Managing internal parasites, especially Haemonchus contortus, is a primary concern for most sheep and goat producers. These parasites have become difficult to manage as they have developed resistance to nearly all available dewormers. This publication discusses using integrated techniques like pasture management and new drug administration methods to control parasites and prolong the effectiveness of dewormers. It provides an overview of the parasite lifecycle and factors that encourage parasite growth, as well as signs of parasitism.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It is highly contagious and spreads through inhalation of infected droplets. The disease is widespread in Africa and some parts of Asia and Europe. Morbidity can be up to 70% in susceptible herds with mortality around 50%. Clinical signs include fever, difficulty breathing, and fluid in the lungs. At necropsy, the lungs appear solid and adhered to the chest wall. Control methods include quarantine, testing and slaughter to eradicate the disease or vaccination with attenuated strains to limit spread where cattle movement cannot be restricted.
PRELUDE OF MAMMARY GLAND and Teat
SUSPENSORY SYSTEM OF UDDER and Teat
DUCTS AND CISTERNS OF UDDER and Teat
NEURAL SYSTEM OF UDDER and Teat
BLOOD SUPPLY OF UDDER and Teat
AFFECTIONS OF UDDER and Teat
ANATOMY OF UDDER and Teat
This document discusses canine pyometra complex (CPC), which is the accumulation of purulent material within the uterus due to cystic endometrial hyperplasia and bacterial infection. CPC develops during diestrus due to high progesterone levels that inhibit uterine drainage and allow bacterial growth. Clinical signs include vaginal discharge, abdominal distension, and fever. Diagnosis involves physical exam, ultrasound, and radiographs. Treatment options are medical management with prostaglandins and antibiotics or surgical ovariohysterectomy to remove the infected uterus. Ovariohysterectomy is the recommended treatment for critically ill dogs to eliminate the infection and correct metabolic abnormalities. Post-operative care focuses on fluid therapy, monitoring for sepsis, and managing
Mange is among the common illnesses that many dog owners are concerned about. People usually get tensed and do not know how to handle such situations. I present you this Presentation that speaks about Mange, a skin disease caused by tiny parasite mites on dogs. You can refer to this to know what Mange is all about, the types of Mange, the causes, the symptoms and a few easy ways to deal with it. Mange, if left untreated can be fatal. Therefore, timely knowledge and treatment about this disease is important. You can also add your views in the comments below.
For more information about Mange, you can refer to the following links:
http://www.vet-organics.com/types-of-mange-in-dogs/
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/mange-dogs-canine-scabies
This document discusses reproductive disorders of farm animals. It describes anatomical, functional, and infectious causes of infertility and sterility. Anatomical defects can be congenital, such as freemartins in cattle twins, or acquired, like ovarian cysts. Functional disorders include anestrus, subestrus, and ovulatory defects. Infectious causes lead to conditions like pyometra and fetal maceration. The document provides details on various disorders and their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
This document provides information on mastitis management and prevention. It discusses the structure of the mammary gland and defines mastitis as an inflammation of the mammary gland typically caused by bacteria. It notes that mastitis is the most costly disease in the dairy industry. It describes clinical versus subclinical mastitis and explains that subclinical mastitis has the greatest financial losses. It provides details on mastitis prevention including hygiene, environmental management, milking procedures, dry cow treatment, vaccination, and culture testing to identify causative bacteria and guide treatment decisions.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by an aphthovirus from the family Picornaviridae. The virus can be transmitted between animals through direct contact or contact with contaminated materials. Clinical signs include blisters and sores in the mouth and on the feet. Young animals are more susceptible to death from myocarditis. Farmers are advised to promptly isolate and report suspected cases of foot and mouth disease to prevent its spread.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It is highly contagious and spreads through inhalation of infected droplets. The disease is widespread in Africa and some parts of Asia and Europe. Morbidity can be up to 70% in susceptible herds with mortality around 50%. Clinical signs include fever, difficulty breathing, and fluid in the lungs. At necropsy, the lungs appear solid and adhered to the chest wall. Control methods include quarantine, testing and slaughter to eradicate the disease or vaccination with attenuated strains to limit spread where cattle movement cannot be restricted.
PRELUDE OF MAMMARY GLAND and Teat
SUSPENSORY SYSTEM OF UDDER and Teat
DUCTS AND CISTERNS OF UDDER and Teat
NEURAL SYSTEM OF UDDER and Teat
BLOOD SUPPLY OF UDDER and Teat
AFFECTIONS OF UDDER and Teat
ANATOMY OF UDDER and Teat
This document discusses canine pyometra complex (CPC), which is the accumulation of purulent material within the uterus due to cystic endometrial hyperplasia and bacterial infection. CPC develops during diestrus due to high progesterone levels that inhibit uterine drainage and allow bacterial growth. Clinical signs include vaginal discharge, abdominal distension, and fever. Diagnosis involves physical exam, ultrasound, and radiographs. Treatment options are medical management with prostaglandins and antibiotics or surgical ovariohysterectomy to remove the infected uterus. Ovariohysterectomy is the recommended treatment for critically ill dogs to eliminate the infection and correct metabolic abnormalities. Post-operative care focuses on fluid therapy, monitoring for sepsis, and managing
Mange is among the common illnesses that many dog owners are concerned about. People usually get tensed and do not know how to handle such situations. I present you this Presentation that speaks about Mange, a skin disease caused by tiny parasite mites on dogs. You can refer to this to know what Mange is all about, the types of Mange, the causes, the symptoms and a few easy ways to deal with it. Mange, if left untreated can be fatal. Therefore, timely knowledge and treatment about this disease is important. You can also add your views in the comments below.
For more information about Mange, you can refer to the following links:
http://www.vet-organics.com/types-of-mange-in-dogs/
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/mange-dogs-canine-scabies
This document discusses reproductive disorders of farm animals. It describes anatomical, functional, and infectious causes of infertility and sterility. Anatomical defects can be congenital, such as freemartins in cattle twins, or acquired, like ovarian cysts. Functional disorders include anestrus, subestrus, and ovulatory defects. Infectious causes lead to conditions like pyometra and fetal maceration. The document provides details on various disorders and their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
This document provides information on mastitis management and prevention. It discusses the structure of the mammary gland and defines mastitis as an inflammation of the mammary gland typically caused by bacteria. It notes that mastitis is the most costly disease in the dairy industry. It describes clinical versus subclinical mastitis and explains that subclinical mastitis has the greatest financial losses. It provides details on mastitis prevention including hygiene, environmental management, milking procedures, dry cow treatment, vaccination, and culture testing to identify causative bacteria and guide treatment decisions.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by an aphthovirus from the family Picornaviridae. The virus can be transmitted between animals through direct contact or contact with contaminated materials. Clinical signs include blisters and sores in the mouth and on the feet. Young animals are more susceptible to death from myocarditis. Farmers are advised to promptly isolate and report suspected cases of foot and mouth disease to prevent its spread.
Blood parasites have been subject of extensive research since the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of haemoparasites in animals is very common. In this presentation I presented the most common parasites.
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Hereditary and acquired causes of infertilityTushar Watane
This document discusses hereditary and acquired causes of infertility in animals. It outlines several hereditary conditions including freemartinism, hermaphroditism, white heifer disease, and ovarian abnormalities. It also discusses acquired causes such as somatic diseases, genital infections, improper feeding, climatic factors, and mismanagement. Overall, the document provides an overview of genetic and non-genetic factors that can contribute to infertility.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
This document discusses common vices in poultry such as cannibalism, egg eating, egg hiding, and pica. It describes these vices and their causes. Cannibalism is when birds attack and eat each other, often due to overcrowding, genetic factors, or nutritional deficiencies. Egg eating can develop if birds break eggs accidentally and develop a taste for them. Egg hiding is a natural instinct that can occur if birds have too much freedom. Pica is eating unsuitable materials and can be due to phosphorus deficiency or parasites. Prevention methods include debeaking, isolation, improved diets, limiting freedom, and reducing stressors.
This document describes a case of maggot infestation in a male dog. Maggots were seen on the lateral side of the dog's left thigh. The maggots were manually removed after applying Topicure Spray. The dog was given injections of HITEK, Monocef, and Melonex for 3 days to treat the infestation and prevent spread. Maggot infestation, also called myiasis, is caused by fly larvae feeding on live or dead tissue. Primary flies can initiate myiasis while secondary flies extend existing lesions. Treatment involves removal of maggots and use of insecticides, antiseptics, and fly repellents.
Calf bloat /abomasal tympany by Dr.AmandeepAmen Deep
since rumen is not functional in calves. when calves take excess of milk or milk replacers, they get abomasal bloat.
ruminal bloat is rare in calves but only occur when there is excess intake of milk or milk replacers in newly developed rumen... HOPE,, this ppt will help
This document discusses anthelmintic resistance and targeted selective treatment. It provides background on anthelmintic resistance and how it develops due to frequent deworming and other improper practices. The Five Point Check is introduced as an extension of the FAMACHA system to help determine which animals require deworming treatment based on 5 assessment points: eye, back, tail, jaw, and coat condition (or nose for sheep). The document explains how to evaluate each point and make treatment decisions. It emphasizes regularly testing for resistance and tailoring treatment approaches to the individual farm situation.
This document discusses ovarian cysts in cattle. It begins by defining ovarian cysts as fluid-filled sacs arising from the ovary that are usually over 25mm in diameter. The two main types of physiologic ovarian cysts are follicular cysts, which form when a follicle does not rupture to release an egg, and corpus luteum cysts, which form if the corpus luteum does not dissolve after ovulation. Pathologic cysts can cause pain, infertility, or torsion of the cyst. The document then discusses various types of pathologic cysts and differences between benign and malignant ovarian cysts in cattle. Treatment options for follicular cysts in cattle include GnRH or PGF2α to induce ovulation or
This document discusses three common calf diseases in Jamaica: calf scours, calf pneumonia, and tick fever. Calf scours is diarrhea with many potential causes including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Affected calves show dehydration, fever, and bloody diarrhea. Treatment involves fluid therapy and antibiotics. Calf pneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria and viruses. Calves display nasal discharge, cough, and reduced appetite. Preventive measures include vaccination and improving ventilation. Tick fever causes fever and weakness transmitted by tick bites. Affected cattle are treated and vaccination helps prevent the disease.
This is the 4th webinar in a series of webinars on worms in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on anthelmintics and other treatment options. The presentation was prepared by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document provides an overview of common health problems and diseases in small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It discusses several categories of diseases including digestive, parasitic, respiratory and reproductive. Specific digestive disorders covered in detail include acidosis, bloat, copper toxicity, enterotoxemia, floppy kid syndrome, milk fever, polioencephalomalacia, pregnancy toxemia, scours, and urinary calculi. Causes, symptoms, treatments and preventions are described for each condition.
Role Of Vet in Natural Diastar And Climates Changes.pptxSAU Tandojam
Veterinarians play an important role in natural disaster management by providing animal healthcare and mitigating disease spread. Their responsibilities include pre-disaster planning, emergency response during disasters, and recovery efforts after disasters. Specifically, veterinarians set up relief camps to rescue animals, provide food/shelter, vaccinate against diseases, and dispose of carcasses in a sanitary manner. The overall goal is to protect animal health and limit public health risks during and after calamities.
Taking history of animals is the most important part of the clinical examination as animals cannot describe their own symptoms. The veterinarian must carefully examine the animal and assess the accuracy of the owner's history. It is essential to handle the owner with diplomacy and use non-technical language, as livestock owners may not understand technical terms. Relevant history includes the owner's name, species/breed, disease history, present illness details, previous exposure, previous disease, and management history including nutrition, breeding, housing and handling. The goal is to determine if any changes preceded the disease appearance.
This document provides information on dewormer use and resistance in goats from a presentation at Langston University. It discusses proper drug usage, the different drug families and their modes of action, strategies for deworming, and methods to prevent resistance development like the FAMACHA system. The FAMACHA system allows selective treatment by using eye color charts to identify anemia levels and target only animals with scores of 3-5 that likely need deworming.
Ewes can experience several pregnancy problems including pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia (milk fever), and hypomagnesaemia (grass staggers). Pregnancy toxemia occurs when ewes do not receive enough nutrition in the last weeks of pregnancy. Hypocalcemia is caused by stress lowering blood calcium levels in late pregnancy. Hypomagnesaemia results from ewes consuming fast-growing spring grass low in magnesium. Treatment for these conditions involves calcium or magnesium supplementation through intravenous or subcutaneous injections.
Rabbits can be susceptible to several respiratory and intestinal diseases. Snuffles is an upper respiratory infection caused by bacteria that can develop into pneumonia if untreated. Symptoms include sneezing and nasal discharge. Antibiotics and ensuring clean housing can aid treatment. Coccidiosis is an intestinal parasite caused by Eimeria that causes diarrhea, especially in young rabbits. Preventing overcrowding and maintaining hygiene helps control spread. Gastric ulcers can result from stress and NSAID use. H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors aid treatment while ensuring fiber intake prevents hairballs. Proper sanitation and limiting stress are important for rabbit health management.
This document discusses fetal mummification and maceration in animals. Fetal mummification is the shriveling of the fetus caused by the absorption of fluids from the fetus and uterus, leading to the death of the fetus. It can be caused by genetic abnormalities, hormonal issues, or problems with the placenta or umbilical cord. Maceration occurs when the fetus dies but is not aborted, causing it to become putrefied inside the uterus. Both conditions require veterinary intervention such as medications to induce abortion or surgical removal of the remains if abortion does not occur naturally.
This document provides guidance on various injection techniques for sheep, including:
1. General hygiene practices like cleaning and disinfecting injection sites, proper disposal of needles, and keeping vaccinations up to date.
2. Details on subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intramammary injections, including recommended injection sites, needle sizes, and safety precautions for each technique.
3. Instructions for filling a syringe from a bottle, cleaning teat ends before intramammary injections, and properly disinfecting multi-use injection equipment.
This document provides an overview of common surgical affections in goats and the procedures for diagnosing and treating them. It discusses conditions like gid disease, horn fractures, abscesses, and urolithiasis. For each condition, it outlines the pre-operative management, surgical procedure, and post-operative care. The goal of surgical intervention is to save the animal's life, correct deformities, and treat disease processes. Proper diagnosis, sterile techniques, and post-op care are essential for successful treatment of surgical disorders in goats.
This document discusses strategies for improving whole farm forage utilization for sheep and goat production, including using annual forages. It notes that annual forages can fill deficits in perennial pasture production by extending the grazing season. Studies showed that annual forages like brassicas can produce high gains per acre for lambs as well as individual gains comparable to grain diets at lower costs. The document recommends including annual forages in crop rotations and as cover crops to improve forage quality and availability while providing benefits to soil and crops. Precise grazing management is key to optimizing animal performance on annual forage systems.
Blood parasites have been subject of extensive research since the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of haemoparasites in animals is very common. In this presentation I presented the most common parasites.
Dr. Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Hereditary and acquired causes of infertilityTushar Watane
This document discusses hereditary and acquired causes of infertility in animals. It outlines several hereditary conditions including freemartinism, hermaphroditism, white heifer disease, and ovarian abnormalities. It also discusses acquired causes such as somatic diseases, genital infections, improper feeding, climatic factors, and mismanagement. Overall, the document provides an overview of genetic and non-genetic factors that can contribute to infertility.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
This document discusses common vices in poultry such as cannibalism, egg eating, egg hiding, and pica. It describes these vices and their causes. Cannibalism is when birds attack and eat each other, often due to overcrowding, genetic factors, or nutritional deficiencies. Egg eating can develop if birds break eggs accidentally and develop a taste for them. Egg hiding is a natural instinct that can occur if birds have too much freedom. Pica is eating unsuitable materials and can be due to phosphorus deficiency or parasites. Prevention methods include debeaking, isolation, improved diets, limiting freedom, and reducing stressors.
This document describes a case of maggot infestation in a male dog. Maggots were seen on the lateral side of the dog's left thigh. The maggots were manually removed after applying Topicure Spray. The dog was given injections of HITEK, Monocef, and Melonex for 3 days to treat the infestation and prevent spread. Maggot infestation, also called myiasis, is caused by fly larvae feeding on live or dead tissue. Primary flies can initiate myiasis while secondary flies extend existing lesions. Treatment involves removal of maggots and use of insecticides, antiseptics, and fly repellents.
Calf bloat /abomasal tympany by Dr.AmandeepAmen Deep
since rumen is not functional in calves. when calves take excess of milk or milk replacers, they get abomasal bloat.
ruminal bloat is rare in calves but only occur when there is excess intake of milk or milk replacers in newly developed rumen... HOPE,, this ppt will help
This document discusses anthelmintic resistance and targeted selective treatment. It provides background on anthelmintic resistance and how it develops due to frequent deworming and other improper practices. The Five Point Check is introduced as an extension of the FAMACHA system to help determine which animals require deworming treatment based on 5 assessment points: eye, back, tail, jaw, and coat condition (or nose for sheep). The document explains how to evaluate each point and make treatment decisions. It emphasizes regularly testing for resistance and tailoring treatment approaches to the individual farm situation.
This document discusses ovarian cysts in cattle. It begins by defining ovarian cysts as fluid-filled sacs arising from the ovary that are usually over 25mm in diameter. The two main types of physiologic ovarian cysts are follicular cysts, which form when a follicle does not rupture to release an egg, and corpus luteum cysts, which form if the corpus luteum does not dissolve after ovulation. Pathologic cysts can cause pain, infertility, or torsion of the cyst. The document then discusses various types of pathologic cysts and differences between benign and malignant ovarian cysts in cattle. Treatment options for follicular cysts in cattle include GnRH or PGF2α to induce ovulation or
This document discusses three common calf diseases in Jamaica: calf scours, calf pneumonia, and tick fever. Calf scours is diarrhea with many potential causes including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Affected calves show dehydration, fever, and bloody diarrhea. Treatment involves fluid therapy and antibiotics. Calf pneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria and viruses. Calves display nasal discharge, cough, and reduced appetite. Preventive measures include vaccination and improving ventilation. Tick fever causes fever and weakness transmitted by tick bites. Affected cattle are treated and vaccination helps prevent the disease.
This is the 4th webinar in a series of webinars on worms in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on anthelmintics and other treatment options. The presentation was prepared by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document provides an overview of common health problems and diseases in small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It discusses several categories of diseases including digestive, parasitic, respiratory and reproductive. Specific digestive disorders covered in detail include acidosis, bloat, copper toxicity, enterotoxemia, floppy kid syndrome, milk fever, polioencephalomalacia, pregnancy toxemia, scours, and urinary calculi. Causes, symptoms, treatments and preventions are described for each condition.
Role Of Vet in Natural Diastar And Climates Changes.pptxSAU Tandojam
Veterinarians play an important role in natural disaster management by providing animal healthcare and mitigating disease spread. Their responsibilities include pre-disaster planning, emergency response during disasters, and recovery efforts after disasters. Specifically, veterinarians set up relief camps to rescue animals, provide food/shelter, vaccinate against diseases, and dispose of carcasses in a sanitary manner. The overall goal is to protect animal health and limit public health risks during and after calamities.
Taking history of animals is the most important part of the clinical examination as animals cannot describe their own symptoms. The veterinarian must carefully examine the animal and assess the accuracy of the owner's history. It is essential to handle the owner with diplomacy and use non-technical language, as livestock owners may not understand technical terms. Relevant history includes the owner's name, species/breed, disease history, present illness details, previous exposure, previous disease, and management history including nutrition, breeding, housing and handling. The goal is to determine if any changes preceded the disease appearance.
This document provides information on dewormer use and resistance in goats from a presentation at Langston University. It discusses proper drug usage, the different drug families and their modes of action, strategies for deworming, and methods to prevent resistance development like the FAMACHA system. The FAMACHA system allows selective treatment by using eye color charts to identify anemia levels and target only animals with scores of 3-5 that likely need deworming.
Ewes can experience several pregnancy problems including pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia (milk fever), and hypomagnesaemia (grass staggers). Pregnancy toxemia occurs when ewes do not receive enough nutrition in the last weeks of pregnancy. Hypocalcemia is caused by stress lowering blood calcium levels in late pregnancy. Hypomagnesaemia results from ewes consuming fast-growing spring grass low in magnesium. Treatment for these conditions involves calcium or magnesium supplementation through intravenous or subcutaneous injections.
Rabbits can be susceptible to several respiratory and intestinal diseases. Snuffles is an upper respiratory infection caused by bacteria that can develop into pneumonia if untreated. Symptoms include sneezing and nasal discharge. Antibiotics and ensuring clean housing can aid treatment. Coccidiosis is an intestinal parasite caused by Eimeria that causes diarrhea, especially in young rabbits. Preventing overcrowding and maintaining hygiene helps control spread. Gastric ulcers can result from stress and NSAID use. H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors aid treatment while ensuring fiber intake prevents hairballs. Proper sanitation and limiting stress are important for rabbit health management.
This document discusses fetal mummification and maceration in animals. Fetal mummification is the shriveling of the fetus caused by the absorption of fluids from the fetus and uterus, leading to the death of the fetus. It can be caused by genetic abnormalities, hormonal issues, or problems with the placenta or umbilical cord. Maceration occurs when the fetus dies but is not aborted, causing it to become putrefied inside the uterus. Both conditions require veterinary intervention such as medications to induce abortion or surgical removal of the remains if abortion does not occur naturally.
This document provides guidance on various injection techniques for sheep, including:
1. General hygiene practices like cleaning and disinfecting injection sites, proper disposal of needles, and keeping vaccinations up to date.
2. Details on subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intramammary injections, including recommended injection sites, needle sizes, and safety precautions for each technique.
3. Instructions for filling a syringe from a bottle, cleaning teat ends before intramammary injections, and properly disinfecting multi-use injection equipment.
This document provides an overview of common surgical affections in goats and the procedures for diagnosing and treating them. It discusses conditions like gid disease, horn fractures, abscesses, and urolithiasis. For each condition, it outlines the pre-operative management, surgical procedure, and post-operative care. The goal of surgical intervention is to save the animal's life, correct deformities, and treat disease processes. Proper diagnosis, sterile techniques, and post-op care are essential for successful treatment of surgical disorders in goats.
This document discusses strategies for improving whole farm forage utilization for sheep and goat production, including using annual forages. It notes that annual forages can fill deficits in perennial pasture production by extending the grazing season. Studies showed that annual forages like brassicas can produce high gains per acre for lambs as well as individual gains comparable to grain diets at lower costs. The document recommends including annual forages in crop rotations and as cover crops to improve forage quality and availability while providing benefits to soil and crops. Precise grazing management is key to optimizing animal performance on annual forage systems.
This document discusses strategies for integrated parasite management in small ruminants. It emphasizes that the goal is to prevent clinical disease and production losses from gastrointestinal parasites rather than attempting to create parasite-free animals. Management tips include selective treatment based on FAMACHA or fecal egg counts rather than blanket deworming. Nutritional management and host resistance can help animals withstand worm burdens. Strategic deworming of dams before kidding can reduce pasture contamination and the periparturient egg rise. Separating younger, more susceptible animals can also help control parasite transmission.
This presentation on Internal Parasite Control in Sheep was given at the Indianhead Sheep Breeders Association 17th Annual Shepherd's Clinic and Trade Show on February 12, 2011.
This document provides recommendations for internal parasite control in small ruminants. It discusses the inevitability of anthelmintic resistance and strategies for slowing resistance, such as increasing refugia through reduced treatment frequency and incomplete coverage of flocks. It also covers alternative treatment options like copper oxide wire particles that have shown effectiveness against barber pole worms. Proper testing is recommended to determine the level of resistance on a given farm.
The document summarizes key information about internal parasites that infect small ruminants. It focuses on barber pole worms and coccidia as the two most important internal parasites. Resistance to dewormers has developed on many farms, so producers need to regularly test which dewormers still work using a Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test or DrenchRite Test. Integrated parasite management is the best approach and combines strategies like targeted selective treatment, pasture management, genetics, and monitoring animals.
Internal parasites can be a major problem for livestock producers. With parasites developing resistance to dewormers, integrated parasite management is important. Management of nutrition, pasture, and strategic deworming can help control parasites without relying on chemicals. The whole farm system affects parasites - nutrition improves animal health; pasture management reduces contamination; and soil organisms like dung beetles and earthworms kill parasite eggs and larvae. While complete elimination is impossible, reducing parasite loads benefits animal health and productivity.
Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Sericea LespedezaElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses tools for managing internal parasites in small ruminants, focusing on the use of sericea lespedeza. It provides an overview of current research showing that condensed tannins from sericea lespedeza can help control internal parasites. The document outlines challenges with relying solely on anthelmintics due to increasing drug resistance in parasites. It recommends integrated approaches including pasture management, selective deworming, breeding resistant animals, and alternative treatments such as sericea lespedeza which contains beneficial condensed tannins.
Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Sericea LespedezaElisaMendelsohn
Sericea lespedeza is a high-tannin forage that has been shown to reduce parasite loads in sheep and goats through both grazing and feeding studies. Research has found that animals consuming sericea lespedeza through grazing or hay have reduced fecal egg counts, lower numbers of adult worms, and decreased hatching of eggs into infective larvae. Multiple studies demonstrated up to a 90% reduction in fecal egg counts for small ruminants consuming sericea lespedeza. The forage appears to directly impact parasites and also boost animal immunity, providing an effective non-chemical approach to parasite management.
Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and GoatsGardening
This document discusses techniques for managing internal parasites, primarily Haemonchus contortus, in sheep and goats. It notes that internal parasites have become more difficult to manage due to widespread resistance developing to dewormers. It recommends an integrated approach using sustainable methods like pasture management, selective treatment based on anemia levels (FAMACHA system), and breeding for parasite resistance rather than relying on dewormers alone. New techniques discussed include using copper wire particle boluses and selecting more tolerant animals, while emphasizing the importance of refugia and not over-using dewormers.
Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Copper Wire ParticlesElisaMendelsohn
COWP (copper oxide wire particles) have been found to help reduce internal parasite loads in small ruminants. Research has found that administering COWP boluses containing between 0.5-4g of copper can lower fecal egg counts and reduce the number of parasites like Haemonchus contortus found in animals. The effects last approximately 4-6 weeks. While COWP can be an effective tool, it is best used as part of an integrated parasite management strategy along with other techniques like selective deworming, grazing management, and breeding for resistance.
Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Copper Wire ParticlesElisaMendelsohn
COWP (copper oxide wire particles) have been found to help reduce internal parasite loads in small ruminants. When administered orally in bolus form, COWP can lower fecal egg counts and the number of parasites found in animal intestines and abomasums. Research shows COWP boluses containing 0.5-4g doses, administered every 4-6 weeks, are effective in reducing parasite burdens, especially of the barber pole worm, in sheep and goat populations. While not a stand-alone treatment, COWP boluses can be part of an integrated internal parasite management strategy when used selectively based on individual animal need.
The document provides information on integrated pest management for controlling internal parasites in sheep populations. It discusses using a combination of chemical and non-chemical methods, including alternative forages, browsing, clean pastures, coccidiostats, delayed grazing, FAMACHA, genetics, host resistance, low stocking rates, management practices, multispecies grazing, natural anthelmintics, nutrition, pasture rotation, proper dewormer use, protein supplementation, refugia, sanitation, and zero grazing. The key internal parasites of sheep are also described.
Integrated Parasite Management for LivestockGardening
- Internal parasites can be a major problem for livestock producers and are developing resistance to dewormers. Integrated parasite management looks at the whole farm system, including nutrition, pasture management, and soil organisms, to decrease parasite loads and reliance on chemical dewormers.
- Nutrition plays a key role in animal health and ability to withstand parasites. Increased protein and phosphorus in diets can improve weight gain in infected animals.
- Pasture management, like rotational grazing and preventing overgrazing, allows for pasture rest and healthier soil that supports dung beetles and fungi to reduce parasite eggs and larvae. Keeping pastures at adequate height also reduces livestock ingestion of parasites.
This document summarizes key information about flea and tick control medications for veterinary professionals. It discusses the goals and principles of flea and tick control, including killing existing parasites and preventing future infestations. The document also reviews several common active ingredients used in flea and tick control products, including their modes of action and formulations. These include insecticides, acaricides, insect growth regulators, and systemic compounds that are applied topically or orally.
This document provides guidance on developing an integrated pest management plan for imported fire ants in cattle operations. It discusses the problems caused by fire ants, including costs to agriculture estimated at $750 million annually. The document outlines key areas to consider in a cattle operation and control methods for different sites, including using baits, contact insecticides or individual mound treatments. It stresses developing a site-specific plan based on where economic losses occur.
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
In January 2003, the veterinary specialists below met during the North American Veterinary
Conference in Orlando, Florida, to discuss emerging flea-borne diseases, some strategies for preventing
infestations, and ways to improve owner compliance with appropriate therapy. The following are
excerpts from this roundtable discussion.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tones produced annually.
This document summarizes strategies for managing grasshopper populations, including cultural, biological, and physical controls. It discusses the grasshopper lifecycle and how weather impacts outbreaks. Cultural controls involve tillage, trap cropping, and maintaining biodiversity to support natural predators. Biological controls mentioned include the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana. Physical barriers can also be used, such as trap crops along field perimeters. The overall emphasis is on preventative, non-chemical approaches to integrated pest management.
This document discusses biorational insecticides, which are pesticides derived from biological or natural origins that have limited adverse environmental effects. It defines biorational pesticides and provides examples of their benefits over conventional insecticides. The main types of biorational pesticides are then summarized, including those from plants, animals, microorganisms, insect growth regulators, and semiochemicals. Specific examples like neem, pyrethrum, Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are then discussed in more detail regarding their origin, active ingredients, and mode of action.
This document provides an overview of basic sheep and goat husbandry for land managers. It discusses the differences between sheep and goats, their reproductive basics, nutrition needs, common health issues and diseases, parasite control, hoof care, and strategies for integrated pest management. Reproductive topics covered include breeding seasons, gestation periods and litter sizes. Common diseases addressed are internal and external parasites, foot rot, coccidiosis and other respiratory and digestive issues.
This document discusses the role of parasitoids and predators in arthropod pest management. It covers definitions and concepts of biological control strategies including classical biological control, augmentation, and conservation. Classical biological control involves importing natural enemies from other regions to control exotic pests. Augmentation aims to increase natural enemy populations through periodic releases. Conservation modifies pesticide use and farming practices to preserve existing natural enemies. The document provides examples of successful classical biological control projects and challenges with mass rearing natural enemies for augmentation.
This document provides information on integrated pest management for controlling greenhouse whiteflies. It discusses monitoring whiteflies, using biological controls like the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa and other beneficial organisms. It also discusses the use of biopesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus and insect growth regulators. Maintaining controlled atmospheres with higher carbon dioxide can also help control whitefly populations. The appendices provide lists of available biological control organisms and biorational pesticides.
This document provides information on integrated pest management for controlling greenhouse whiteflies. It discusses monitoring whiteflies, using biological controls like the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa and other beneficial organisms. It also discusses the use of biopesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus and insect growth regulators. Maintaining controlled atmospheres with higher carbon dioxide can also help control whitefly populations. The appendices provide lists of available biological controls and biopesticides.
Similar to Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and Goats (20)
This document provides a sustainability checklist for beef cattle farms. It includes questions about farm resources, management priorities, herd health, reproductive management, forage programs, grazing management, soil and water quality, energy and economic efficiency, quality of life considerations, and goals for improvement. The checklist is intended to help farmers critically evaluate the sustainability of their operations and identify areas for potential enhancement.
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
Garden Therapy and Crime Reduction
Garden Therapy and Neighborhood Security
Sistemas Avícolas Alternativos con Acceso a PasturaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe y compara sistemas avícolas alternativos y convencionales. Los sistemas alternativos incluyen aves con acceso a pasturas a través de casas fijas, casas portátiles, corrales de pastura u otros diseños que permiten a las aves expresar su comportamiento natural al aire libre. Estos sistemas son comúnmente a pequeña escala e integrados a granjas diversificadas. El acceso al exterior es una parte importante del bienestar de las aves y permite producción extensiva en comparación con los sistem
Producción Orgánica de Lechugas de Especialidad y Verduras Para EnsaladaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe las técnicas de producción orgánica de lechugas de especialidad y ensaladas. Explica que el mercado de lechugas de especialidad ha crecido, pero que el aumento de la producción ha hecho bajar los precios. Describe diferentes tipos de lechugas y verduras para ensaladas, así como técnicas de preparación del suelo, propagación, control de plagas y cosecha. Resalta la importancia de planificar cultivos para mantener un suministro constante a lo largo de la temporada.
Este documento cubre el procesamiento de aves a pequeña escala, ya sea en la granja o en plantas pequeñas. Describe las etapas clave del procesamiento, como la inmovilización, matanza, sangrado, desplume, evisceración, enfriamiento y empaque. También compara el procesamiento a pequeña, mediana y gran escala, y explica cómo el acceso a instalaciones de procesamiento es crucial para los pequeños productores avícolas.
Planeando la Plantación de Vegetales para una Cosecha ContinuaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento ofrece consejos para planificar plantaciones sucesivas de vegetales con el fin de lograr una cosecha continua a lo largo de la temporada de crecimiento. Explica que es importante mantener registros de plantaciones y cosechas anteriores para determinar las fechas óptimas de siembra. También destaca que el clima y las condiciones de la tierra afectan el crecimiento de los cultivos, por lo que es útil considerar las temperaturas ideales de germinación de cada vegetal. El documento incluye una tabla con esta información y un
Este documento trata sobre la nutrición de rumiantes en pastoreo. Explica que los rumiantes como vacunos, ovinos y caprinos pueden convertir plantas no comestibles para humanos en alimentos mediante la digestión de la celulosa. También destaca que la mayoría de las tierras son aptas solo para pastoreo, no para cultivo, y que el pastoreo es una forma eficiente de convertir la biomasa vegetal en alimentos como carne y leche. Además, resalta la importancia de entender la nutrición de los rumiantes considerando fact
Este documento trata sobre los requerimientos nutricionales para aves de pastura y cómo cubrirlos a través de diferentes ingredientes alimenticios comunes y poco comunes. Explica el valor nutritivo de ingredientes como el maíz, trigo, avena, harina de pescado y frijol soya, y discute consideraciones como la molienda, la formulación de raciones y la nutrición aplicada para diferentes tasas de crecimiento y estilos de alimentación.
Nuevos Mercados para Su Cosecha (audio version)ElisaMendelsohn
Pedro quiere vender sus productos agrícolas pero no puede vender todo en el mercado local y los comerciantes le ofrecen precios bajos. José le sugiere vender a instituciones como escuelas, hospitales y asilos de ancianos. José introduce a Pedro con el comprador de alimentos del hospital local. El comprador está interesado en comprar productos de la granja de Pedro y pide detalles sobre sus productos, precios y disponibilidad. Pedro comienza a vender lechuga al hospital y el comprador pide un volumen mayor, pero Pedro no puede
Los Escarabajos del Pepino: Manejo Integrado de Plagas — MIP Orgánico y Biora...ElisaMendelsohn
Los escarabajos del pepino son plagas importantes de cultivos de cucurbitáceas en los Estados Unidos. Transmiten enfermedades bacterianas y virales y causan daño directo al alimentarse de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos. Sus ciclos de vida y las medidas orgánicas de control como plantación tardía, cobertores flotantes, cultivos trampa e insecticidas botánicos deben ser comprendidos para implementar estrategias de manejo integrado efectivas.
Las Crónicas Orgánicas No. 1: No Tenga Pánico Vuélvase OrgánicoElisaMendelsohn
Este documento presenta la historia de Pedro, un agricultor, que aprende sobre los beneficios de la agricultura orgánica a través de una visita a una granja orgánica y conversaciones con agricultores orgánicos. Pedro descubre que la agricultura orgánica fomenta la biodiversidad en el suelo y los cultivos, lo que ayuda a controlar plagas de forma natural. Aprende que el uso de pesticidas químicos puede dañar a los organismos benéficos en el suelo y los cultivos. Finalmente, Pedro decide convertir
La Certificación para Granjas Orgánicas y el Programa Orgánico NacionalElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe los requisitos para la certificación orgánica de granjas y el Programa Orgánico Nacional de los EE.UU. Los agricultores que quieran vender sus productos como orgánicos deben obtener la certificación de un agente acreditado. La certificación asegura a los consumidores que los productos cumplen con las normas orgánicas. El Programa Orgánico Nacional estableció normas uniformes para la certificación y acredita agentes certificadores. Los agricultores deben cumplir con las normas de producción e
Jardinería Comercial: Consideraciones para Producción de Frutas y VerdurasElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona consideraciones para iniciar un negocio de jardinería comercial. Explica que se debe desarrollar un plan de negocios que incluya un plan de marketing enfocado en los mercados. También discute opciones de mercado como mercados de productores, ventas directas, restaurantes e instituciones. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de aprender técnicas de producción a través de talleres, conferencias u observando otros productores.
Guía Ilustrada para la Producción de Ovinos y CaprinosElisaMendelsohn
Este documento es una guía ilustrada para la producción de ovinos y caprinos. Proporciona información sobre la selección de animales, la alimentación y el pastoreo, el cuidado de animales jóvenes y de cría, la sanidad, el equipo y el manejo, y la comercialización de productos de ovinos y caprinos. La guía describe las características deseables para una buena conformación en ovinos y caprinos, y ofrece consejos sobre cómo proveer una dieta y pastoreo saludables para estos animales.
Este documento proporciona una guía sobre métodos orgánicos para producir fresas. Cubre técnicas como el control de malezas mediante acolchado de plástico negro, fertilización orgánica, y control biológico de plagas. También discute sistemas de producción como la plantación en camellones con plástico y la producción en túneles, y provee recursos adicionales sobre certificación orgánica y recomendaciones de variedades por estado. La producción orgánica de fresas puede requerir más esf
Este documento describe el equipamiento básico necesario para una pequeña granja avícola, enfocándose en los sistemas de bebederos y comederos. Explica que los bebederos son cruciales para el bienestar de las aves y deben proveer agua limpia de manera confiable para prevenir enfermedades y la muerte de los pollos. También discute brevemente consideraciones para cercos, perchas y cajas nido.
Este documento describe el proceso de certificación orgánica según las normas del Programa Nacional Orgánico del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Explica que la certificación permite vender, representar y etiquetar productos como orgánicos, y que involucra inspecciones anuales realizadas por un certificador acreditado para verificar el cumplimiento de las normas. También destaca algunos de los beneficios de la certificación, como mantener mejores registros que ayudan a identificar y resolver problemas de producción con mayor facilidad.
Este documento trata sobre el manejo sostenible de suelos. Explica las propiedades básicas del suelo y los pasos para mejorar y mantener la calidad del suelo de manera sostenible. Cubre temas como la importancia de la materia orgánica y los organismos del suelo, técnicas para mejorar el suelo como el compost y la labranza reducida, y ejemplos de agricultores que han tenido éxito mejorando la calidad de sus suelos.
El Manejo de Gallineros para la Producción AlternativaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona información sobre el manejo del medio ambiente en la producción avícola alternativa. Explica que tanto el área interior como el exterior son importantes para el bienestar de las aves. Detalla la importancia de la ventilación, temperatura, iluminación y lecho dentro del gallinero. Además, enfatiza que la producción alternativa a menudo ocurre a pequeña escala y puede ser certificada orgánica, requiriendo ciertas prácticas especiales en comparación con la avicultura convencional.
Este documento describe los cuatro pasos que los productores y procesadores orgánicos deben seguir para prepararse adecuadamente para su inspección de certificación orgánica anual. El primer paso es leer las secciones pertinentes de las Normas Orgánicas Nacionales según el tipo de operación. El segundo paso es revisar su Plan de Sistema Orgánico. El tercer paso es revisar la comunicación de la agencia certificadora del año pasado. El cuarto paso es organizar todos los registros requeridos usando las listas proporcionadas. La public
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. grow beyond what the animal can tolerate.
In order to manage internal parasites, it is
important to understand the parasite cycle
and factors that encourage their production.
Parasitism
Animals raised in confi nement or on pas-
ture-based systems will almost certainly be
exposed to internal parasites at some point
in their lives. Dry environments, such as
arid rangelands, will pose less of a threat
for parasite infections. Warm, humid cli-
mates are ideal for worms, and therefore
animals will have more problems with inter-
Most animals in a flock are not visibly affected by parasites and do not need to be nal parasites in these climates.
treated with dewormers. Photo by Linda Coffey.
Sheep and goats should be managed so that
parasitism is not evident. Sheep and goats
Parasite Primer will always host some level of parasite bur-
Internal parasites (worms) exist by feeding den. Certain signs of parasitism are seen
off of their host. Some types do this directly, when the parasite load becomes excessive
by attaching to the wall of the digestive sys- or when the animal’s immunity can no lon-
tem and feeding on the host’s blood. These ger overcome the adverse effects of the par-
types of parasites cause anemia in the host, asitism. (Scarfe, 1993) Young animals and
as well as other symptoms. Haemonchus those with weakened immune systems due
contortus (barberpole worm) is one exam- to other diseases are most affected by inter-
ple of this type. Others live off the nutrients nal parasitism. A combination of treatment
eaten by the host; these cause weight loss and management is necessary to control
but not anemia. parasitism so that it will not cause economic
loss to the producer. (Scarfe, 1993)
Mature parasites breed inside the host
and “lay eggs,” which pass through the While it is ideal to manage animals so there
host and are shed in the feces. After the are no visible effects of parasitism, some
eggs pass out of the host, they hatch into will nonetheless succumb to the burden of
larvae. Warm, humid conditions encour- internal parasites. Learn to recognize the
age hatching. The larvae need moisture to signs of internal parasite infections and
develop and move. They migrate out of the offer early treatment.
feces and up blades of grass (usually 1 to
2 inches). When an animal
Internal parasite numbers: (sheep or goat) grazes, they
may take in parasite larvae
• Increase with number of host animals along with the grass blade.
• Increase during warm, humid An animal can also pick up
weather parasite larvae by eating
• Increase when pastures are grazed from a feed trough that is
too short contaminated by manure.
• Decrease during hot, dry weather Parasite numbers increase
• Decrease if a non-host animal (cattle over time when conditions
or horses) graze the same pasture are favorable (warm, wet).
• Decrease with pasture rest time, as Internal parasites get out Due to lowered immunity, young stock and pregnant
the larvae naturally die off of control and cause dam- or lactating animals are more likely to be affected by
age when their numbers internal parasites. Photo by Linda Coffey.
Page 2 ATTRA Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and Goats
3. Loss of condition and rough hair coat indicate parasitism. Bottle jaw is a sign of parasitism.
Photo courtesy of Jean-Marie Luginbuhl. Photo courtesy of Jean-Marie Luginbuhl.
numbers lowered for a period of time. How-
Signs of Parasitism
ever, this method will also eventually lead
• Loss of condition to resistance to the anthelminthics(s) used
much more rapidly than if other strategies
• Rough hair coat
of control are utilized. One point to con-
• Scours, diarrhea sider here is alternating the use of differ-
• Bottle jaw ent drugs.
• Pale mucous membranes (eyelids, gums), It is considered by this author, and sev-
indicating anemia eral expert parasitologists, that rapid rota-
tion of different drugs is ill-advised as this
• Death
will lead to resistance of multiple drugs –
something that the small ruminant indus-
Resistance to Dewormers tries certainly do not need. (Scarfe, 1993)
Producers were once instructed to deworm Scarfe recognized the unsustainable prac-
all of their animals every three to six tices that were being used long before para-
months. Many producers dewormed even sites were resistant to dewormers in the U.S.
more often, as often as every four weeks in
Some farms still have dewormers that
humid climates. It is now known that this
continue to work, while others have no
practice is not sustainable.
effective dewormers. This is a problem
Drug resistance is the ability of worms in a because no new dewormersc for sheep and
population to survive drug treatments that goats are currently under development.
are generally effective against the same spe- (Kaplan, 2004b)
cies and stage of infection at the same dose
rate. (Kaplan, 2004b) Over-use of deworm- Development of Resistance
ers has led to resistance, and available to Dewormers
dewormers are now ineffective. In an arti- Internal parasites, especially H. contortus,
cle from 1993, David Scarfe predicted the have developed drug resistance. Drug treat-
development of drug resistance. ment gets rid of the worms that are suscep-
Suppressive deworming is probably the tible to that particular drug; resistant para-
most effective means of keeping parasite sites survive and pass on “resistant” genes.
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 3