This study analyzed risk factors for tuberculosis prevalence in buffaloes at 7 livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall tuberculosis prevalence was 11.3%, with buffaloes testing positive at 86% of farms. Statistical analysis found higher prevalence associated with increased age, calving events, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, and shorter lactation lengths. Prevalence was lower with longer lactation lengths. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between tuberculosis status and age, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, lactation length, and number of other animals at the farm.
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Prevalence and resistance of bacterial strains isolated from chicken beddings...IOSRJAVS
The main interest of researchers is focused on the microbiology of the industrial poultry beddings. In this study the microbiology and the microbial resistance of strains isolated from composite samples of poultry (gallus gallus domesticus) beddings originating from rural households has been investigated. In the area of Arta (Epirus, Greece) samples were collected from 300 rural households. These samples were classified regarding the following 4 criteria: (a) the size of the chicken flock, (b) the presence of different poultry species in the same household, (c) the presence of small ruminants in the same household and (d) differences in feeding practices. Results reveal that the microbiology of the beddings was mostly affected by the presence of small ruminants in the same household and the administration of concentrated feeds. Microbial resistance followed the same distribution pattern. The most resistant strains were isolated from samples originating from households breeding both poultry and small ruminants. Feeding with concentrated feeds was a determinant factor and probably the link between resistance and prevalence.
Animal genetic resources for improved productivity under harsh environmental ...SIANI
Indigenous livestock breeds are well adapted to tropical and harsh environments, but usually rather unproductive. Therefore, crossbreeding with exotic breeds has been practiced, and often found to be successful in the first generation, but with disastrous results later on. Therefore, there is a great need for developing breeding strategies for specific populations of indigenous livestock, both in order to conserve genes necessary for survival under harsh environments, and for genetic improvement of productivity. The objective of this project is to explore the opportunities for genetic improvement of primarily two livestock populations considered of specific importance for food security in Eastern Africa, due to their resilience as regards adverse climatic stress or ability to withstand specific disease challenges in the tropics. In the first case, focus will be on the Red Maasai sheep and its crosses in Kenya and Tanzania. This breed has shown a high degree of resistance to gastrointestinal parasites and ability to withstand drought. However, there is no breeding strategy in place and this project will adopt a value chain approach with the farmers and retailers to establish appropriate breeding objectives and selection practices. We will furthermore study production systems, animal usage, survival, production, et cetera, using various interview methods and also further develop an already created production recording system. In the second study we have focused on comparing four Ethiopian cattle breeds with respect to trypanotolerance and productivity and found that one breed, the Sheko, is clearly superior. We will carry out a workshop with researchers, extension officers and farmers on how to amplify the genes for trypanotolerance into the cattle populations kept in tsetse infested areas.
Biodiversity, resource base, animal breed level characterization, and utility...ILRI
Presented by Tadelle Dessie (ILRI) at the ILRI-ICARDA Training Course on Methods and approaches of Phenotypic characterization of Animal Genetic Resources (Goats), Addis Ababa, 20-21 December 2012
Hepatic and Rumenal Worms Infestations of Cattle in Vina Division (Adamawa – ...AI Publications
The main objective of this work is to describe a preliminary epidemiological account of major hepatic and rumenal distome worms of cattle in Vina Division, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. A total of 1361 cattle dung specimens and 450 blood samples were collected between April 2018 and March 2019 in 06 subdivisions within Vina Division. The dung and blood samples were placed in a cooler. The cooler was immediately transported to the medical and veterinary laboratory of Special Mission of tsetse fly Eradication where samples were kept cold at +4°C for at most 48 hours. The qualitative method of concentration of worm eggs by simple sedimentation was performed.Blood parameters were measured using a haematology automated system. Of the 1361 cattle dung specimens examined, 424 presented distome eggs giving a prevalence of 31.15 %.These were Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum daubneyi and Dicrocoelium hopes eggs.All cattle age groups were infected by worms. In terms of prevalence, medium cattle were found to be the most infected. In lean cattle the parasitic loads of F. gigantic and D. hopes were high and then decreased as the health of the animals improved. All cattle breeds were infected by at least one of the worm species. Bokolo and Djafoun were most infected by F. gigantica, while Holstein and Aku were more influence by P. daubneyi. Goudali breed is the one that has undergone the least parasitic pressure. Male cattle were more infected than females, but females exhibited higher mean intensity of infestation. Older cattle were more susceptible to F. gigantic and D. hopes infection while Adults were more infected by P. daubneyi. Whatever the parasite considered, parasitic load progressively increased with the age of the cattle. The number of cattle infected by P. daubneyi and D. hopeswas greater in the rainy season unlike F. gigantic infection which was more recurrent in the dry season. Mbe locality had a high prevalence of F. gigantica and P. daubneyi. However, Ngaoundere 1, 2 and 3 presented the highest mean intensities for all worm species. Prevalence and mean intensities of cattle have been more important in extensive livestock status. All the worms were encountered all year round, except for November and December 2018 where D. hopes was absent. Polyparasitic cases were observed. Nevertheless, bispecifics associations were most frequent. Mean Corpuscular Volume, Platelet Concentrations, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Total Leucocytes Count and Granulocytes mean values were higher in cattle with significant parasitic loads while Total Erythrocyte Count and Packed Cell Volume were low. Today, it is well established that distomatoses represent one of the major parasitoses of cattle in Vina Division of Cameroon.
Mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali Chicks in Scavenging Rearing Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Fayoumi and Sonali breeds are commonly reared under scavenging system in Bangladesh. Chick mortality has the very important impact on economy of farmers. The aim of the present study was to determine the mortality rate and the causes of mortality of Fayoumi and Sonali chicks. One observational cross-sectional study was done on the Fayoumi and Sonali chicks at Chittagong and Noakhali district from October 2005 to July 2006. A total of 48 farmers (24 from each Upazila) were selected randomly, who rear chicks under scavenging condition and as well as had broody hens. Twelve eggs of each breed were supplied to each farmer. The chicks were hatched out by the broody hens. Then the chicks were reared under scavenging system. The mortality detected for Fayoumi was 57.3%, which was less than that of the Sonali (68.8%) but did not vary significantly (χ2 = 1.21, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Fayoumi chicks at Noakhali site was little higher (59.1%) than that of Chittagong (55.4%), but it did not vary significantly (χ2 = 0.28, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality of Sonali chicks also did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.16, df = 1, p > 0.05). The mortality was more by diseases than predators. The common predators were crow, wildcat, domestic cat, mongoose and rat in both study sites. The crow predated (Fayumi; 63.64% and Sonali; 70.83%) more baby chicks than others predators. The highest proportional mortality was caused by Mycoplasmosis + Colibacillosis (36.05 % and 36.94 %) in case of Fayoumi and Sonali followed by the second highest attributed to Mycoplasmosis (26.74%) and (22.52%) respectively. Fayoumi chicks were lower mortality than Sonali under scavenging rearing condition.
Prevalence and resistance of bacterial strains isolated from chicken beddings...IOSRJAVS
The main interest of researchers is focused on the microbiology of the industrial poultry beddings. In this study the microbiology and the microbial resistance of strains isolated from composite samples of poultry (gallus gallus domesticus) beddings originating from rural households has been investigated. In the area of Arta (Epirus, Greece) samples were collected from 300 rural households. These samples were classified regarding the following 4 criteria: (a) the size of the chicken flock, (b) the presence of different poultry species in the same household, (c) the presence of small ruminants in the same household and (d) differences in feeding practices. Results reveal that the microbiology of the beddings was mostly affected by the presence of small ruminants in the same household and the administration of concentrated feeds. Microbial resistance followed the same distribution pattern. The most resistant strains were isolated from samples originating from households breeding both poultry and small ruminants. Feeding with concentrated feeds was a determinant factor and probably the link between resistance and prevalence.
Animal genetic resources for improved productivity under harsh environmental ...SIANI
Indigenous livestock breeds are well adapted to tropical and harsh environments, but usually rather unproductive. Therefore, crossbreeding with exotic breeds has been practiced, and often found to be successful in the first generation, but with disastrous results later on. Therefore, there is a great need for developing breeding strategies for specific populations of indigenous livestock, both in order to conserve genes necessary for survival under harsh environments, and for genetic improvement of productivity. The objective of this project is to explore the opportunities for genetic improvement of primarily two livestock populations considered of specific importance for food security in Eastern Africa, due to their resilience as regards adverse climatic stress or ability to withstand specific disease challenges in the tropics. In the first case, focus will be on the Red Maasai sheep and its crosses in Kenya and Tanzania. This breed has shown a high degree of resistance to gastrointestinal parasites and ability to withstand drought. However, there is no breeding strategy in place and this project will adopt a value chain approach with the farmers and retailers to establish appropriate breeding objectives and selection practices. We will furthermore study production systems, animal usage, survival, production, et cetera, using various interview methods and also further develop an already created production recording system. In the second study we have focused on comparing four Ethiopian cattle breeds with respect to trypanotolerance and productivity and found that one breed, the Sheko, is clearly superior. We will carry out a workshop with researchers, extension officers and farmers on how to amplify the genes for trypanotolerance into the cattle populations kept in tsetse infested areas.
Biodiversity, resource base, animal breed level characterization, and utility...ILRI
Presented by Tadelle Dessie (ILRI) at the ILRI-ICARDA Training Course on Methods and approaches of Phenotypic characterization of Animal Genetic Resources (Goats), Addis Ababa, 20-21 December 2012
Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethi...Premier Publishers
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Jimma zone of Oromiya region, to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the sheep. Abomasum of sheep was incised following the standard procedures. A total of 387 abomasums were incised and using standards of parasite identification methods two genera of nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 78.29%. The prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei was 66.67% and 53.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between origins in prevalence of these parasites. However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of the prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body condition (97.26%). The overall mean worm count was 5334.97 and the mean worm count of specific nematode were 675.19 and 690.82 for Hemonchus and T. axei, respectively. The great majority of the infected sheep was with light, moderate and heavy degree of infestation. The current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis was high and consequently; sustainable control programs should warrant.
Toxocara vitulorum infection has been reported to have a cosmopolitan distribution in whole of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world with a moderate, continental climate. Parasitic diseases of dairy animals are a universal problem and considered one of the major obstacles in health and production performance of animals. Retarded growth, poor production of milk, meat, poor quality of skin and hides are known harmful effects of parasitic infections in bovines. This study was aimed to determine prevalence of Toxocara vitulorum in Ambo area Sankalefaris peasant association in cattle of different Age and sex group. Across sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of bovine ascariasis infection on 243 animals in Senkale Faris peasant association in Ambo district west Shewa zone. To achieve this; floatation techniques was employed. Based on this method about the overall prevalence was 243(63%) of which ages, and sex was a determinant factor Toxocara vitulorum. The known prevalence with age and sex category was <3 month,122(68%), 3-6 month, 70(61%), 6 month 30(12.3%) and 1 year 21(8.6%) p-value 0.000, from this we can say age of cattle has highly significant on enhancing the disease. In conclusion the result of the present study has revealed that there is high prevalence of ascariasis in calves, hence, appropriate treatment, control and owner’s awareness, should be implemented so that to increase the productivity of
cattle’s in the study area.
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
Abstract
Study was conducted to record prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) were collected and examined for the presence of GIT parasites. Samples were collected and
transported for the laboratory diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed were recorded. Results of the present study
revealed that 24% cats found positive for the gastrointestinal parasites. The percentage of infection was found higher in female
cats (28%) than males (20%). The prevalence in adults and kitten was recorded as 21.42% and 30% respectively. Dipylidium
caninum was found more prevalent with the infection rate of 9% followed by Toxocara cati, Aeluroslonglun obstrusus, Taenia
taeniaeformis and Paragonimus kellikotti with the infection rate of 5, 5, 3 and 2% respectively.
Key words: Cat, Felus catus, GIT parasites, Prevalence
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticidesAI Publications
The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethi...Premier Publishers
A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Jimma zone of Oromiya region, to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the sheep. Abomasum of sheep was incised following the standard procedures. A total of 387 abomasums were incised and using standards of parasite identification methods two genera of nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 78.29%. The prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei was 66.67% and 53.5%, respectively. A statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between origins in prevalence of these parasites. However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of the prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body condition (97.26%). The overall mean worm count was 5334.97 and the mean worm count of specific nematode were 675.19 and 690.82 for Hemonchus and T. axei, respectively. The great majority of the infected sheep was with light, moderate and heavy degree of infestation. The current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis was high and consequently; sustainable control programs should warrant.
Toxocara vitulorum infection has been reported to have a cosmopolitan distribution in whole of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world with a moderate, continental climate. Parasitic diseases of dairy animals are a universal problem and considered one of the major obstacles in health and production performance of animals. Retarded growth, poor production of milk, meat, poor quality of skin and hides are known harmful effects of parasitic infections in bovines. This study was aimed to determine prevalence of Toxocara vitulorum in Ambo area Sankalefaris peasant association in cattle of different Age and sex group. Across sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of bovine ascariasis infection on 243 animals in Senkale Faris peasant association in Ambo district west Shewa zone. To achieve this; floatation techniques was employed. Based on this method about the overall prevalence was 243(63%) of which ages, and sex was a determinant factor Toxocara vitulorum. The known prevalence with age and sex category was <3 month,122(68%), 3-6 month, 70(61%), 6 month 30(12.3%) and 1 year 21(8.6%) p-value 0.000, from this we can say age of cattle has highly significant on enhancing the disease. In conclusion the result of the present study has revealed that there is high prevalence of ascariasis in calves, hence, appropriate treatment, control and owner’s awareness, should be implemented so that to increase the productivity of
cattle’s in the study area.
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
Abstract
Study was conducted to record prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) were collected and examined for the presence of GIT parasites. Samples were collected and
transported for the laboratory diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed were recorded. Results of the present study
revealed that 24% cats found positive for the gastrointestinal parasites. The percentage of infection was found higher in female
cats (28%) than males (20%). The prevalence in adults and kitten was recorded as 21.42% and 30% respectively. Dipylidium
caninum was found more prevalent with the infection rate of 9% followed by Toxocara cati, Aeluroslonglun obstrusus, Taenia
taeniaeformis and Paragonimus kellikotti with the infection rate of 5, 5, 3 and 2% respectively.
Key words: Cat, Felus catus, GIT parasites, Prevalence
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticidesAI Publications
The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Epidemiological Investigation of Gastrointestinal (GI) Parasite at BAPARD Cat...AI Publications
The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of Gastrointestinal (GI) parasite in Cattle through semi-intensive rearing system at BAPARD campus during the period from July 2019 to June, 2020. A total of 156 samples from 39 cattle among these, 29 Bulls and 10 heifers were collected at the time of defecation or just after defecation. Samples were collected every three months of a year to find out the effect of season. All cattle are Holstein crossbred. The collected Feces samples were examined by direct smear method followed by McMaster counting technique under microscope for detection the morphology of egg at BAPARD Parasitology Lab on the day of collection. The overall prevalence of GI parasite was 26.72% and more frequent in more frequent in rainy season (57.14%) followed by summer (28.57%) and winter season (14.29%). The parasitic prevalence load was low in winter season. In endoparasitic infection, the higher prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (19.05%) was found in rainy season followed by Haemonchus spp. (9.52%); Fasciola spp.(4.76%), Schistosoma spp. (4.76%) and Toxocara spp. (4.76%). In cattle, prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. (15.38%), Schistososma spp (3.85%) and Haemonchus spp. (7.69%) was higher in adult cattle (above 2 year) comparatively growing and young, whereas prevalence of Toxocara spp. (3.33%) was higher in young (1-1.5 year) than growing and adult cattle. In other case Female (27.5%) are slightly higher than male (26.72%) cattle. So, the investigation indicates low prevalence rate of GI parasite at semi-intensive care management system in BAPARD, Gopalganj,Bangladesh.
Population density and spatial distribution of bean bug chauliops fallax swee...kiran Bala
The bean bug Chauliops fallax feeds exclusively on all leguminous crops in most regions of the world. The population density and spatial distribution of bean bug has been investigated on three different host plant i.e. soybean, cowpea and black gram (mash) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh during 2016. The fields of 600m2 and 300m2 area were selected as a sampling unit for sampling in soybean, cowpea and black gram. Him Palam Hara Soya -1, C-475 and Pant U19 genotypes of soybean, cowpea and mash were selected for the estimation of density and distribution of the bean bug. Different methods viz., Morisita’s index, Index of dispersion and Lewis index were used to calculate the density and distribution of the population of the pest. The mean population of bugs per plant was recorded on soybean (7.25) followed by cowpea (3.01) and black gram (1.21). Studies on knowing the distribution pattern of bean bug population under field conditions revealed that in soybean the distribution of bug was contagious (2.99) while in cowpea (2.44) and black gram (1.87) regular and contagious distribution pattern was found. The Z value of Morisita’s index in case of soybean was 9.98 followed by 5.87 and 3.50 in case of cowpea and black gram. Similar trend was found in case of Index of dispersion and Lewis index. Optimum sample sizes for estimates of the pest density in all the three host plants are presented.
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...BRNSS Publication Hub
Culex quinquefasciatus are among the most important vectors of arboviral diseases worldwide. Recent
studies indicate that diverse midgut microbiota of mosquitoes significantly affects development, digestion,
metabolism, and immunity of their hosts. Here, we studied the bacterial diversity found in midgut part
of C. quinquefasciatus to understand the host and microbe interaction. The adult C. quinquefasciatus
mosquitos were collected from Loyola College Campus, Chennai, using ovitraps, and midgut part was
extracted; moreover, the DNA templates were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The
DNA amplicons were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq gene sequencer. The total of 279,157 reads was
classified into 85, the bacterial genera of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Aeromonas
predominantly found to be high when compared to the other bacterial genera. The present data strongly
encourage further investigations to verify the potential role of the detected bacteria in mosquito for the
transmission of several vectoral diseases.
Effect of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) roots on small ruminants naturally inf...Innspub Net
Parasites pose a significant threat to the health of small ruminants. Natural products such as Adlai roots have anthelmintic potentials. The study aimed to determine the Anthelmintic potential to the small ruminants. A total of 12 goats and sheep regardless of sex and age were used in the study and randomly distributed into four (4) Treatments with Three (3) replications following Randomized Complete Block Design. There were four different levels of Treatments. Treatment 1 as the control, Treatment 2 (100ml of Adlai roots decoction), Treatment 3 (150ml of Adlai roots decoction), and Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Freshly excreted feces were collected and placed in plastic cups and immediately examined through Modified Mc Master Test to evaluate the Anthelmintic activity of the designated treatments. The evaluation criteria were based on the frequency counts of egg parasites and oocysts per 2 grams of feces under different treatments. Results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Tukey’s test was used to compare treatment means showing significant difference. Statistical results were non-significant among Treatment means in all of the parameters except for the strongylid counts for the month of April which showed significant difference among treatment mean at (P< 0.05) where sheep treated with Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Adlai roots decoction has anti-parasitic activity.
Study was conducted to record the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites of
cat in and around Tando Muhammad Khan. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) was collected from Tando Muhammad Khan and examined
regarding intestinal parasites presence. Samples was appropriately collected and transported
to the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sindh
Agriculture University, Tandojam for the Lab. Diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and
breed will also be collected.
Overall of 100 faecal samples 24 samples are positive showing 24 percent 9
samples were found positive for Dipylidium caninum showing 9.00 percent infection, while 3
samples were found positive for Taenia taeniaeformis indicating 3.00 percent infection, 5
samples found positive for prevalence of Toxocara cati showing 5.00 percent infection of
small intestine. Similarly 5 samples were detected positive for Aeluroslonglun obstrusus with
overall infection of 5.00 percent, while 2 samples was found positive for prevalence of
Paragonimus kellikotti although had minor share in the infection upto 2.00 percent.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Abstract: Johne’s disease (Paratuberculosis) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is a subspecies of M. avium, effects wide range of animals including domestic cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, camelids and wild ruminants resulting in progressive and chronic enteritis known as Johne’s disease. Clinically indected animals show watery diarrhea, emaciation and eventually death due to lack of effective treatment. Clinically as well as subclinically infected animals shed bacteria in feces and milk. Fecal-oral rout is the main rout of transmission. It is economically very important disease in livestock due to decrease in milk yield, working efficiency and culling of infected animals. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph node and transverse corrugation in intestine is characterstic finding in post-mortem. Strategies to control this disease include improved management practices, testing and culling and vaccination.Keywords: Johne’s disease, diarrhoea, corrugation.
Title: Johne’s Disease: A Review Article
Author: Vikash Sharma, Lalit, Sakshi Tiwari
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
ISSN 2349-7823
Paper Publications
Dynamic of bruchid egg-laying in cowpea-based cropping systems: importance fo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In West Africa, the pods of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., are often infested with eggs of the main bruchid species, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. and Bruchidius atrolineatus Pic in the fields resulting in significant post-harvest losses. An experiment was carried out from 2010 to 2011, at Gampela in central Burkina Faso, to identify the optimal period of the oophagous parasitoid (Uscana lariophaga Stef.) releases in cowpea –based intercropping systems, in order to minimize or supress the initial infestation of cowpea pods. During both years of study a relatively low number of bruchid eggs was noticed on the pods (60-130 eggs/100 pods). However, there was significantly a larger number of eggs laid in monocrops in comparison to intercrops. Natural global parasitism of bruchid eggs by Uscana lariophaga ranged 20-45% but was significantly higher in intercrops where parasitism peaks >50% were sometimes reached. Comparative analysis of bruchid egg laying and their parasitism showed that cowpea infestation gradually increased whereas parasitism decreased. Given these results we discuss and suggest that cowpea be produced in millet intercropping systems and combined with releases of U lariophaga in the fields specifically during cowpea pod setting.
Evaluation of some reproduction performances of the exotic Hyplus rabbit (Ory...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of the study was to evaluate the reproductive performance and estimate the genetic parameters, in a real environment, of the rabbit of the exotic Hyplus breed. The study will allow appreciating the parameters that could be the object of genetic improvement in view of a selection to produce a more efficient rabbit. The work took place at the SAP Mé d’Adzopé farm from January 2013 to June 2015. One hundred and twenty breeding does were followed for five successive generations of five parities each, with an interval of 11 days between the parturition and the next mating with weaning at 30 days. These females produced 5283 total born rabbits with 5164 born alive and 4732 weaned. The genetic parameters including heritability, genetic, phenotypic and non-genetic correlations (environmental effects) did analyzed using the Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood program. The results obtained showed that the receptivity and fertility rates did significantly influenced by the order of parity and the season of kindling. The pre-weaning mortality rate was 8.37%. Females had the best prolificacies’ between the second and fourth parity, with an average of 9.9, 10.19 and 9.79 kits respectively. The heritability values of young rabbits total born alive, born alive, weaned and old rabbits were 0.22; 0.20; 0.16 and 0.12 respectively. These results showed that selection is possible for these studied traits.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Colonic and anorectal physiology with surgical implications
529
1. Asian Biomedicine Vol. 6 No. 1 February 2012; 35-42 DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0506.124
Original article
Analysis of some of the epidemiological risk factors
affecting the prevalence of tuberculosis in buffalo at
seven livestock farms in Punjab Pakistan
Muhammad Tariq Javeda, Latif Ahmada, Francesco Felizianib, Paolo Pasqualic, Masood Akhtard,
Mahmood Usmana, Muhammad Irfana, Giulio Severib, Monica Cagiolab
a
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040,
Pakistan, bIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia 06100, cIstituto
Superiore di Sanit , Rome 0016, Italy, dDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science,
University of Agriculture, Fasialabad 38040, Pakistan
Background: Bovine tuberculosis is a disease of zoonotic importance. It is disease of high priority all over
the world and needs to be investigated in each country.
Objective: This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of tuberculosis in buffaloes and associated risk
factors.
Methods: The study was carried out at seven livestock experimental stations in Punjab, Pakistan. Buffaloes were
studied by comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test.
Result: The results of the study revealed an overall tuberculosis prevalence of 11.3% with 86% of farms having
tuberculin positive animals. The frequency analysis revealed significant difference between different groups for
age, calving, lactation length, average daily milk and live weight of the buffaloes. Data analysis by T-test also
revealed significant difference between means for age, live weight, calving, lactation length and average daily milk
between tuberculin positive and negative buffaloes. Bivariate and multivariate logistic analysis revealed significant
association of age, live weight, calving, average daily milk and lactation length. Multivariate logistic regression
analysis including all the variables in the model revealed significant association of tuberculosis with age, live
weight, total milk produced, presence of cattle at the farm, lactation length, and total other animals at the farm.
Conclusion: The prevalence of tuberculosis in buffaloes increases with the increase in age, calving, live weight,
milk production and presence of cattle at the farm, while the prevalence decreases with the increase in lactation
length.
Keywords: Buffaloes, Pakistan, prevalence, tuberculin test, tuberculosis
Bovine Tuberculosis (BTb) is a zoonotically wildlife including farmed deer, domestic livestock
important disease that can infect wide variety of (cattle, goats, water buffalo, camels, alpacas, llamas,
animal species and can be transmitted from animals etc.), non-human primates and humans [1]. This
to humans. The disease in animals is caused by disease has socio-economic and public health
Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the M. importance and is of great significance to international
tuberculosis complex. The latter includes M. trade of animals and animal products [2]. This disease
tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. afri-canum and M. not only poses a threat to the economies of developing
microti. M. bovis has a wide host range and is found countries but also remains a problem in developed
responsible for disease in free-living wildlife, captive world [3]. It is a chronic contagious debilitating disease
of animals associated with progressive weakness/
emaciation and tubercle (granuloma) formation, mainly
Correspondence to: Muhammad Tariq Javed, PhD, Department
confined to respiratory system (primarily in the lungs)
of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan. E-mail: javedmt@ and occasionally in other organs [4]. The infection to
gmail.com bovine can occur through the colostrum/milk to calves,
2. 36 M. Tariq Javed, et al.
ingestion of infected flies, droppings of birds, aerosol, are being kept as dairy animals. These farms are far
contact with each other and other wildlife [5-9]. The from each other in different regions of the Punjab
causative agent of tuberculosis (Mycobacterium) can Province. These farms have vast lands to grow fodder
remain viable in the environment/soil for about two and other crops, and the animals are also taken for
years [10]. Various risk factors responsible for the grazing in harvested fodder fields from about 7am to
occurrence of disease include calving site, the size about 3pm. After grazing, animals are also stall fed
group of calves, the length of time calves kept in after 3pm. Animals are milked before sunset and then
groups, the breed, the source of replacement, presence taken other sheds. Each shed has a watering trough
of wild animals and the region in which they are kept, in a corner where water is available round the clock.
presence of mixed (dairy and beef) production, herd The water in these troughs is stagnant but fresh water
size, age, housing systems and summer mountain is added daily. The housing pattern semi closed. Each
pasture [11, 12]. Developed countries started an shed of semi close housing has a large open space in
eradication program against the disease in the later front covered with brick walls. Thus in winter animals
nineteen hundreds and thus have been able to reduce enter in the shed and in summer they remain in the
its incidence to low levels but this is a very much open space. Animals are kept unchained in these sheds.
neglected disease in the developing countries and is Animals are routinely vaccinated against FMD and
on the increase in the Asian, African and Latin HS. New animals are purchased almost every year at
American countries [13]. In the subcontinent, the each farm, while the low producers and those having
prevalence of disease varies in different parts and some untreatable diseases or having reproductive
during different months of the year [3, 14-21]. problems are sold. The stray dogs/cats wander in and
Recently, the prevalence of disease in cattle has been around the sheds at these farms. Birds, including
reported to be 7.6% in cattle at 11 Livestock backyard poultry, sparrows, and crows also have free
Experiment Stations [22], 3% in buffaloes around two access to the feeding and watering areas. Flies are
cities of Pakistan [23] and 0.9% in sheep and 0.4% in abundant in milking sheds or at the milk sale points at
goats at Livestock Experiment Stations of Punjab these farms. A total of 965 animals of more than two
Pakistan [24]. Prevalence rates of 39% in buffaloes years of age were tested by single comparative
in Nepal [25], 0.7% in buffaloes in Iran [26] and 7.6% cervical intradermal tuberculin (SCCIT) test using
in buffaloes in India [27] have been reported. The bovine (50.000 I.U./ml) and avian (25.000 I.U./ml)
disease can be diagnosed by using various tests PPDs produced at the authorized laboratory at the
including tests like tuberculin, isolation of the organisms Istituto Zooprofilattico Umbria e Marche, Italy. The
in suspected cases from saliva, milk, blood, urine and protocols for the production of tuberculin, the execution
faeces, serum immunoglobulin G test, histopathology of the test and its interpretation were carried out
and PCR [28-31]. Recently, we have reported the according to the criteria described in the OIE Manual
risk factors for tuberculosis in sheep, goats, and cattle of Standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines [2].
kept at Livestock Experiment Stations and at private Data of all the tested animals were recorded including
farms around two cities of Pakistan and in buffaloes age, live weight, calving, lactation length, total milk
kept at private farms around two cities of Pakistan produced, total animals at the farm, species of animals
[22-24, 32, 33]. In this paper we analyzed the risk at the farm (i.e., cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats), and
factors for occurrence of tuberculosis in buffaloes kept total number of buffaloes. Data was entered into Excel
at seven Livestock Experiment Stations of Punjab sheet and was analyzed by using SAS statistical
Pakistan on the basis of positive tuberculin test in software version 9.1 [35]. The data analysis included
animals under study. Buffalo is the most important frequency analysis, Mantel Haenszel chi-square,
milch animal in Pakistan with its major population in analysis of variance for comparison of means of
Punjab [34] and is referred as black gold of the country. various parameters between positive and negative
These farms are present in different locations of the animals (T-test) and logistic regression analysis. The
Punjab province. bivariate logistic regression analysis was applied
including each individual variable in the model and
Methods result of the tuberculin test as outcome variable. The
The study was carried out at seven experimental multivariate logistic regression analyses including farm
livestock stations of Punjab, Pakistan where buffaloes and individual variable along with farm, age, and
3. Vol. 6 No. 1 Epidemiology of tuberculosis in buffaloes 37
February 2012
individual variable in the model and result as outcome farms having tuberculin positive animals. The
variable were used to find association of various risk frequency analysis carried out revealed non-significant
factors studied. The logistic analysis by including all differences between different groups for total milk
variables in the model by backward elimination produced during a lactation, total animals present at
procedure was also used to infer the association of the farm including/excluding the buffaloes, presence
various risk factors with tuberculosis in buffaloes. The of other animals at the farm including cattle, sheep
odds ratio and confidence intervals were also worked and goat as can be seen in Table 1. Results also
out. This study was formally approved by the donor revealed non-significant difference in prevalence of
agency and Faculty Scrutiny and Ethical Review tuberculosis at different farms. However, a significant
Committee. difference was observed between different groups
for age (P<0.0001), calving (P<0.0001), lactation
Results length (P<0.0001), average daily milk (P<0.0001) and
The results of the study revealed an overall live weight of the buffaloes (P<0.0001) as can be seen
prevalence of 11.3% at seven Livestock Experiment in Table 1.
Stations and varied from 0 to 18.8%, with 86% of
Table 1. Bivariate frequency analysis of different parameters in positive and negative reactor buffaloes to SCCIT test.
Parameters Positive/Negative Positive (%) Stat Mantel Haenszel chi-square
Farms 1 14/151 8.5 P>0.832
2 21/174 10.8
3 15/65 18.8
4 14/94 13
5 19/145 11.6
6 26/215 10.8
7 0/12 0
Total 109/856 11.3 95%CI = 9.3 to 13.6
Age groups (years) <5 1/6+4 1.5 P<0.0001
5-8 41/394 9.4
8.1-13 40/281 12.5
>13 27/117 18.8
No. of calving <1 14/178 7.3 P<0.0001
2-3 31/319 8.9
4-6 26/209 11.1
5-7 24/93 20.5
>7 14/57 19.7
Lactation length (days) <100 7/26 21.2 P<0.0001
100-200 38/229 14.2
201-300 53/355 13
>300 11/246 4.3
Milk produced (liters) <1000 5/50 9.1 P>0.393
1001-2000 39/381 9.3
2001-3000 57/323 15
>3000 8/102 7.3
Milk produced/day groups <5 2/19 9.5 P<0.0001
(liters) 5-10 51/705 6.8
10.1-15 52/124 29.6
>15 4/8 33.3
No. of other animals groups 0 35/268 11.6 P>0.396
1-100 15/77 16.3
101-500 19/145 11.6
501-1000 14/151 8.9
>1000 26/215 10.8
4. 38 M. Tariq Javed, et al.
Table 1. Bivariate frequency analysis of different parameters in positive and negative reactor buffaloes to SCCIT test.
(Contin
Parameters Positive/Negative Positive (%) Stat Mantel Haenszel chi-square
Live weight groups <400 0/70 0 P<0.0001
401-450 11/116 8.7
451-500 22/233 8.6
501-550 28/217 11.4
551-600 34/165 17.1
>600 14/55 20.3
Total animal groups <100 0/12 0 P>0.280
100-200 50/333 13.1
201-1000 19/145 11.6
>1000 40/366 9.9
Other animals at the farm Present 74/588 11.2 P>0.865
Absent 35/268 11.6 Odds ratio = 0.96
Cattle at the farm Present 55/431 11.3 P>0.982
Absent 54/425 11.3 Odds ratio = 1.00
Goats at the farm Present 40/366 9.9 P>0.227
Absent 69/490 12.3 Odds ratio = 0.78
Sheep at the farm Present 59/511 10.4 P>0.265
Absent 50/345 12.7 Odds ratio = 0.80
Data analysis by T-test also revealed significant The other parameters including total milk produced
difference between means for age (P<0.0001), live during lactation and total animals at the farm including/
weight (P<0.0001), calving (P<0.0001), lactation length excluding buffaloes showed non-significant difference
(P<0.0001) and average daily milk (P<0.0001) (Table 2).
between tuberculin positive and negative buffaloes.
Table 2. Comparison of means (±sd) and 95% confidence limits of different parameters studied in positive and negative
reactor buffaloes.
Parameters/Tuberculin Result mean sd 95% confidence limit T-test
Age
Positive 10.8 3.9 10.04 11.52 P>0.0001
Negative 8.9 3.6 8.68 9.15
Live weight
Positive 542.5 69 529.42 555.63 P>0.0001
Negative 505.5 69.9 500.83 510.21
Calving (No.)
Positive 4.5 2.6 4.01 5 P>0.0001
Negative 3.5 2.3 3.31 3.61
Total milk produced
Positive 2179.2 665.4 2052.92 2305.57 P>0.145
Negative 2067.8 762.3 2016.67 2118.95
Lactation length
Positive 218 66.6 205.31 230.6 P>0.0001
Negative 247.2 73.9 242.23 252.14
Average daily milk production
Positive 10.3 2.5 9.82 10.76 P>0.0001
Negative 8.4 2 8.27 8.54
Total animals other than buffaloes
Positive 590.4 651.7 466.67 714.13 P>0.4059
Negative 645.4 649.4 598.82 691.98
Total Animals including buffaloes
Positive 951.4 913.4 777.98 1124.82 P>0.1716
Negative 1083.2 951.3 1019.18 1146.82
5. Vol. 6 No. 1 Epidemiology of tuberculosis in buffaloes 39
February 2012
Bivariate logistic regression analysis including Discussion
individual variable and multivariate analysis including Tuberculosis is an important disease, both in
farm and individual other variable revealed increase animals and humans. The disease from animals can
in prevalence of tuberculosis with the increase in age, be transmitted to humans mainly through infected
live weight, calving and average daily milk, while the milk or meat. This disease is widely distributed in
prevalence decreased with the increase in lactation the world in domestic and wild animals [36-39].
length (Table 3). Multivariate logistic regression The advanced countries have programs to eradicate/
analyses including farm, age and individual other control this disease in their animal population and they
variable revealed significant increase in prevalence have reduced the infection to less than 1% at herd
of tuberculosis with the increase in live weight and level. However, no serious effort is underway in
average daily milk, while the prevalence decreased most of the developing countries to eradicate/control
with the increase in lactation length. Multivariate this disease in their animals. To start a control or
logistic regression analysis with backward elimination eradication program, knowledge about its prevalence
procedure including all variables in the model revealed in each country and the associated risk factors is
significant association of tuberculosis with age, live mandatory. It is not known when Pakistan is going to
weight, total milk produced, presence of cattle at the get involved in the eradication or control strategies
farm, lactation length, and total animals of other species about tuberculosis in animals as Government will is
at the farm. According to these results, the prevalence required but it is always important to keep monitoring
of tuberculosis increases with the increase in age, live the disease situation from time to time in any country.
weight, total milk produced and presence of cattle at Thus, we carried out studies to know the prevalence
the farm, while it decreases with the increase in and risk factors associated with prevalence of
lactation length and when higher numbers of animals tuberculosis in animals.
of other species are present at the farm.
Table 3. Parameters showed significant association with tuberculosis in buffaloes in logistic regression analysis procedure.
Parameters Odds ratio 95% confidence limits P-value
lower upper
Bivariate logistic regression analysis of each individual variable in the model
Age 1.139 1.081 1.2 P>0.0001
Live weight 1.008 1.005 1.011 P>0.0001
Calving (No.) 1.188 1.099 1.284 P>0.0001
Lactation length 0.995 0.992 0.997 P>0.0001
Average daily milk production 1.388 1.269 1.581 P>0.0001
Multivariate logistic regression analysis including farm and individual variable in the model
Age 1.149 1.088 1.213 P>0.0001
Live weight 1.008 1.005 1.011 P>0.0001
Calving (No.) 1.193 1.102 1.291 P>0.0001
Lactation length 0.995 0.992 0.997 P>0.0001
Average daily milk production 1.388 1.269 1.518 P>0.0001
Multivariate logistic regression analysis including farm, age and individual variable in the model
Live weight 1.007 1.004 1.01 P>0.0001
Lactation length 0.993 0.99 0.996 P>0.0001
Average daily milk production 1.412 1.289 1.548 P>0.0001
Multivariate logistic regression analysis including all variables in the model
Age 1.164 1.096 1.237 P>0.0001
Live weight 1.007 1.003 1.01 P>0.0001
Total milk produced 1.002 1.001 1.002 P>0.0001
Lactation length 0.98 0.975 0.985 P>0.0001
Presence of cattle at the farm 2.447 1.279 4.683 P>0.01
Total other animals at the farm 0.999 0.999 1 P>0.01
6. 40 M. Tariq Javed, et al.
The prevalence of tuberculosis varied from 0% higher in adult cattle than heifers and bulls or calves
to 18.8%, with 86% of the farms that had infected [43]. It suggests that as the animal becomes older,
animals. Greater than 10% prevalence of tuberculosis the chance of it becoming infected increases. As the
in animals is a serious issue. In the present study, five animals live for a longer period on the farm, they might
out of seven (71%) farms had higher than 10% have a greater possibility of contact with the infectious
prevalence. The only farm with 0% prevalence had agent. The increase in milk production with age [32]
only 12 buffaloes. If we remove that farm out of the together with the fact that they had given births many
herd-based analysis then 100% farms had infected times, may suggest that these factors can lower the
animals and the prevalence in 83% of the farms was immune system of the animal and thus development
greater than 10%. It is speculated that this situation of clinical disease. According to multivariate logistic
may get worse with the passage of time as the regression analysis, the prevalence of tuberculosis
prevalence is on the increase from previous years. increases with the increase in age, live weight, total
Earlier in Pakistan, a prevalence of about 7% is milk produced and presence of cattle at the farm, while
reported in buffaloes in year 1992 and 2003 at a it decreases with the increase in lactation length and
slaughterhouse assessed by tuberculin testing [40, 41] when higher number of animals of other species is
and 2% to 9% in 2006 at two Livestock Experiment present at the farm. These results revealed that the
Stations of Punjab, Pakistan [32]. These data show prevalence can increase by 2.5 times in the presence
that prevalence is increasing with the passage of time of cattle at the farm, while the risk of infection is lower
in Pakistan at well-established farms. This is very when animals of other species are present at the farm.
much expected under the circumstances of no test A recent study already indicated protective effect of
and slaughter policy in place. Considering a recent sheep in the occurrence of tuberculosis. However in
study in buffaloes at private setting which showed a that study buffalo were not found to be associated
herd prevalence of 14% [23] compared with 71% at with tuberculosis in cattle [22]. It has previously been
Livestock Experiment Stations, it can be suggested suggested that a reduction in susceptibility to M. bovis
that the prevalence is higher at old large farms. The can be achieved through management. Moreover, it
frequency results revealed increase in prevalence in has also been suggested that a considerable amount
present study with the increase in age, calving, live of further research is required [43]. Few other studies
weight and average daily milk, while the prevalence indicated importation of infected animals, incomplete
decreased with the increase in lactation length. depopulation of infected herds, movement of
Similarly, the mean age (10.8 vs. 8.9 years), live weight tuberculosis exposed animals between herds, and
(543 vs. 506 kg), number of calving (5 vs. 4), and transmission from unidentified wildlife reservoirs as
average daily milk (10.3 vs. 8.4 liter) was significantly important epidemiological factors [44, 45].
higher in tuberculin positive than negative animals,
while the mean of lactation length (218 vs. 247.2 days) Conclusion
was shorter in tuberculin positive than negative It can be concluded from the present study that
buffaloes. The shorter lactation length in tuberculin the prevalence of tuberculosis in buffaloes at these
reactors than non-reactors is difficult to explain. One farms increases with the increase in age, calving, live
possibility is that lactation length is shortened due to weight, milk production and presence of cattle at the
infection in animals, but it is also possible that the farm, while the prevalence decreases in buffaloes with
disease and/or the positive tuberculin reaction occur the increase in lactation length.
in animals with shorter lactation length. Similar were
the results of bivariate logistic analysis. Multivariate Acknowledgments
logistic regression analysis after controlling for farm Funding provided by Pakistan Science Foundation
and age revealed a significant increase in the under project grant PSF/Res/P-AU/AGR (283)
prevalence of tuberculosis with the increase in live and bovine PPD donated by Istituto Zooprofilattico
weight and average daily milk, while it decreased with Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia,
the increase in lactation length. Earlier, it has been Italy, is highly acknowledged. The authors have no
reported that susceptibility to M. bovis infection in conflict of interest to report.
cattle increases with age [42] and the prevalence is
7. Vol. 6 No. 1 Epidemiology of tuberculosis in buffaloes 41
February 2012
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