This study examined the prevalence of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) antibodies in cattle and buffalo in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 600 animals from three districts were tested using complement fixation tests and RT-PCR on blood samples. Overall prevalence of BEFV was highest in Lahore at 56%, followed by Multan at 55.5%, and Rajanpur at 52.2%. Risk factors like breed, age, and vaccination status were also found to influence prevalence. Exotic cattle breeds and younger animals had higher rates of infection compared to local breeds and older animals. Vaccinated animals showed much lower prevalence at 4.39% compared to 66.53% in non-vaccinated animals. RT-PCR results were
Epidemiological research on brucellosis in India: Knowledge generated and gapsILRI
Presentation by Ram Pratim Deka, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at a workshop on One Health approach for brucellosis control in India, New Delhi, India, 26 October 2017.
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
This study determined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in and around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia from 2008-2009. A total of 500 serum samples from sheep and goats were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 1.2% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.4% by the complement fixation test. All positive samples by complement fixation test were from adult female goats. While the prevalence was low, the study concluded that brucellosis exists in the area and positive animals should be eliminated to control spread of the disease in small ruminants.
This document discusses brucellosis, a globally important zoonotic bacterial disease. It is caused by Brucella species and transmitted from animals to humans through contact or consumption of infected animal products like unpasteurized milk. In animals it causes reproductive issues like abortion. In humans it causes non-specific flu-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacteria or detecting antibodies. Treatment is difficult due to antibiotic resistance. It has significant public health and economic impacts especially in developing countries where control measures are not well implemented.
This study examined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 159 sheep and 265 goats and tested for Brucella antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 2.6%, with 1.9% in sheep and 3.0% in goats. There was no significant difference in prevalence between age groups, sexes, or species. Most respondents (66.7%) lacked awareness of brucellosis's zoonotic importance. Many flock owners (72.2%) drank raw milk and most (96.3%) handled fetal materials with bare hands, exposing them to Brucella infection
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
1) The document discusses a study on factors influencing adoption of New Castle Disease (NCD) vaccine in Kakamega County, Kenya. NCD is a major killer of indigenous chicken flocks. Only 35% of respondents had adopted the NCD vaccine.
2) The study found that effectiveness, availability, lack of alternatives, and affordability were the main factors influencing adoption of the NCD vaccine. Mortality from NCD and other diseases/predation was high, reducing potential profits from poultry.
3) Widespread vaccination could help reduce mortality rates and improve incomes for small-scale farmers in the region who rely on indigenous chicken but face challenges adopting the NCD vaccine.
Brucellosis: Epidemiology and Control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
This document summarizes information about bovine brucellosis, including its causative agent, transmission, clinical signs, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control programs in India. It discusses that B. abortus is the primary cause of bovine brucellosis. Seroprevalence studies in India show varied rates of infection across states, with some states reporting over 40% seropositivity. National control programs aim to reduce the disease impact through biannual screening, vaccination of female calves, and bull castration. However, effective control remains challenging due to issues like lack of disposal plans, limited vaccination coverage, and involvement of multiple animal hosts. Improved vaccines, diagnostics, and eradication strategies are still
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Epidemiological research on brucellosis in India: Knowledge generated and gapsILRI
Presentation by Ram Pratim Deka, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at a workshop on One Health approach for brucellosis control in India, New Delhi, India, 26 October 2017.
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
This study determined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in and around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia from 2008-2009. A total of 500 serum samples from sheep and goats were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. The overall prevalence of brucellosis was 1.2% by the Rose Bengal plate test and 0.4% by the complement fixation test. All positive samples by complement fixation test were from adult female goats. While the prevalence was low, the study concluded that brucellosis exists in the area and positive animals should be eliminated to control spread of the disease in small ruminants.
This document discusses brucellosis, a globally important zoonotic bacterial disease. It is caused by Brucella species and transmitted from animals to humans through contact or consumption of infected animal products like unpasteurized milk. In animals it causes reproductive issues like abortion. In humans it causes non-specific flu-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacteria or detecting antibodies. Treatment is difficult due to antibiotic resistance. It has significant public health and economic impacts especially in developing countries where control measures are not well implemented.
This study examined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 159 sheep and 265 goats and tested for Brucella antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 2.6%, with 1.9% in sheep and 3.0% in goats. There was no significant difference in prevalence between age groups, sexes, or species. Most respondents (66.7%) lacked awareness of brucellosis's zoonotic importance. Many flock owners (72.2%) drank raw milk and most (96.3%) handled fetal materials with bare hands, exposing them to Brucella infection
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
1) The document discusses a study on factors influencing adoption of New Castle Disease (NCD) vaccine in Kakamega County, Kenya. NCD is a major killer of indigenous chicken flocks. Only 35% of respondents had adopted the NCD vaccine.
2) The study found that effectiveness, availability, lack of alternatives, and affordability were the main factors influencing adoption of the NCD vaccine. Mortality from NCD and other diseases/predation was high, reducing potential profits from poultry.
3) Widespread vaccination could help reduce mortality rates and improve incomes for small-scale farmers in the region who rely on indigenous chicken but face challenges adopting the NCD vaccine.
Brucellosis: Epidemiology and Control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
This document summarizes information about bovine brucellosis, including its causative agent, transmission, clinical signs, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control programs in India. It discusses that B. abortus is the primary cause of bovine brucellosis. Seroprevalence studies in India show varied rates of infection across states, with some states reporting over 40% seropositivity. National control programs aim to reduce the disease impact through biannual screening, vaccination of female calves, and bull castration. However, effective control remains challenging due to issues like lack of disposal plans, limited vaccination coverage, and involvement of multiple animal hosts. Improved vaccines, diagnostics, and eradication strategies are still
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Clostridial infections in animals in IndiaBhoj Raj Singh
Clostridial infection are rising at steady pace in India with inclusion of antibiotics in feed and intensive farming as well as indiscriminate therapeutic use of antibiotics in animals and birds.
Epidemiology of H5:N1 infections in India: Trends of disease, spatial and tem...Bhoj Raj Singh
Avian influenza is an age old disease but haunting in a big way decade after decade due to it ability to renew its artillery and amunations through continuous interactions with fellow viruses. Interaction, collaboration and exchange always yield.
Sero prevalence of infectious bursal disease in backyard chickens at selected...Alexander Decker
This study examined the prevalence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in backyard chickens in central Ethiopia by testing serum samples from 552 chickens. The results found that 83% of samples tested positive for IBD antibodies. Higher rates of infection were found in younger chickens aged 3-6 weeks (94.5% positive) and in crossbreed chickens (90.5% positive) compared to local breeds. The highest prevalence of IBD was detected in Wenji woreda at 92.1%. The study concludes that IBD is highly prevalent in backyard chicken populations in the study areas.
Strength and weaknesses of fmd control programme going on in india dr. kale b...Bhoj Raj Singh
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a devastating disease in many of the developing countries including India despite control programs. The FMD in India is associated with loss of about Rs. 20000 crores per annually. Government of India and different provincial governments are spending hundreds of crore rupees per year to control the disease. The FMD control programme (FMD-CP) is running in India since more than 13 years but control of the FMD is still far away dream and the Disease is regularly visiting even the government farms managed by the India's leading Veterinary and Dairy Institutes. The pros and cons of FMD-CP has been discussed in the presentation.
Brief Overview of Global and Regional HPAI Situation 2011Tata Naipospos
The document provides an overview of the global and regional situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. It discusses how the virus has been circulating in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East since 2003. While some countries have regained HPAI-free status, the virus remains endemic in poultry in 5 countries and there are still sporadic outbreaks occurring. Human cases also continue to occur sporadically wherever the virus is present in poultry. The majority of poultry outbreaks and human cases have been concentrated in a few Southeast Asian countries. Live bird markets and cross-border trade are risk factors contributing to the virus's persistence in
Epidemiology of chlamydiosis in animals in India- Temporal and spatial distr...Bhoj Raj Singh
Chlamydiosis is an important zoonosis widely reported in India from different parts. Most of the outbreaks/ cases in animals are from Northern Parts of India.
- In Japan, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 2000 and 2010, and highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2004, 2007, 2010-2011, and 2014-2015 occurred, which were successfully eradicated through culling and control measures.
- A large outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea began in 2013, infecting over 1.2 million pigs and killing approximately 380,000 pigs within a year.
- Various arthropod-borne viruses have also repeatedly caused disease outbreaks in cattle in Japan, and new virus variants pose a serious threat to the livestock industry.
This document summarizes information about Japanese encephalitis (JE) in India, including epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination efforts. Some key points:
- JE is a mosquito-borne viral disease endemic to many parts of India. It often affects children under 20 and can cause death or neurological complications.
- From 1978 to 2007, over 100,000 cases and 33,000 deaths were reported in India. Major outbreaks occurred in West Bengal in the 1970s.
- The live, attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccine developed in China has been used in India since 2005 as part of a national JE vaccination program covering over 100 districts. Coverage of vaccination campaigns has
Ongoing disease control programmes in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Livestock sector alone contributes 4.11% towards overall National GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals. The presence of this disease not only deters the domestic economy but also foreign investment in the livestock sector. Although India have been free from disease like Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), presence of other economically important disease still threaten the very roots of livestock sector. This presentation describes various control programs that have been introduced by the Government of India, nationwide for controlling the infectious diseases of animals that have been or should be targeted for eradication or elimination, direct and indirect benefits from control programs, drawback issues and opportunities for the future.
Brucellosis a negative modulator of reproductionBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellsis is an important disease of reproductive system in dairy animals and other livestock. Though it not causes any apparent illness, it causes infertility in both sexes and adult male cattle may develop orchitis, hygromas involving leg joints are a common manifestation of Brucellosis in calves. Once infected, the animal remain lifelong carrier and continue disseminate the disease to susceptible animals and humans. The pathology and pathogenesis of brucellosis though not very apparent is complex as involves modulation of several cytokines in the process of infection and disease progression. The important cytokines affected in brucellosis pathogenesis and persistence include interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. All the modulated cytokines are also associated with one or other aspect of normal reproduction physiology as increased levels of IFNγ had strong association with infertility, the TNF-α act as key regulators of endometrial IL-13 and IL-15 expression regulating endometrial immune responses and endometriosis. Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, sVCAM-1 induces infertility, the IL-1 have a role in ovulation and may be involved in several ovulation-associated dysfunctions, the IL-2 has a significant negative correlation with sperm count, motility, and morphology in males and repeated abortions in females, the increased levels of IL-4 have been associated with infertility, normalcy in serum levels of the IL-6 important for normal fertility and pregnancy maintenance and increased level of IL-10 and IFN-γ has been associated with reproductive failure.
Determination of the Prevalence of Bluetongue Disease in Goats in Siirt Provi...AI Publications
Bluetongue disease is a disease caused by the bluetongue virus in the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family. The disease can be transmitted by ticks, sperm and vertically but is mainly spread by the Culicoides type flies. While the disease is naturally observed in cattle and sheep, it is more rarely observed in goats. This study was carried out to determine the presence of bluetongue infection in goats raised in Siirt province serologically and to obtain information about its prevalence in the region. The material of the study consisted of a total of 372 goats over one year of age raised in Siirt province. For laboratory analyses, 5 ml blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of goats to tubes without anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the sera were transferred to Eppendorf tubes and stored at -20 °C until analysis. The serum samples were analyzed by the ELISA (Thermo Scientific Multiskan Go) method using the commercial test kit (Bluetongue Virus VP7 Ab Test Kit, IDEXX). The results were evaluated as positive and negative. Of the 372 goats constituting the material of the study, 252 (67.74%) were seropositive and 120 (32.26%) were seronegative. As a result, in addition to measures for quarantine and vector control in the fight against the disease, it was concluded that vaccines specific to virus serotypes should be used and comprehensive and planned studies should be carried out in relation to the disease in the region and the country.
The prevalence of tuberculosis and Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RMP-TB) among patients showing symptoms of tuberculosis that visited Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria was determined from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 456 patients comprising 218(47.8%) males and 238(52.2%) females were examined using their sputum and gastric lavage samples. GeneXpert System was used to determine the TB and RMF-TB. Results showed that out of the 456 patients, overall tuberculosis prevalence was 88(19.3%), males recorded 48(10.5%) while females had 40(8.8%). The highest tuberculosis prevalence was recorded amongst 21-30 years and 31-40 years age groups (5.5%). Out of the 456 patients, total prevalence for Rifampicin resistance was 11(2.4%). Of these, females and male prevalence was 6(1.3%) and 5(1.1%) respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence between age and gender. The treatment and follow-up of existing cases is a key to preventing the spread of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis.
The document summarizes information about a case of West Nile virus in India. It provides background on the virus, including that it was first identified in Uganda in 1937 and has since caused outbreaks globally. It then discusses the case of a 7-year-old boy in India who tested positive for the virus and later died. The health ministry responded by sending a team to investigate. It concludes by covering symptoms, transmission, detection methods and treatment of West Nile virus.
Comparative seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subgroups (pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, and immunocompetent controls) in Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 31.5%. Pregnant women had significantly higher seroprevalence than the other two groups. Living with cats was found to increase the risk of toxoplasmosis four times compared to those not living with cats. Seroprevalence increased with age among pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and distribution of bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Ghimbi municipal abattoir, Ethiopia from October 2008 to February 2009. The following key points are made:
- The overall prevalence of cysticercosis was found to be 4.5% (18/400 cattle). The highest prevalence was from Ghimbi at 3.5% and the lowest was from Haru at 0%.
- The cysts were mostly found distributed in the heart (44.4%), triceps muscle (38.9%), and masseter muscle (22.2%).
- The prevalence varied between the origin of the animals, being
Climate sensitive diseases in Vietnam: Aflatoxin B1 in maize and zoonotic dis...ILRI
Poster by Hu Suk Lee, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Nguyen Viet Khong, Ha Minh Thanh, Bui Nghia Vuong, Nguyen Van Huyen, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace presented at the North-West Vietnam Research Symposium 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23–24 November 2017.
Analysis of H5N1 Influenza Data in Indonesia and the Needs for Improvement - ...Tata Naipospos
Indonesia has experienced widespread H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and 100 human cases. The virus is endemic in birds across 31 of 33 provinces. Three distinct viral sublineages circulate in different regions of Indonesia. Analysis of viral genetics shows the virus spread across the archipelago along trade routes and evolved distinct regional groups. Improved control of poultry movement and vaccination are needed to reduce virus spread and environmental load.
Ebola virus disease - A comprehensive reviewpharmaindexing
This document provides a comprehensive review of Ebola virus disease (EVD). It discusses that EVD is caused by infection with one of five subtypes of the Ebola virus, four of which have caused disease in humans. The virus is believed to originate from fruit bats and then spreads between humans through direct contact with bodily fluids. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, several are currently being tested. The largest Ebola outbreak on record began in 2014 and spread across Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria, resulting in over 1,000 deaths.
A review on the diagnostic and control challenges of majorAlexander Decker
This document discusses the diagnostic and control challenges of major tick-borne diseases that affect cattle, including babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and theileriosis. It describes the causative agents, transmission cycles, clinical signs, and economic impacts of these diseases. It notes that while new diagnostic techniques like PCR and improved serological tests have been developed, limitations remain. Historically, control has relied on intensive acaricide use but this is not always cost-effective or sustainable given increasing acaricide resistance in ticks. More integrated control approaches and improved diagnostics are needed.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Traditional Goats Reared in N...Premier Publishers
This study aims at determining the prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats reared traditionally in northern Côte d’Ivoire villages. For that, serum samples collected from 171 goats randomly selected from five localities in the Departement of Korhogo and tested the presence of anti-PPRV antibodies by a Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). Overall, seroprevalence of PPR in the area was 36.26% (62/171). All the localities sampled had at least one PPR-positive animal. Age and sex of the animals were not significantly (p>0.05) associated with the infection; however, localities of sampled animals, showed significant (p<0.05) association with PPR virus-infection in goats. It is then concluded that there is high seroprevalence of PPR in traditional raised goats in northern Côte d’Ivoire. Therefore, vaccination campaigns against PPR are advocated to prevent the transmission and spread of PPR in the area.
This study analyzed risk factors for tuberculosis prevalence in buffaloes at 7 livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall tuberculosis prevalence was 11.3%, with buffaloes testing positive at 86% of farms. Statistical analysis found higher prevalence associated with increased age, calving events, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, and shorter lactation lengths. Prevalence was lower with longer lactation lengths. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between tuberculosis status and age, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, lactation length, and number of other animals at the farm.
Clostridial infections in animals in IndiaBhoj Raj Singh
Clostridial infection are rising at steady pace in India with inclusion of antibiotics in feed and intensive farming as well as indiscriminate therapeutic use of antibiotics in animals and birds.
Epidemiology of H5:N1 infections in India: Trends of disease, spatial and tem...Bhoj Raj Singh
Avian influenza is an age old disease but haunting in a big way decade after decade due to it ability to renew its artillery and amunations through continuous interactions with fellow viruses. Interaction, collaboration and exchange always yield.
Sero prevalence of infectious bursal disease in backyard chickens at selected...Alexander Decker
This study examined the prevalence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in backyard chickens in central Ethiopia by testing serum samples from 552 chickens. The results found that 83% of samples tested positive for IBD antibodies. Higher rates of infection were found in younger chickens aged 3-6 weeks (94.5% positive) and in crossbreed chickens (90.5% positive) compared to local breeds. The highest prevalence of IBD was detected in Wenji woreda at 92.1%. The study concludes that IBD is highly prevalent in backyard chicken populations in the study areas.
Strength and weaknesses of fmd control programme going on in india dr. kale b...Bhoj Raj Singh
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a devastating disease in many of the developing countries including India despite control programs. The FMD in India is associated with loss of about Rs. 20000 crores per annually. Government of India and different provincial governments are spending hundreds of crore rupees per year to control the disease. The FMD control programme (FMD-CP) is running in India since more than 13 years but control of the FMD is still far away dream and the Disease is regularly visiting even the government farms managed by the India's leading Veterinary and Dairy Institutes. The pros and cons of FMD-CP has been discussed in the presentation.
Brief Overview of Global and Regional HPAI Situation 2011Tata Naipospos
The document provides an overview of the global and regional situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. It discusses how the virus has been circulating in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East since 2003. While some countries have regained HPAI-free status, the virus remains endemic in poultry in 5 countries and there are still sporadic outbreaks occurring. Human cases also continue to occur sporadically wherever the virus is present in poultry. The majority of poultry outbreaks and human cases have been concentrated in a few Southeast Asian countries. Live bird markets and cross-border trade are risk factors contributing to the virus's persistence in
Epidemiology of chlamydiosis in animals in India- Temporal and spatial distr...Bhoj Raj Singh
Chlamydiosis is an important zoonosis widely reported in India from different parts. Most of the outbreaks/ cases in animals are from Northern Parts of India.
- In Japan, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 2000 and 2010, and highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2004, 2007, 2010-2011, and 2014-2015 occurred, which were successfully eradicated through culling and control measures.
- A large outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea began in 2013, infecting over 1.2 million pigs and killing approximately 380,000 pigs within a year.
- Various arthropod-borne viruses have also repeatedly caused disease outbreaks in cattle in Japan, and new virus variants pose a serious threat to the livestock industry.
This document summarizes information about Japanese encephalitis (JE) in India, including epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination efforts. Some key points:
- JE is a mosquito-borne viral disease endemic to many parts of India. It often affects children under 20 and can cause death or neurological complications.
- From 1978 to 2007, over 100,000 cases and 33,000 deaths were reported in India. Major outbreaks occurred in West Bengal in the 1970s.
- The live, attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccine developed in China has been used in India since 2005 as part of a national JE vaccination program covering over 100 districts. Coverage of vaccination campaigns has
Ongoing disease control programmes in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country. Livestock sector alone contributes 4.11% towards overall National GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP. The biggest impediment to growth of this sector, however, is the large-scale prevalence of diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) in cattle, Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the productivity of animals. The presence of this disease not only deters the domestic economy but also foreign investment in the livestock sector. Although India have been free from disease like Rinderpest, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), presence of other economically important disease still threaten the very roots of livestock sector. This presentation describes various control programs that have been introduced by the Government of India, nationwide for controlling the infectious diseases of animals that have been or should be targeted for eradication or elimination, direct and indirect benefits from control programs, drawback issues and opportunities for the future.
Brucellosis a negative modulator of reproductionBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellsis is an important disease of reproductive system in dairy animals and other livestock. Though it not causes any apparent illness, it causes infertility in both sexes and adult male cattle may develop orchitis, hygromas involving leg joints are a common manifestation of Brucellosis in calves. Once infected, the animal remain lifelong carrier and continue disseminate the disease to susceptible animals and humans. The pathology and pathogenesis of brucellosis though not very apparent is complex as involves modulation of several cytokines in the process of infection and disease progression. The important cytokines affected in brucellosis pathogenesis and persistence include interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. All the modulated cytokines are also associated with one or other aspect of normal reproduction physiology as increased levels of IFNγ had strong association with infertility, the TNF-α act as key regulators of endometrial IL-13 and IL-15 expression regulating endometrial immune responses and endometriosis. Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, sVCAM-1 induces infertility, the IL-1 have a role in ovulation and may be involved in several ovulation-associated dysfunctions, the IL-2 has a significant negative correlation with sperm count, motility, and morphology in males and repeated abortions in females, the increased levels of IL-4 have been associated with infertility, normalcy in serum levels of the IL-6 important for normal fertility and pregnancy maintenance and increased level of IL-10 and IFN-γ has been associated with reproductive failure.
Determination of the Prevalence of Bluetongue Disease in Goats in Siirt Provi...AI Publications
Bluetongue disease is a disease caused by the bluetongue virus in the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family. The disease can be transmitted by ticks, sperm and vertically but is mainly spread by the Culicoides type flies. While the disease is naturally observed in cattle and sheep, it is more rarely observed in goats. This study was carried out to determine the presence of bluetongue infection in goats raised in Siirt province serologically and to obtain information about its prevalence in the region. The material of the study consisted of a total of 372 goats over one year of age raised in Siirt province. For laboratory analyses, 5 ml blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of goats to tubes without anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the sera were transferred to Eppendorf tubes and stored at -20 °C until analysis. The serum samples were analyzed by the ELISA (Thermo Scientific Multiskan Go) method using the commercial test kit (Bluetongue Virus VP7 Ab Test Kit, IDEXX). The results were evaluated as positive and negative. Of the 372 goats constituting the material of the study, 252 (67.74%) were seropositive and 120 (32.26%) were seronegative. As a result, in addition to measures for quarantine and vector control in the fight against the disease, it was concluded that vaccines specific to virus serotypes should be used and comprehensive and planned studies should be carried out in relation to the disease in the region and the country.
The prevalence of tuberculosis and Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RMP-TB) among patients showing symptoms of tuberculosis that visited Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria was determined from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 456 patients comprising 218(47.8%) males and 238(52.2%) females were examined using their sputum and gastric lavage samples. GeneXpert System was used to determine the TB and RMF-TB. Results showed that out of the 456 patients, overall tuberculosis prevalence was 88(19.3%), males recorded 48(10.5%) while females had 40(8.8%). The highest tuberculosis prevalence was recorded amongst 21-30 years and 31-40 years age groups (5.5%). Out of the 456 patients, total prevalence for Rifampicin resistance was 11(2.4%). Of these, females and male prevalence was 6(1.3%) and 5(1.1%) respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence between age and gender. The treatment and follow-up of existing cases is a key to preventing the spread of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis.
The document summarizes information about a case of West Nile virus in India. It provides background on the virus, including that it was first identified in Uganda in 1937 and has since caused outbreaks globally. It then discusses the case of a 7-year-old boy in India who tested positive for the virus and later died. The health ministry responded by sending a team to investigate. It concludes by covering symptoms, transmission, detection methods and treatment of West Nile virus.
Comparative seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subgroups (pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, and immunocompetent controls) in Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 31.5%. Pregnant women had significantly higher seroprevalence than the other two groups. Living with cats was found to increase the risk of toxoplasmosis four times compared to those not living with cats. Seroprevalence increased with age among pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and distribution of bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Ghimbi municipal abattoir, Ethiopia from October 2008 to February 2009. The following key points are made:
- The overall prevalence of cysticercosis was found to be 4.5% (18/400 cattle). The highest prevalence was from Ghimbi at 3.5% and the lowest was from Haru at 0%.
- The cysts were mostly found distributed in the heart (44.4%), triceps muscle (38.9%), and masseter muscle (22.2%).
- The prevalence varied between the origin of the animals, being
Climate sensitive diseases in Vietnam: Aflatoxin B1 in maize and zoonotic dis...ILRI
Poster by Hu Suk Lee, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Nguyen Viet Khong, Ha Minh Thanh, Bui Nghia Vuong, Nguyen Van Huyen, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace presented at the North-West Vietnam Research Symposium 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23–24 November 2017.
Analysis of H5N1 Influenza Data in Indonesia and the Needs for Improvement - ...Tata Naipospos
Indonesia has experienced widespread H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and 100 human cases. The virus is endemic in birds across 31 of 33 provinces. Three distinct viral sublineages circulate in different regions of Indonesia. Analysis of viral genetics shows the virus spread across the archipelago along trade routes and evolved distinct regional groups. Improved control of poultry movement and vaccination are needed to reduce virus spread and environmental load.
Ebola virus disease - A comprehensive reviewpharmaindexing
This document provides a comprehensive review of Ebola virus disease (EVD). It discusses that EVD is caused by infection with one of five subtypes of the Ebola virus, four of which have caused disease in humans. The virus is believed to originate from fruit bats and then spreads between humans through direct contact with bodily fluids. While there is no approved vaccine or treatment, several are currently being tested. The largest Ebola outbreak on record began in 2014 and spread across Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria, resulting in over 1,000 deaths.
A review on the diagnostic and control challenges of majorAlexander Decker
This document discusses the diagnostic and control challenges of major tick-borne diseases that affect cattle, including babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and theileriosis. It describes the causative agents, transmission cycles, clinical signs, and economic impacts of these diseases. It notes that while new diagnostic techniques like PCR and improved serological tests have been developed, limitations remain. Historically, control has relied on intensive acaricide use but this is not always cost-effective or sustainable given increasing acaricide resistance in ticks. More integrated control approaches and improved diagnostics are needed.
A review on the diagnostic and control challenges of major
Similar to Seromolecular prevalence of befv antibodies, their correlation with physiological biomarkers and identification of risk factors under field conditions
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Traditional Goats Reared in N...Premier Publishers
This study aims at determining the prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats reared traditionally in northern Côte d’Ivoire villages. For that, serum samples collected from 171 goats randomly selected from five localities in the Departement of Korhogo and tested the presence of anti-PPRV antibodies by a Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA). Overall, seroprevalence of PPR in the area was 36.26% (62/171). All the localities sampled had at least one PPR-positive animal. Age and sex of the animals were not significantly (p>0.05) associated with the infection; however, localities of sampled animals, showed significant (p<0.05) association with PPR virus-infection in goats. It is then concluded that there is high seroprevalence of PPR in traditional raised goats in northern Côte d’Ivoire. Therefore, vaccination campaigns against PPR are advocated to prevent the transmission and spread of PPR in the area.
This study analyzed risk factors for tuberculosis prevalence in buffaloes at 7 livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall tuberculosis prevalence was 11.3%, with buffaloes testing positive at 86% of farms. Statistical analysis found higher prevalence associated with increased age, calving events, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, and shorter lactation lengths. Prevalence was lower with longer lactation lengths. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between tuberculosis status and age, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, lactation length, and number of other animals at the farm.
Molecular prevalence of babesia bigemina in rhipicephalus microplus ticks inf...Noor Zada
This study investigated the prevalence of Babesia bigemina in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks collected from cattle in Punjab, India using microscopy and PCR-based assays. Engorged female ticks were collected from 135 cattle and processed for DNA extraction from egg masses and larval stages. PCR detected B. bigemina in 1.48% of egg mass DNA samples and 4.44% of primary PCR products tested with nested PCR. Nested PCR detected the parasite in 1.48% of larval DNA and 7.41% of primary PCR products. The prevalence was not significantly different across agro-climatic zones or cattle age groups, indicating an endemic status of B. bigemina in the tick population
Abstract: Johne’s disease (Paratuberculosis) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is a subspecies of M. avium, effects wide range of animals including domestic cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, camelids and wild ruminants resulting in progressive and chronic enteritis known as Johne’s disease. Clinically indected animals show watery diarrhea, emaciation and eventually death due to lack of effective treatment. Clinically as well as subclinically infected animals shed bacteria in feces and milk. Fecal-oral rout is the main rout of transmission. It is economically very important disease in livestock due to decrease in milk yield, working efficiency and culling of infected animals. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph node and transverse corrugation in intestine is characterstic finding in post-mortem. Strategies to control this disease include improved management practices, testing and culling and vaccination.Keywords: Johne’s disease, diarrhoea, corrugation.
Title: Johne’s Disease: A Review Article
Author: Vikash Sharma, Lalit, Sakshi Tiwari
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
ISSN 2349-7823
Paper Publications
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
The study found an overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation of 11.14% among goats in the Toba Tek Singh district of Pakistan. Ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasite, followed by lice, fleas, mites, and flies. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites was found during the winter months for lice, fleas, and mites, while ticks and flies were most common in summer and spring, respectively. Non-cemented flooring was associated with higher prevalence of ectoparasites compared to cemented flooring. Host characteristics like age, sex, and breed did not influence prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation.
This document summarizes a study comparing hematological and serum protein values in tuberculin reactor and non-reactor water buffaloes, cattle, sheep, and goats. The following key findings are reported:
1) In buffaloes and cattle, tuberculosis caused decreases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and neutrophils, while increasing monocytes and lymphocytes.
2) In buffaloes, tuberculosis increased total serum proteins, albumin and globulins.
3) In sheep, packed cell volume was lower in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
4) In goats, basophil percentage was higher in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
Seasonal dynamics of Fasciola hepatica burdens in sheep: A diagnostic study f...iosrphr_editor
This study examined the seasonal dynamics of Fasciola hepatica burdens in sheep in Abbottabad, Pakistan over one year from June 2010 to May 2011. A total of 106,711 fecal samples were examined using flotation and sedimentation techniques. The overall prevalence of F. hepatica was 0.9%. Prevalence was highest from mid-July to late August at 4.51% and lowest or non-existent during other times of the year. Prevalence was also higher in the summer months compared to other seasons. The results indicate that F. hepatica prevalence in sheep peaks during the hottest times of year.
This document summarizes a study on the risk factors associated with Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infections in sheep and goat herds in Marsabit County, Kenya. The study found that the greatest predictor of PPR status was whether or not the animal's owner had the herd vaccinated through government vaccination campaigns. Approximately 40% of sampled animals tested positive for PPR antibodies. Access to vaccination was limited by inadequate veterinary resources and personnel. The study recommends increasing vaccination access, targeting young animals, improving surveillance capabilities, and using GIS to optimize vaccination campaign planning and resource allocation.
This study investigated the seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in sheep and goats in Ethiopia. A total of 1420 serum samples were collected from sheep and goats in various areas and tested using c-ELISA. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 69.1% in sheep and 60.53% in goats. Seroprevalence varied between study areas, ranging from 14.5% to 91.43%. Higher seroprevalence was seen in adult animals compared to young animals, and in females compared to males. While there was no difference between local and crossbreed animals, seroprevalence was higher in sheep than goats. The study indicates that blu
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Tow...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Back Yard Chicken in and Around DebereTabere Town, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia by Temesigen W Molla in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
A survey to investigate leptospirosis transmission in pig farming householdsILRI
This study investigated the transmission of Leptospirosis between pig farming households in Vietnam. Blood samples were collected from 1005 pigs at slaughterhouses in Binh Phuoc and Tien Giang provinces, and from 420 household members. Overall, 25.3% of pigs and 14.8% of humans tested positive for Leptospira antibodies. The prevalence was higher in Tien Giang province, and the most common sero-groups identified differed between the two areas. Results show the risk of transmission between pigs and humans, demonstrating the need for collaboration between animal and public health authorities to increase awareness and prevent zoonotic disease spread.
Epidemiological and morphological investigation of tick borne disease.pptxShumailAyub3
The document discusses an epidemiological and morphological investigation of tick-borne diseases in small ruminants in Peshawar District. A total of 417 goat blood samples and 381 sheep blood samples were collected and tested. The prevalence of Anaplasmosis was found to be 54.6% in goats and 52.7% in sheep, while the prevalence of Theileriosis was 31.8% in goats and 33.7% in sheep. Male animals had a higher rate of disease than females. Animals under 1 year of age showed the highest prevalence. Respiratory distress and diarrhea were associated with higher rates of disease. Morphological changes were observed in red blood cells during tick-borne infections.
This document discusses strategies to control Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), a globally significant pig disease. It describes the history and impact of typical and atypical PRRS strains in the Philippines. Diagnostic methods and farm classification systems are outlined. Key control strategies include vaccination, improving biosecurity, and managing pig flow. Proper testing and isolation of replacement stock is important to prevent virus introduction to naive farms.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal helminths and protozoa parasites in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) presented with diarrhea to a veterinary hospital in Minna, Nigeria between 2012-2013. Fecal samples were collected and examined for parasites. In 2012, 59.2% of samples were positive, compared to 82.7% in 2013. The most common parasites found across all years and species were Coccidia spp, Fasciola spp, and Ascaris spp. Higher prevalence was observed in 2013 possibly due to differences in climatic factors and management practices between the years. The study highlights the need for improved veterinary infrastructure, strategic deworming programs,
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Occurrence of selected bacterial and viral pathogens in smallholder pig produ...ILRI
Poster prepared by Michel Dione (ILRI), Charles Masembe (Makerere University), Joyce Akol (Makerere University), Joseph Kungu (National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Uganda), Winfred Amia (ILRI) and Barbara Wieland (ILRI) for the Joint International Conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Society of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, 4–8 September 2016
Analysis of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal parasites of chickens in moder...Innspub Net
A study was carried out in the commune of Korhogo to assess gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites in modern poultry farms. To achieve this, 214 droppings samples, including 129 broilers and 85 laying hens from 40 broiler farms and 12 laying chicken farms were collected and analyzed using the flotation method. The results highlighted two (2) species of mallophagous lice namely Menopon gallinae (50%) and Menacanthus stramineus (33%) and a species of bug namely Cimex lectularius (17%) for ectoparasites. As for the gastro-parasites, two (2) species and four (4) genera namely Trichostrongylus tenuis (17%), Syngamus trachea (19%); Heterakis sp (10%), Ascaridia sp (17%), Raillietina sp (8%) and Eimeria sp (29%) have been identified. Coccidiosis (Eimeria) was the most important pathology in broiler farms with 67% and less important in laying hens (33%). Helminth eggs have been observed more in laying hens. Ultimately laying hens are more infested than broilers.
Similar to Seromolecular prevalence of befv antibodies, their correlation with physiological biomarkers and identification of risk factors under field conditions (20)
This study aims to analyze and compare the blood hematology and chemistry of captive and wild cranes in Pakistan. Blood samples will be collected from the cranes' radial vein and analyzed for various clinical hematology parameters like red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and platelet count. Biochemical analyses of plasma samples will also be conducted to measure proteins, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, and uric acid levels. The results will be statistically analyzed to investigate the effect of different diets on the blood of captive versus wild cranes.
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ectoparasites in wild and domesticated grey (Francolinus Pondicerianus) and black partridges (Francolinus Francolinus) in Khayber Pakhtoonkhawa, Pakistan. The study aimed to compare the types and prevalence of ectoparasites between wild and domesticated populations of these two partridge species. Ectoparasites were collected from birds using visual examination and dust ruffling methods. The ectoparasites were then identified microscopically. The prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasites was determined and compared between wild and domesticated birds to understand the impact of habitat and domestication on ectoparas
This document describes a proposed study to detect Clostridium perfringens types in goats in Bannu district, Pakistan using multiplex PCR. The study aims to 1) detect C. perfringens in goat blood samples using PCR, 2) identify the toxin types produced, and 3) determine the epidemiological characteristics of C. perfringens in the district. Blood samples will be collected from clinically suspected goats and tested microscopically, through DNA extraction and PCR amplification to detect C. perfringens. Gel electrophoresis will also be used to detect the bacteria. Statistical analysis will be conducted to analyze the results.
This document presents a proposed study on the molecular diagnosis of babesiosis in cattle in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Babesiosis is caused by protozoan parasites that infect cattle and other animals, causing economic losses. The study aims to 1) detect babesia species in cattle early in infection and 2) develop a tool to investigate the epidemiology and control the disease. Blood samples will be collected from clinically infected cattle and examined microscopically and through PCR to identify babesia species. Data will be statistically analyzed to understand the epidemiology of babesiosis in the region. The study seeks to better understand and control an important disease affecting the cattle industry in southern Khyber Pak
This document describes a study to identify pathogens in Hyalomma ticks collected from cattle in various regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 70 engorged female ticks will be collected and identified to species. Genomic DNA will be extracted from the ticks and tested using PCR and sequencing to detect Theileria, Babesia, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia, and Coxiella burnetii pathogens. Sequence results will be compared to the GenBank database to identify the pathogens present. This will help determine the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens affecting cattle in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
The document discusses saving the common leopard population in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan is home to both the common leopard and snow leopard. The common leopard inhabits lower mountain ranges but has been hunted almost to extinction. Reasons for habitat loss include fuelwood collection, overgrazing, timber smuggling, and uncontrolled fires set by herders. To save the remaining leopard populations, the document recommends rehabilitating forests, banning grazing and cutting for 5 years, increasing environmental education, strictly enforcing laws, and protecting the Haro River corridor between two national parks.
The document discusses behavioral immunology and the bidirectional relationship between behavior and the immune system. It provides examples of how the immune system interacts with behavior in swordfish, electric eels, and sex differences in immune response. The thymus is described as an organ that helps develop T-cells. The behavioral immune system can influence prejudices and disease avoidance behaviors in humans.
This document discusses biosafety levels and biosafety cabinets. It describes the four biosafety levels based on the hazard level of the pathogens being used. It also explains different types of biosafety cabinets including class I, II and III cabinets and how they provide varying levels of protection for personnel, products and the environment. Air filtration using HEPA and ULPA filters in biosafety cabinets is also summarized. Finally, it provides an overview of international standards for biosafety cabinets.
Biosafety levels and biosafety cabinets are essential for safely working with infectious agents in laboratories. There are four biosafety levels with increasing safety precautions for more dangerous pathogens. Biosafety cabinets provide personnel, environmental or product protection depending on the class. Class I provides personnel and environmental protection while Class II and III also provide product protection using laminar airflow and HEPA filtration of exhaust air. Proper work practices, maintenance, and decontamination methods are required when using biosafety cabinets.
1) The document discusses the rhythmicity and automaticity of the heart, which refers to the heart's ability to beat regularly and generate impulses without external stimuli.
2) It originates from within the heart itself (myogenic, not neurogenic) and several factors can influence the heart rate such as the autonomic nervous system, temperature, drugs, blood gases, and inorganic ions.
3) The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker for the heart and has membrane properties that allow it to spontaneously depolarize, initiating the heartbeat via an action potential involving sodium, calcium, and potassium ion fluxes.
Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in animals characterized by reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. It enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability or cold temperatures by conserving energy. Torpor can be daily, lasting less than 24 hours, or longer during hibernation or aestivation. It evolved to provide a fitness advantage for maintaining a body temperature above ambient temperatures. Functions of torpor include conserving fat stores during migration or winter and surviving unpredictable food sources.
The document discusses the respiratory centers in the brain that control breathing. It describes:
- The medulla and pons as the primary respiratory control centers located in the brainstem. The medulla contains groups that stimulate expiratory and inspiratory movements. The pons controls the rate of breathing.
- Chemoreceptors in the bloodstream and brainstem that detect carbon dioxide levels and signal the respiratory centers to adjust breathing.
- The motor cortex and ascending pathways that control voluntary breathing movements.
- Nerves like the phrenic and vagus nerves that transmit signals from the brainstem to respiratory muscles.
- Chemoreceptor feedback as a negative feedback system that maintains blood pH levels by adjusting breathing in response
The document discusses the gastrointestinal tract and motility. It begins with defining the GI tract and its parts. It then discusses GI motility, describing peristalsis and segmentation contractions that move food through the digestive system. It details the layers of the stomach and small intestine walls and their roles in digestion. It concludes with an overview of motility in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Introduction to genetics and genes unlocking the secrets of heredity by noor ...Noor Zada
Genetics is the study of heredity and the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. It examines inheritance at multiple levels, from whole organisms to chromosomes to genes and DNA. DNA is the genetic material found in all living things. It exists as long double-stranded helix molecules. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases. The bases pair up in a specific way between strands through hydrogen bonding to form the DNA code. DNA codes for traits by determining the sequence of proteins and RNA molecules. Its double helix structure allows for accurate copying and transmission of the genetic code during cell division.
Dormancy is a period when growth, development, and physical activity are temporarily stopped in organisms to conserve energy. Organisms enter dormancy through predictive means, like plants using photoperiod and temperature to predict winter, or consequential means after conditions arise. Dormancy in animals includes hibernation, where mammals like bears sleep through winter; aestivation, summer sleep in desert animals due to heat or drought; and diapause, a predetermined developmental suspension in insects between seasons. Hibernation allows animals to survive winter by sleeping and not eating until warmer spring weather with more food.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
Carnotaurus was a large theropod dinosaur that lived in South America during the Late Cretaceous period, around 72-69.9 million years ago. It was a carnivore with bull-like horns and could grow up to 25 feet long. Studies have found that Carnotaurus may have hunted large prey like sauropods or smaller animals. It was well-adapted for running and had a top speed estimated between 30-35 mph, faster than humans but not as fast as ostriches. The skull was short and deep with numerous holes and spikes on the facial bones.
1) Respiration is regulated by the nervous and chemical mechanisms. The nervous mechanism involves respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons that collect sensory information and determine signals to respiratory muscles.
2) There are four respiratory centers - the inspiratory and expiratory centers in the medulla, and the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers in the pons. The inspiratory center controls inspiration while the expiratory center controls expiration.
3) The chemical mechanism is operated by central and peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels and stimulate the respiratory centers.
The respiratory centers in the brainstem control both involuntary and voluntary respiration. The medulla and pons are the primary centers, with the medulla containing groups that stimulate inspiration and expiration. The pons controls respiratory rate. Chemoreceptors in the brainstem and body sense pH in the blood and provide feedback to adjust ventilation. Proprioceptors in the lungs called stretch receptors trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to prevent overinflation by inhibiting inspiration. This reflex can also cause the heart rate to briefly increase during inhalation in a phenomenon called sinus arrhythmia.
The document discusses the gastrointestinal tract and motility. It begins with defining the GI tract and its parts. It then discusses GI motility including peristalsis and segmentation contractions that move food through the digestive system. It details the layers of the stomach and small intestine walls and their roles in digestion. It concludes with describing motility and movement of food through the specific parts of the GI tract.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Seromolecular prevalence of befv antibodies, their correlation with physiological biomarkers and identification of risk factors under field conditions
1. Seromolecular Prevalence of BEFV Antibodies,
Their Correlation with Physiological Biomarkers
and Identification of Risk Factors under Field
Conditions
Muhammad Zahid1
, Aneela ZameerDurrani1
, Muhammad Ijaz1
, Khushi
Muhammad1
,Muhammad Usman1,
*, Muhammad Husnain1
and Nadeem Kamal2
1
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
2
Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Lahore
Article Information
Received 18 May 2018
Revised 12 June 2018
Accepted 10 July 2018
Available online 11 December 2018
Authors’ Contribution
MZ cconducted the research.
AZD supervised the study. MI and
KM wew members of supervisory
committee. MU, MH and NK wrote
the manuscript.
Key words
Cattle, BEF, RT-PCR, Punjab,
Complement fixation test.
In the present study, a total of 600 cattle and buffalo were selected from three different topographical
locations of Punjab on the basis of clinical biomarkers. Blood and mosquito samples were collected.
Blood samples were processed through complement fixation test and RT-PCR, while mosquito samples
were processed through RT-PCR. Overall prevalence of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) in indigenous
breeds of bovine was 63.33%, lower, than exotic breeds 64.66% which were found to be more prone to
disease. In the case of buffalo breeds, prevalence was more in Nili Ravi buffalo, i.e. 36.6% than Kundi
breed, i.e. 33.3%. Prevalence of disease was found maximum in humid and plain area of Lahore, i.e. 56%.
In dry, dusty and hot weather of Multan overall the prevalence of disease was 55.5%, while in Rajanpur
topography of the land is mixed comprising of riverine, plateau, mountainous and semi-hilly areas showed
52.2% prevalence. When immunity status was taken into account it was found that vaccinated animals
showed very low prevalence, i.e. 4.39% as compared to non-vaccinated animals having 66.53%. Another
risk factor age suggested that younger animals were more affected (60.17%) as compared to older ones
(29.41%). It was also observed that animals in closed housing system were more affected as compared to
open housed animals. When comparative efficacy of diagnostic tests was done then the results of RT-PCR
was found significant (P>5), than complement fixation test.
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the lifeline of Pakistan’s economy. It has
a share of 19.5 % in national GDP while livestock
has more than 58 % share in agriculture and cattle and
buffalo are integral constituents of livestock. Pakistan has
approximately 44.4 million cattle and 37.7 million buffalo
population. Pakistan’s total gross milk production is 56.08
million ton, while cow and buffalo has a share of 20 and 34
million ton, respectively (GoP, 2016-17).
Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) has very high
economic importance for buffaloes and cattle. The effects
of this problem include lower milk production, infertility
for little period in males, abortion in sick females,
recovery may prolong, problem of transportation and trade
of diseased animals. The morbidity may be high up to 80
% in sick animals while mortality rate becomes 1-2 %. The
mortality may be higher (30%) in healthy and fat animals.
In BEF affected animals mortality is usually low (1-2%).
* Corresponding author: drhmusman@gmail.com
0030-9923/2019/0001-0205 $ 9.00/0
Copyright 2019 Zoological Society of Pakistan
The animals mostly commonly affected seriously with
this disease are healthy and having good body score. Most
recovered animals develop a solid immunity (Quin et al.,
2001).
Geographical distribution of BEF is sporadic in many
provinces of Iran, near south and hot areas. The temporal
parts of Asian countries on south line like Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Iran, and Iraq are the endemic areas of this
disease of cattle and buffalo (Roya, 2008). In different hot
zones, BEF is commonly subclinical in animals. Outbreaks
often follow periods of rainfall. In more temperate regions,
epidemics occur during summer months and tend to
decline with the onset of winter (Quinn et al., 2001). In
Pakistan disease occurs in sporadic form, but in summer
2014 disease was found in exotic and indigenous cattle and
water buffaloes. It has severely damaged the dairy industry.
The disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs in
Pakistan.
BEF is commonly called three-day sickness due to
its clinical signs which ends in two or three days. It is an
acute, insect borne disease of cattle and water buffalo. This
disease is caused by a virus of Ephemerovirus genus in the
family Rhabdoviridae. The virus is bullet shaped and has a
A B S T R A C T
Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 51(1), pp 205-210, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.205.210
2. 206
negative single stranded RNA genome with lipid envelope
and five structural proteins. There are glycoprotein G
containing type specific and neutralizing antigenic sites
in its envelope. The transmission is by arthropod vectors.
Biting midges, Culicoides oxystoma and C. nipponensis
are specific species involved in transmission of the
virus (Dhillon et al., 2000). The virus BEFV is the main
etiology of acute febrile disease in animals, Bos Taurus,
Bos indicus, Bos javanicus and Bubalus bulalis (water
buffalo), although BEF virus sub clinically affects a wide
variety of polygastric animals (Kato et al., 2009). It causes
huge economic losses with decreased milk production,
lowering of infertility in males for little period, lameness
or paralysis. This disease may be fatal for some animals
in different cases (Stram et al., 2005). Other signs of the
disease include sudden onset of fever, lameness, stiffness,
constipation, cessation of rumination and depression.
In BEF milk quality is deteriorated and production is
lowered or almost ceased. In natural epizootic, milk
production can be reduced up to 12 % of lactation in dairy
cattle. Recumbence may be accompanied by salivation
and ocular and nasal discharge. Muscular fibrillation and
paresis frequently occur, reflecting the accompanying
hypocalcaemia (Quin et al., 2001).
BEF virus can spread rapidly and was isolated
from different biting insect vectors including species of
Culicoides mosquitoes (Stram et al., 2005). The insects
get virus with their bite when feeding on blood of animals
having brief viremia. The virus, which multiplies in the
insect vector, is shed in its saliva and is transmitted to a
new host through wounds during feeding. Many of the
changes observed in infected animals are attributed to host
response rather than to direct viral damage (Quinn et al.,
2001).
Keeping in view the above observations this study
was designed to evaluate different risk factors for BEF
including species, breed, gender, age, and immunity status
along with area wise sero molecular prevalence of bovine
ephemeral fever virus. Culicoide mosquitos which are
main vectors of the BEFV were also studied and processed
for detection of BEFV. The study also incorporated
complement fixation test for antigen detection and its
results were compared with results of RT-PCR.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Geo-location of study area
The present study was carried out in three different
topographicalregions(havingdifferentclimaticconditions)
of Punjab province viz. Lahore, Multan and Rajanpur.
Punjab lies between 31.1471° N and 75.3412° E. From late
June till August, the monsoon seasons starts, with heavy
rainfall throughout the province. Lahore is located in the
northern part of Punjab and consists of plain area with
humid weather. Multan features an arid weather (Koppen
climate classification BWh) with mild winters and very hot
summers with dusty storms. District Rajanpur is located in
the southern part of the Punjab; topography of the land is
mixed comprising of riverine, plateau, mountainous and
semi-hilly areas. The average temperature during summer
months may rise up to 52 °C and 40–48 °C, in Rajanpur
and Lahore districts, respectively, while highest recorded
temperature in Multan is 54 °C. The average annual
rainfall is 7.08 mm, 186 mm and 628.8 mm in Rajanpur,
Multan and Lahore, respectively.
Source of animals
To find out the epidemiology and risk factors of
bovine ephemeral fever, dairy cattle and buffaloes from
corporate dairy farms and small holder dairy farmers
were used in this study. Total of 600 dairy animals (n=200
from each district) showing clinical manifestations of
bovine ephemeral fever were selected and subjected to
Disease Diagnosis Lab, Rajanpur. Data about each animal
was collected in survey about species, breed, sex, age,
physiological status, lactation status, housing type, feeding,
previous history of diseases, vaccination status, morbidity,
mortality etc. After clinical examination of animals blood
samples were collected from animals suffering from BEF
(Durrani, 2007):
Number of cases of disease present in the population
at a specified time / Total population at that specified time
period and in the same geographical area
Collection of blood samples
Ten mL of blood sample was collected from each
animal from the jugular vein using hypodermic 1.5”x18G
needle attaché to disposable syringe for sero-prevalence
and serum chemistry. The blood samples were poured into
plain vacutainers and were allowed to clot. After clotting,
the samples were centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 5 min and
serum was collected into Eppendorf tube by Pasteur
pipette. The serum samples were stored at -20o
C till further
analysis. Mosquitoes from study area were collected for
detection of virus by netting.
Analysis of serum samples
Serum samples collected from 80 BEF suspected
positive cattle and were analyzed using reverse
transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction for the
confirmation of BEF. The procedure used by Thabet et
al. (2011) was followed. Forward and reverse primers
used for detection of BEF virus in serum samples
(Slomka et al., 2009) are: forward primer FG 5’
M. Zahid et al.
3. 207
-TATTACCCTCCTGCCGGATGCTTT-3’ and Reverse
primer RG 5’ -AGGTCTGTATTCGCACCAAGCTCT-3’.
The conditions used for denaturation, annealing and
extension were 95 o
C, 56 o
C and 72 o
C for 30, 1 and 1 min,
respectively. While 32 o
C temperature for 10 min was used
for final extension and overall 35 cycles were used.
RNA was extracted using TRIzol (Invitrogen,
Carlsbad, CA USA) from solution according to the
manufacturer’s description. For reverse transcription
(RT) reaction was carried out using a cDNA synthesis
kit (#K1622 Thermo Scientific Revert Aid First standard
cDNA Synthesis Kit) following the manufacturer’s
instructions.
Detection of BEF virus from mosquitoes
Mosquitoes were captured from the dairy sheds and
houses in which BEF affected animals were present. The
mosquitoes were dissected and the virus was detected
using method adopted by Plichart et al. (2006). In this
method collected mosquitoes were dissected and intestinal
material was processed for polymerase chain reaction as
described above.
RESULTS
Prevalence
Prevalence of BEFV was checked using reverse
transcriptase PCR and results showed that its maximum
prevalence was in 68 and 44 % in samples collected from
cattle and buffaloes of district Lahore as showed in Table
I. While morbidity and mortality of BEFV in districts
Rajanpur, Multan and Lahore were 99.04 and 0.95 %, 99.09
and 0.90 %, and 98.38 and 1.61 %, respectively (Table I).
These values suggested that its morbidity was very high
and mortality was almost negligible in all districts.
Table I.- Overall prevalence of BEF.
Samples Lahore Multan Rajanpur
Cattle Buffalo Cattle Buffalo Cattle Buffalo
Positive 102
(68%)
22
(44%)
95
(63.3%)
16
(32%)
90
(60%)
15
(30%)
Negative 48
(32%)
28
(66%)
55
(36.3%)
34
(68%)
60
(40%)
35
(70%)
Total 150 50 150 50 150 50
Risk factors
It was recorded that there was variation in the
prevalence of disease when various risk factors were
considered. The disease was more prevalent in cattle, i.e.,
69.33 % than in buffaloes of Pakistan as shown in Figure
1. While breed wise data suggested that exotic breed of
cattle is more prone to BEF as compared to local breeds
of Pakistan. In the case of buffalo, the breed Nili Ravi
was more affected than Kundi breed (Table II). Third
risk factor age suggested that usually animals less than 6
months’ age were not affected. The animals of age group 1
to 2 years were more affected as shown in Figure 2. When
immunity status of animals is considered it was found that
mostly non vaccinated animals were positive for disease.
Although, some vaccinated animals were also suffering
but of negligible ratio, i.e., 4.39 % as compared to non-
vaccinated. The morbidity and mortality in these animals
were given in Table II.
Fig. 1. Species and gender susceptibility of BEF in Punjab.
Fig. 2. Age susceptibility of BEF in bovines of Punjab.
Results of RT-PCR and complement fixation test (CFT)
Samples were collected from those animals which
were showing clinical signs of BEF. The results RT-PCR
and CFT are given in Table III. Results of RT-PCR are
significant with 0.352 P value. There was no band against
marker on agarose gel electrophoresis, when mosquito’s
samples were processed for PCR.
Seromolecular Prevalence of BEFV Antibodies 207
4. 208
Table II.- Breed and immunity status.
Sample Breed Immunity status
Cattle local Cattle exotic Buff Nili Ravi Buff Kundi Previous
exposure
First
exposure
Non-
vaccinated
Vaccinated
Positive 190 (63.33%) 97 (64.66%) 33 (36.6%) 20 (33.3%) 1 (4.76%) 339 (58.54%) 336 (66.53%) 4 (4.39%)
Negative 110 (36.66%) 53 (35.33%) 57 (63.3%) 40 (66.33%) 20 (95.23%) 240 (41.45%) 169 (33.46%) 91 (95.78%)
Total 300 150 90 60
Table III.- Results of RT-PCR and complement fixation
test.
District Results of RT-PCR Results of CFT False
Pos / NegPositive Negative Positive Negative
Lahore
(n=200)
124
(62%)
76
(32%)
116
(58%)
44
(32%)
40
(20%)
Multan
(n=200)
111
(55.5%)
89
(44.5%)
96
(48%)
84
(42%)
20
(10%)
Rajanpur
(n=200)
105
(52.5%)
95
(47.5%)
94
(47%)
88
(44%)
18
(9%)
Total
(n=600)
340
(56.7%)
260
(43.3)
306
(51%)
216
(36%)
78
(13%)
DISCUSSION
In this study three districts of Pakistan were target
areas and six hundred (200 each district) samples were
collected from cattle and buffaloes. Prevalence and risk
factors were studied in the target areas. Samples were
collected from the animals showing clinical signs of
bovine ephemeral fever. The disease was diagnosed and
confirmed by RT-PCR. Study by Momtaz et al. (2012)
who reported the prevalence of disease in cattle was 29%
while 17% in buffaloes. In this rationale this study was
conducted and observed the prevalence. In Rajanpur
district, the prevalence of disease in cattle was 60% and
30% in buffaloes while in district Multan the percentage
was 63.3% and 32% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively.
In Lahore district, the observed prevalence in cattle was
68% while 44% in buffaloes. It was recorded that BEF
was more prevalent in cattle than buffaloes in all three
districts of study. Zaher and Ahmed (2011) reported that
generally the signs of BEF were more frequent in cattle
than buffaloes. These arguments are similar with results
of this study. There is possibility that buffaloes have hard
skin than that of cattle and probability buffaloes are less
harassed by mosquitoes than cattle. These results coincide
with the observations recorded by Momtaz et al. (2012),
who also described that there is possibility that buffaloes
are less harassed by insects and BEF is in low ration in
this species. There was a significant difference of disease
between females and males. BEF was more prevalent in
females (75.21%) than males (61.85%) in both species
of cattle and buffaloes. Same type of pattern of disease
in females and males was observed by Momtaz et al.
(2012). In another study, Al-Sultany and Hassan (2013)
also recorded the same observations that disease was
significantly more frequent in females (14%) and less
frequent in males (10%). In this study prevalence of
disease was found more in young animals (66.6%) than
in old animals (29.41%). Such type of observations may
be indicating that mature animals are more resistant to
the diseases than young animals. It was also recorded
that the mostly healthy cattle and buffaloes were suffered
BEF. These results have similarity with the observations
recorded by Zaher and Ahmed (2011). While Momtaz et
al. (2012) and Al-Sultany and Hassan (2013) reprted that
disease was less prevalent in younger and more frequent
in older animals probably because older animals are less
frequently stung by the vectors. Lactating animals were
more resistant to the disease than non-lactating.
During this field study it was seen that more animals
in closed housing system were facing the problem of
disease than the animals in open housing system. It may
be due to the more temperature and humidity. There is also
possibility that the tied animals are more exposed to the
mosquitoes and other biting insects than those animals in
open housing system. It was recorded that BEF outbreak
was observed in early autumn, after heavy rainfall in
summer. The study conducted in Taiwan by Liao’ et al.
(1998) also reported the same findings. This might be due
to increase in population of disease vectors (mosquitoes
and midges) in rainy season, as rainfall favors such
increase in these vectors. It was also noted during the
study that mostly animals 58.54% were first time exposed
to BEF, while 4.76% animals were suffered BEF second
time in their life. The morbidity rate observed in this
study was almost 99 % while mortality rate was almost
negligible in all districts. These results are correlated
with those of Farag et al. (1998) who conducted a study
in Saudi Arabia and published 0.3% and 0.6% mortality
while morbidity 5% to 61% in affected herds at a dairy
M. Zahid et al.
5. 209 Seromolecular Prevalence of BEFV Antibodies 209
farm. Another such type of observations were recorded
in a study by Yeruham et al (2010), who reported 78.4%,
97.7% and 100% herd incidences in 1990, 1999 and 2004.
In their study it was reported that morbidity was 20%,
38.6% and 22.2%, while case fatality rate was 2%, 8.6%
and 5.4%, respectively in the described particular era of
time. They hypothesized that mosquitoes of Culicoides
spp. are vectors of BEF virus in Israel. These results are
correlated with our study. Some differences may be due
to any variation of climate. In this study it was recorded
that 4.93 % animals were found positive for BEF. It was
astonishing and may be hypothesized that booster dose
was not given. Unfortunately we could not find such
type of study that may be correlated to these results. The
outbreak of BEF occurred at some commercial dairy
farms on which animals were vaccinated. Live attenuated
vaccine was used on those dairy farms. Cybinski et al.
(1992), reported that there are 5 antigenic sites (01, 02,
03a, 03b and 04) identified on the glycosylated envelop
protein of BEF virus. Subunit vaccines are needed to be
used with incorporation with more than one glycoprotein
for elicitation of response of complete T-Lymphocyte. It
may be possibility of vaccination failure. No further study
was performed to test the antibody titer of such animals.
Diagnostic confirmation of disease from samples,
obtained from clinically affected animals, was done by
RT-PCR in this study. It was recorded that in Lahore,
62% samples were positive, while 55.5% and 52.5 %
were found positive in Multan and Rajanpur, respectively.
Many other scientists like Thabet et al. (2011) and
Bakhshesh and Abdollahi (2014) also obtained samples
from clinically affected animals and confirmed the positive
cases in bovines. Such type of study was also described by
Zaher and Ahmed (2011), who reported that there were 40
(66.67%) positive cases out of 60 cattle. They found these
results after confirmation of BEF virus through RT-PCR in
samples of diseased cattle. Degheidy et al. (2011) collected
95 samples from BEF affected bovines and separated buffy
coat from blood samples and found 17.8% positive samples
after amplification of RT-PCR. In a study by Finlaison et al.
(2014), it was recorded that almost 69% positive samples
were found positive after diagnosis through Rt-PCR. These
all results are similar because they also amplified the G
gene after cDNA production from RNA of the same virus.
Al-Sultany and Hassan (2013) collected 150 samples from
BEF affected animals in different locations of Babylon
Province. The positive cases of BEF were reported with
percentage of 24.4 with significant (P< 0.05) results. They
also reported various frequencies of cases from different
locations. In their study it was reported that 16.66 % cases
in Al-Qasim Municipality, 14.28 % in Al-Hashemia, while
30.10% positive cases were diagnosed in A-Madhatia
Municipalities. It shows the different percentage of BEF
infection in same province but within different location
of country. Some differences between the percentages of
infection may be climatic change, species, geo-location
and breed differences. This study in Pakistan is almost first
study on doctoral level.
In this study all samples were also confirmed by
compliment fixation test. It was found that 58%, 48%, 47%
positive samples were found from Lahore, Multan and
Rajanpur districts, respectively, while 20%, 10% and 9%
samples were found either false positive or false negative
in the same areas. These findings confirmed that RT-PCR
is more reliable in detecting BEFV than complement
fixation test.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the above discussion that bovine
ephemeral fever is an emerging vector-borne viral disease
in bovines. There is a need to prioritize further study and
develop BEFV vaccine for saving future economic losses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by PAK-US project
‘Capacity building of neglected vector-borne diseases of
livestock’.
Statement of conflict of interest
Authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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