± 1 °C and 85 ± 5%
relative humidity for hatching of larvae. Around 300–400, 10–14 day old unfed larvae harvested from the pooled eggs were stored in
freezer at −20 °C and utilized for DNA extraction.
2.4. Genomic DNA isolation from tick larvae and eggs
Whole-genomic DNA was isolated from egg samples and unfed larvae of R. microplus using QIAamp® DNA mini kit (QIAGEN,
GmbH, Germany) following the manufacturer's recommendations with minor modifications. In brief, approximately 100 eggs/larvae
(kept at −20 °C) were triturated in 170 μl phosphate buffer saline (pH = 7.2) and homogenate was transferred into the 1.5 ml micro
centrifuge tube to which 40 μl of proteinase-K and 150 μl of ATL buffer was added and vortexed thoroughly. The homogenous
suspension was incubated overnight at 56 °C, vortexed at intervals and then centrifuged for 30 s at 5000 rpm. Then, 200 μl of AL
buffer was added to the lysate, vortexed and incubated at 70 °C for 20 min. Further, 200 μl of ethanol was added to the lysate,
vortexed thoroughly and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 30 s. The mixture was transfered to QIAamp spin column and centrifuged at
8000 rpm for 1.5 min. Thereafter, 2 washings were given with wash buffers (AW1 and AW2) at 8000 rpm for 2 min and 14,000 rpm
S.A. Bhat et al. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 2 (2017) 85–90
86
3. for 3.5 min, respectively. Finally, genomic DNA was eluted in 150 μl of elution buffer and stored at −20 °C till further use.
2.5. PCR assays
The primary and nested PCR assays were carried out using the sequences of oligonucleotide primers specific for B. bigemina as
described by Figueroa et al. (1992). The sequences of the primers are as follows:
Primary PCR
BiIA: 5′ -CAT CTA ATT TCT CTC CAT ACC CCT CC- 3′
BiIB: 5′ -CCT CGG CTT CAA CTC TGA TGC CAA AG- 3′
Nested PCR
BiIAN 5′ -CGC AAG CCC AGC ACG CCC CGG TGC- 3′
BiIBN 5′ -CCG ACC TGG ATA GGC TGT GTG ATG- 3′
Two rounds of PCR in a final volume of 25 μl were carried out in a PCR thermal cycler (Eppendorf, Germany). In the primary PCR
assay, the master solution consisted of 2.5 μl of 10XPCR buffer (MBI Fermentas), 0.5 μl of 10 mM dNTP mix (MBI Fermentas), 2.0 μl
of 25 mM MgCl2 (MBI Fermentas), 1.0 U of recombinant Taq DNA polymerase (MBI Fermentas), 1 μl each (15 pmol) of the external
forward and reverse primers and 5 μl of template DNA isolated from field samples. The volume was made up to 25 μl with nuclease-
free water. The cycling conditions were as: Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 5 min, 37 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min,
annealing at 59 °C for 1 min, extension at 72 °C for 1 min and the final extension was performed at 72 °C for 10 min. In order to carry
out the nested PCR assay, the PCR conditions were the same as described above, except annealing temperature of 70 °C and 1 μl of the
primary PCR product was used as template and amplified with 1 μl (15 pmol), each of the internal forward and reverse primers. The
PCR products, primary as well as nested, were checked for amplification by electrophoresis on a 1.5% and 1.75% agarose gel,
respectively and visualized using gel documentation system (Syngene, UK). In order to check the specificity of the assay, genomic
DNA of Theileria annulata, Anaplasma marginale and Trypanosoma evansi isolated from the microscopically positive cases by standard
protocols were also employed in the PCR to see the amplification, if any.
2.6. Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed on data by SPSS 13.0 software by applying Chi-Square test and statistical differences (p < 0.01
and p < 0.05) between various groups were calculated.
3. Results
A total of 135 tick samples were collected from cross-bred cattle of different agro-climatic zones of Punjab, India and screened for
the presence of B. bigemina organism in adult and subsequent egg and larval stages. On hemolymph examination of engorged female
tick (135) in quadruplicate, none of the smears revealed any developmental stage of B. bigemina. Also, none of the Giemsa stained egg
squashes prepared from pooled egg masses (135) in duplicate revealed any stages of the protozoa. Concentration of the extracted
DNA from egg and larval samples was found to be above 50 ng/μl. Purity of the extracted DNA was estimated by observing the ratio
of OD260 and OD280 which was found to be 1.7 to 2.
Primary PCR when applied with DNA extracted from the pooled egg masses as template showed 1.48% (2/135) samples to be
NTC M P N S P M N A B PS M N A B
278 bp
170 bp
a b c
Fig. 1. Standardization of primary PCR and nested PCR: NTC is no template control, L is 100 bp plus ladder, P is primary PCR product (278 bp), N is negative control
and S is nested PCR product (170 bp), lanes A and B tick egg samples; Amplification of 170-bp fragment of Babesia bigemina by nested PCR: Lane L 100 bp plus DNA
ladder, lane P positive control, lane N negative control, lanes A and B tick egg samples.
S.A. Bhat et al. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 2 (2017) 85–90
87
4. positive, whereas 4.44% (6/135) samples were positive when product of PCR was used as template in nested PCR (nPCR) (Figs. 1 and
2). Further, among the DNA isolated from larval samples, only 1.48% (2/135) samples were detected as positive for B. bigemina in
PCR, while 7.41% (10/135) samples were detected as positive in nPCR (Figs. 1 and 2).
Of engorged ticks collected from Central Plain Zone of Punjab, only 2.13% (1/47) and 4.25% (2/47) egg masses were seen
positive in PCR and nPCR, respectively. On the other hand, 2.13% (1/47) larval samples in PCR and 6.38% (3/47) in nPCR were
found to be positive. From Undulating Plain Zone, none of the egg masses was detected positive by PCR, while 4.55% (1/22) were
found positive by nPCR. PCR detected all 22 larval samples as negative, while nPCR revealed 9.09% (2/22) as positive. Among tick
samples collected from Western Zone, 3.03% (1/33) egg masses harvested were found positive in nPCR and thereafter, 6.06% (2/33)
of unfed larval samples harvested were found positive in nPCR. Whereas none of egg masses were found positive in PCR or nPCR from
Western Plain Zone, 5.88% (1/17) larval samples were revealed positive in nPCR. Among egg masses and larvae harvested from ticks
of Sub-mountain Undulating Zone, 6.25% (1/16) and 12.5% (2/16) in both cases were observed as positive in PCR and nPCR,
respectively (Table 1).
Among 43 egg masses harvested from engorged female ticks collected from the cattle of 0–6 month age, 2.32% (1/43) were found
positive in nPCR, whereas all of these samples were found negative in PCR. After harvesting larvae, 6.98% (3/43) batches were seen
positive in nPCR. Among 92 egg masses harvested from ticks collected from the cattle of above 6 months age, 2.17% (2/92) and
5.43% (5/92) were found positive in PCR and nPCR, respectively, and among 92 larval batches, 2.17% (2/92) and 7.61% (7/92)
samples were detected as positive in PCR and nPCR, respectively (Table 2).
P M N A B C M N PS A B
278 bp
170 bp
a b
Fig. 2. Amplification of 278-bp fragment of Babesia bigemina by primary PCR: Lane L 100 bp plus DNA ladder, lane P positive control, lane N negative control, lanes A–C
larval samples; Amplification of 170-bp fragment of Babesia bigemina by nested PCR: Lane L 100 bp plus DNA ladder, lane P positive control, lane N negative control,
lanes A and B larval samples.
Table 1
Agro-climatic zone wise prevalence of B. bigemina in tick progeny.
Agro-climatic zone No. of samples collected Percentage positivity (%)
Egg mass Unfed larvae
PCR nPCR PCR nPCR
Central Plain 47 1
(2.13)
2
(4.25)
1
(2.13)
3
(6.38)
Undulating Plain 22 0
(0.0)
1
(4.55)
0
(0.0)
2
(9.09)
Western 33 0
(0.0)
1
(3.03)
0
(0.0)
2
(6.06)
Western plain 17 0
(0.0)
0
(0.0)
0
(0.0)
1
(5.88)
Sub-mountain undulating 16 1
(6.25)
2
(12.5)
1
(6.25)
2
(12.5)
Total 135 2
(1.48)
6
(4.44)
2
(1.48)
10
(7.41)
χ2
value (p > 0.05) (b/w zones) 1.140 2.058
χ2
value (p < 0.05) (b/w tests) 15.947* 5.745*
S.A. Bhat et al. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 2 (2017) 85–90
88
5. 4. Discussion
As per 18th livestock census 2007, India has a population of about 200 million cattle and Punjab state possesses approximately
17,77,000 cattle, out of which 12,78,000 are cross-bred. Punjab has bagged top position in dairy farming during the recent years,
with milk production of about 95,51,000 ton/year which contributes about 7.5% to the overall milk production from the country
(Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India). Ticks and tick borne
diseases pose major health problem of crossbred cattle population of this region with an overall prevalence of ixodid ticks as 58.0%
(Singh and Rath, 2013). The major tick species infesting crossbred cattle of Punjab state are R. microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum
(Singh and Rath, 2013; Haque et al., 2011). They were ranked high in terms of their impact on the livelihood resource of poor
farming communities in developing countries (Perry et al., 2002; Minjauw and Mcleod, 2003). In India, the losses due to tick and tick
borne diseases in animals have been estimated to the tune of US$ 498.7 million per annum (Minjauw and Mcleod, 2003).
In the Indian subcontinent, it is assumed that about 80% of the herd resides in the areas endemic for Babesia and Anaplasma
infections, hence, need arises to conduct epidemiological surveys in order to identify these areas (Ravindran et al., 2002). In this
regard, identification of healthy carrier animals exhibiting low parasitaemia and detection of disease causing agent in vector tick with
more sensitive tests becomes the need of the hour. Many PCR based assays have been optimized for the detection of B. bigemina in R.
microplus tick using tick hemolymph, eggs and larvae as specimen by various workers worldwide (Oliveira-Sequeira et al., 2005;
Smeenk et al., 2000; Gayo et al., 2003; Oliveira et al., 2008; Tavassoli et al., 2013; Mahoney and Mirre, 1971) including India
(Ravindran et al., 2006). The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence B. bigemina organism in vector tick, R.
microplus. Although the tick sampling was not much comprehensive in the current study, a comparatively high percentage of the R.
microplus progeny was found positive for B. bigemina DNA by nested PCR assay. Statistically, significant (p < 0.05) difference was
seen between overall prevalence values recorded by PCR and nPCR. Smeenk et al. (Smeenk et al., 2000), in Zimbabwe, reported
relatively high prevalence of B. bigemina DNA in B. microplus as compared to the reports of Mahoney and Mirre (1971). Further, as all
Giemsa stained hemolymph smears and egg squashes were found negative for parasitic stages, it indicates that although hemolymph
infection may be undetectable, transmission to larval progeny occurs at a level that assures transmission to the bovine host, as has
been reported earlier by Howell et al. (2007).
Although relatively higher prevalence was seen in tick progeny harvested from female ticks that fed on adult cattle than those that
fed on young cattle, the difference was statistically non-significant. As regards age, higher rate of infection in the egg masses and
larvae collected from adult cattle could be related to subclinical infection or the lack of active immunity. The presence of foetal
haemoglobin (HbF) in the calves has been cited as possible reason for increased resistance since HbF is considered one of the factors
contributing to the high resistance of young cattle against B. bovis infection (Ristic and Levi, 1981). But higher rate of B. bigemina
infection in engorged female ticks collected from young calves has also been reported (Oliveira-Sequeira et al., 2005). With respect to
agro-climatic zones, comparatively higher prevalence rate, but statistically non-significant, was recorded from tick progeny
belonging to Sub-mountain undulating zone and Undulating zone both in PCR and nPCR. A trend of gradual decrease in prevalence
values was seen while moving spatially from northeast towards southwest parts of the state. Apart from climatic variation, it could be
attributed to sampling fluctuations, seasonal variations and differential distribution of ticks and B. bigemina organism across different
zones.
In the present study, the nPCR revealed significantly higher number of samples to be positive in tick progeny than microscopic
examination and PCR. Regardless of the high sensitivity and specificity of PCR and nPCR, the lower prevalence in tick stages may be
attributed to presence of hard vector tissues which may interfere with the extraction of whole genome DNA from tick eggs and larvae
as compared to blood or any other soft tissue. In addition, the variation in the parasitemia levels during the infection course of B.
bigemina in vertebrate host and vector tick may affect the detection of parasite DNA (Bock et al., 2004; Bose et al., 1990).
Supplemented with the high prevalence in cattle reports from the region, the presence of B. bigemina infection in vector tick detected
in primary and nested PCR in present study indicate a situation of forthcoming endemic stability.
Table 2
Age-wise prevalence of B. bigemina in tick progeny.
Age group Percentage positivity (%)
Egg masses Unfed larvae
PCR nPCR PCR nPCR
Calves
0–6 months (n = 43)
0
(0)
1
(2.32)
0
(0)
3
(6.98)
Adult cattle
> 6 months (n = 92)
2
(2.17)
5
(5.43)
2
(2.17)
7
(7.61)
Total 2
(1.48)
6
(4.44)
2
(1.48)
10
(7.41)
χ2
(p > 0.05) (b/w age groups) 0.017 0.013
S.A. Bhat et al. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 2 (2017) 85–90
89
6. 5. Conclusion
The use of PCR and nested PCR assays for the parasite infection in vector ticks in the present study appears to be first of its kind in
India in general and Punjab state in particular. The presence of B. bigemina in vector tick, R. microplus in Punjab state of India
accentuates the importance of a further comprehensive that will likely be very beneficial for management and control programs of the
disease.
Acknowledgments
Authors are thankful to The Dean, Postgraduate Studies, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
for providing facilities to carry out the research work.
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