IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Bacterial and Fungal CULTURE PRESERVATION.
SERIAL TRANSFER
PRESERVATION IN D/W
PRESERVATION UNDER OIL
LYOPHILIZATION
STORAGE OVER SILICA GEL
PRESERVATION ON PAPER
PRESERVATION ON BEADS
PRESERVATION ON SOIL
LIQUID DRYINNG.
CRYOPRESERVATION.
FROZEN AGAR PLUGS
PRESERVATION IN LIQ NITROGEN
2-STAGE FREEZING PROCESS
Bacterial and Fungal CULTURE PRESERVATION.
SERIAL TRANSFER
PRESERVATION IN D/W
PRESERVATION UNDER OIL
LYOPHILIZATION
STORAGE OVER SILICA GEL
PRESERVATION ON PAPER
PRESERVATION ON BEADS
PRESERVATION ON SOIL
LIQUID DRYINNG.
CRYOPRESERVATION.
FROZEN AGAR PLUGS
PRESERVATION IN LIQ NITROGEN
2-STAGE FREEZING PROCESS
Culture media is necessary to grow microorganisms in pure culture under laboratory conditions. Solid and liquid media are commonly used in Microbiology. This slide show narrates the properties of solid and liquid media as well as about common types of media like nutrient agar, nutrient broth etc. Also the role of different components in microbial media are described with special emphasis to the properties of agar which is a universal solidifying agent..
A culture media is a special medium used in microbiological laboratories to grow different kinds of microorganisms. A growth or a culture medium is composed of different nutrients that are essential for microbial growth.
Since there are many types of microorganisms, each having unique properties and requiring specific nutrients for growth, there are many types based on what nutrients they contain and what function they play in the growth of microorganisms.
A culture may be solid or liquid. The solid culture media is composed of a brown jelly like substance known as agar. Different nutrients and chemicals are added to it to allow the growth of different microorganisms.
Isolation, Identification and Identification of Medically Important Microorga...ijtsrd
Poultry farming is a very lucrative business across Nigeria. One of the major challenges faced with this farming is transfer of microorganisms from the birds to humans through direct contact, animal danders, environment and poultry droppings. This study aimed at evaluating microorganisms of medical importance found in poultry droppings located at three poultry farms across Nnewi, Nigeria. A 1 g portion of each poultry dropping sample was homogenized in 10 ml buffered peptone water, after which, 0.1 ml of each homogenate was pour plated on nutrient agar, Mac Conkey agar and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. The bacterial isolates were identified using morphological characterization, Gram staining and biochemical tests such as citrate test, methyl red test, indole test and sugar fermentation test. Fungal Isolates were identified with slide culture method followed by fungal atlas identification. Poultry farm C had the most bacterial count in its chicken droppings which is 7.0×106 cfu g while farm B had the highest fungal count of 8.5×104 cfu g. Bacteria isolated were E. coli, Bacillus species and Staphylococcus species, while fungi identified were Aspergillus species and Rhizopus species. This study has been able to show that some medically important microorganisms can be present in poultry farms and thus requires strict hygiene to be observed in poultry farm maintenance. Umeoduagu, N. D. | Dimejesi, S. A. "Isolation, Identification and Identification of Medically Important Microorganisms from Poultry Droppings at Selected Poultry Farms in Nnewi, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51929.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/51929/isolation-identification-and-identification-of-medically-important-microorganisms-from-poultry-droppings-at-selected-poultry-farms-in-nnewi-nigeria/umeoduagu-n-d
Isolation of a Gram Negative Fish Pathogenfrom Moroccan Rainbow Trout Hatcher...IJAEMSJORNAL
Salmonidaquaculture represents one of the most important fish groups in the aquaculture industry (FAO, 2016). However, the success and sustainability of salmonid aquaculture largely depend on disease control. Although Rainbow trout is relatively sensitive to diseases, several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases have been reported. However, only opportunistic pathogens whose infectivity is expressed by a decline in the fish conditions and of its natural defenses, linked to disturbances of the environment or livestock practices. Livestock is the most favorable context for the development of bacterial pathologies, that’s why we have too many bacterial pathogenic species for fish; the most serious infections in our latitudes are Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae (Noga 1996, Austin and Austin 1999, Woo and Bruno 1999). Moroccan aquaculture has undergone a rapid development and expansion over the last decade, to this end, Rainbow trout (OnchorhyncusMykiss) have been maintained at AinAghbal Fish farm – Azrou-Morocco; for production, livestock and transformation activity and also for commercialization. The most important bacterial freshwater pathogen affecting salmonid livestock in fish farms in Morocco is the cold-water disease as a result of affection by Flavobactriumpsychrophilum bacteria. Our study aimed on approving the presence of this bacterium and to characterize it biochemically, enzymatically and also physiologically.
Public Health Implications of Locally Femented Milk (Nono) and Antibiotic Sus...IJLT EMAS
The study is to determine the PH and moisture content
of Nono sold in Port Harcourt , the prevalence of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in Fura da nono and finally the antibiotic resistance
pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the fermented
products. nono samples were purchased from Borikiri in
portharcourt township. A total of 20 samples were assessed to
determine their microbiological quality and to conduct antibiotic
susceptibility test. Moisture content and pH of the samples were
also assessed. Enumeration of the total viable bacterial count
(TVBC), Total coliform count (TCC) and Total Pseudomonal
count (TPC) were also assessed to determine the sanitary quality
of the product. The PH ranges between 2.99 to 3.89 while the
moisture content ranges between 80% to 88%. The result
obtained from the microbial culture indicated that a wide array
of microorganism were present in Fura da nono including species
of Bacilu, klebsiella, Pseudomonas Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli.. The highest
TVBC, TCC and TPC were 9.8x103
cfu/ml, 10x103
cfu/ml and
9.7x103
cfu/ml respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was
conducted using 12 broad spectrum antibiotics and compared
against a standard provided by the Clinical laboratory standard
institute (CLSI). Gentamycin, Ofloxacin and Levofloxacin
recorded 100% resistance , while Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin,
Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin and Azithromycin
recorded 100% susceptibility as indicated by the complete clear
zone of inhibition.It was discovered that the absence of
regulatory agencies like National Agency for Food Drug
Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in the regulation of the
quality of the product was the cause of the high contamination,
since there were no quality control measures in its production
line .It was recommended that NAFDAC should provide a
standard operating procedure for local food producers and
should include them in their scope for regulation.
Occurrence of Aflatoxin Levels in Harvest and Stored Groundnut Kernels in Kad...iosrjce
The occurrence of moulds and aflatoxins in groundnut kernels are of great concern to food
processors and consumers because of their ability to cause spoilage resulting to economic losses and public
health problem such as aflatoxicosis. This study was aimed at determining the presence of Aspergillus species
and aflatoxin levels in fresh harvested and stored groundnuts kernels from non-mechanized groundnut oil
processors in parts of Kaduna State. Enumeration and identification of Aspergillus spp of groundnut kernels;
freshly harvested and stored samples were carried out using standard methods. Aflatoxin levels were
determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result showed that both harvest and stored
products had significantly (P<0.05) higher number of samples containing Aspergillus flavus than Aspergillus
parasiticus. The four Aspergillus species isolated in descending order were: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
parasiticus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Though only about 9.02% of the total 260 samples
screened had aflatoxin levels above the 20ppb recommended standard limit by Nigeria National Agency for
Food and Drug Administration and Control, it was obvious that the persistent detection of moulds and total
aflatoxin in this research could be a health threat to both human and animal groundnut products (cake and oil)
consumers.
Culture media is necessary to grow microorganisms in pure culture under laboratory conditions. Solid and liquid media are commonly used in Microbiology. This slide show narrates the properties of solid and liquid media as well as about common types of media like nutrient agar, nutrient broth etc. Also the role of different components in microbial media are described with special emphasis to the properties of agar which is a universal solidifying agent..
A culture media is a special medium used in microbiological laboratories to grow different kinds of microorganisms. A growth or a culture medium is composed of different nutrients that are essential for microbial growth.
Since there are many types of microorganisms, each having unique properties and requiring specific nutrients for growth, there are many types based on what nutrients they contain and what function they play in the growth of microorganisms.
A culture may be solid or liquid. The solid culture media is composed of a brown jelly like substance known as agar. Different nutrients and chemicals are added to it to allow the growth of different microorganisms.
Isolation, Identification and Identification of Medically Important Microorga...ijtsrd
Poultry farming is a very lucrative business across Nigeria. One of the major challenges faced with this farming is transfer of microorganisms from the birds to humans through direct contact, animal danders, environment and poultry droppings. This study aimed at evaluating microorganisms of medical importance found in poultry droppings located at three poultry farms across Nnewi, Nigeria. A 1 g portion of each poultry dropping sample was homogenized in 10 ml buffered peptone water, after which, 0.1 ml of each homogenate was pour plated on nutrient agar, Mac Conkey agar and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. The bacterial isolates were identified using morphological characterization, Gram staining and biochemical tests such as citrate test, methyl red test, indole test and sugar fermentation test. Fungal Isolates were identified with slide culture method followed by fungal atlas identification. Poultry farm C had the most bacterial count in its chicken droppings which is 7.0×106 cfu g while farm B had the highest fungal count of 8.5×104 cfu g. Bacteria isolated were E. coli, Bacillus species and Staphylococcus species, while fungi identified were Aspergillus species and Rhizopus species. This study has been able to show that some medically important microorganisms can be present in poultry farms and thus requires strict hygiene to be observed in poultry farm maintenance. Umeoduagu, N. D. | Dimejesi, S. A. "Isolation, Identification and Identification of Medically Important Microorganisms from Poultry Droppings at Selected Poultry Farms in Nnewi, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51929.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/51929/isolation-identification-and-identification-of-medically-important-microorganisms-from-poultry-droppings-at-selected-poultry-farms-in-nnewi-nigeria/umeoduagu-n-d
Isolation of a Gram Negative Fish Pathogenfrom Moroccan Rainbow Trout Hatcher...IJAEMSJORNAL
Salmonidaquaculture represents one of the most important fish groups in the aquaculture industry (FAO, 2016). However, the success and sustainability of salmonid aquaculture largely depend on disease control. Although Rainbow trout is relatively sensitive to diseases, several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases have been reported. However, only opportunistic pathogens whose infectivity is expressed by a decline in the fish conditions and of its natural defenses, linked to disturbances of the environment or livestock practices. Livestock is the most favorable context for the development of bacterial pathologies, that’s why we have too many bacterial pathogenic species for fish; the most serious infections in our latitudes are Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae (Noga 1996, Austin and Austin 1999, Woo and Bruno 1999). Moroccan aquaculture has undergone a rapid development and expansion over the last decade, to this end, Rainbow trout (OnchorhyncusMykiss) have been maintained at AinAghbal Fish farm – Azrou-Morocco; for production, livestock and transformation activity and also for commercialization. The most important bacterial freshwater pathogen affecting salmonid livestock in fish farms in Morocco is the cold-water disease as a result of affection by Flavobactriumpsychrophilum bacteria. Our study aimed on approving the presence of this bacterium and to characterize it biochemically, enzymatically and also physiologically.
Public Health Implications of Locally Femented Milk (Nono) and Antibiotic Sus...IJLT EMAS
The study is to determine the PH and moisture content
of Nono sold in Port Harcourt , the prevalence of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in Fura da nono and finally the antibiotic resistance
pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the fermented
products. nono samples were purchased from Borikiri in
portharcourt township. A total of 20 samples were assessed to
determine their microbiological quality and to conduct antibiotic
susceptibility test. Moisture content and pH of the samples were
also assessed. Enumeration of the total viable bacterial count
(TVBC), Total coliform count (TCC) and Total Pseudomonal
count (TPC) were also assessed to determine the sanitary quality
of the product. The PH ranges between 2.99 to 3.89 while the
moisture content ranges between 80% to 88%. The result
obtained from the microbial culture indicated that a wide array
of microorganism were present in Fura da nono including species
of Bacilu, klebsiella, Pseudomonas Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli.. The highest
TVBC, TCC and TPC were 9.8x103
cfu/ml, 10x103
cfu/ml and
9.7x103
cfu/ml respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was
conducted using 12 broad spectrum antibiotics and compared
against a standard provided by the Clinical laboratory standard
institute (CLSI). Gentamycin, Ofloxacin and Levofloxacin
recorded 100% resistance , while Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin,
Vancomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin and Azithromycin
recorded 100% susceptibility as indicated by the complete clear
zone of inhibition.It was discovered that the absence of
regulatory agencies like National Agency for Food Drug
Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in the regulation of the
quality of the product was the cause of the high contamination,
since there were no quality control measures in its production
line .It was recommended that NAFDAC should provide a
standard operating procedure for local food producers and
should include them in their scope for regulation.
Occurrence of Aflatoxin Levels in Harvest and Stored Groundnut Kernels in Kad...iosrjce
The occurrence of moulds and aflatoxins in groundnut kernels are of great concern to food
processors and consumers because of their ability to cause spoilage resulting to economic losses and public
health problem such as aflatoxicosis. This study was aimed at determining the presence of Aspergillus species
and aflatoxin levels in fresh harvested and stored groundnuts kernels from non-mechanized groundnut oil
processors in parts of Kaduna State. Enumeration and identification of Aspergillus spp of groundnut kernels;
freshly harvested and stored samples were carried out using standard methods. Aflatoxin levels were
determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result showed that both harvest and stored
products had significantly (P<0.05) higher number of samples containing Aspergillus flavus than Aspergillus
parasiticus. The four Aspergillus species isolated in descending order were: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
parasiticus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Though only about 9.02% of the total 260 samples
screened had aflatoxin levels above the 20ppb recommended standard limit by Nigeria National Agency for
Food and Drug Administration and Control, it was obvious that the persistent detection of moulds and total
aflatoxin in this research could be a health threat to both human and animal groundnut products (cake and oil)
consumers.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...ijtsrd
Methanolic extract of Lophira alata was evaluated for its efficacy as contact and fumigant insecticides on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus in the laboratory at ambient tropical conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The plant powder tested was applied at rates 0.0 control , 2.0 g and 3.0 g 20 g of cowpea seeds either directly for contact with the insect pest or in plastic containers to assess its fumigant toxicity. Results of contact toxicity assay showed that powders of L. alata was effective against the adult C. maculatus causing 90 mortality 4.00 ± 0.57 within 2 days of application at 3.0 g 20 g of cowpea seeds as compared with 90 mortality 5.38 ± 0.50 recorded on day 4 of 2.0 g concentration application. The results of fumigant assays showed that L. alata had the highest insecticidal activity causing 95 mortality of C. maculatus within 4 days of application at rate 3.0 g 20g of cowpea seeds in contrast to 80 mortality recorded in 96 hrs of 2.0g concentration application. The phytochemical screening of the plant revealed alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, tannis, flavonoids and terpenoids while reducing sugar was absent. This study showed that the tested plant product is toxic to cowpea bruchid and the powders can be mixed with cowpea seeds to prevent hatching of the eggs thereby helping in their management. Ifelolu A. Remi-Esan | Olusola O. Bankole "Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata (Ekki) Against Cowpea Bruchid (Callosobruchus Maculatus)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31207.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/31207/insecticidal-activity-of-stem-bark-extract-of-lophira-alata-ekki-against-cowpea-bruchid-callosobruchus-maculatus/ifelolu-a-remiesan
Prevalence and Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella isolates from mil...IOSRJAVS
The study was conducted to determine the presence of Salmonella in retail milk products and water reservoirs in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A total of 150 samples were collected using convenient sampling technique. One hundred samples; fifty each of full cream milk or Kindirmo (n=50) and Skimmed milk or Nono (n=50) were collected from Bulumkutu and Monday market retail sellers. Furthermore, of the fifty samples obtained from the two different locations, twenty five samples each of kindirmo and nono were collected. The samples were aseptically kept in sterile plastic bags. Additionally, fifty water samples were collected from reservoirs within the University campus. They were processed according to standard bacteriological protocols followed by Gram’s staining and biochemical test; Triple sugar iron test, citrate and urease. The Salmonella isolates were further subjected to ten different antibiotics to determine their sensitivity. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in milk samples was found to be 10.00%, while the total prevalence of Salmonella from water sample was 40.00%. Of the fifteen isolates tested, resistance to Amoxicillin, Ceftriaxone and Erythromycin was 100.00%, Gentamicin had 80.00% and Cotrimoxazole was 53.33%, whereas Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone and Amoxicillin displayed 100.00% sensitivity. Moderate sensitivity of 53.33% to Streptomycin and Pefloxacin, 46.67% to Ciprofloxacin and 86.67% sensitivity to Ofloxacin was found in this study. Antibiotic resistance is associated with frequent usage both in livestock and humans as they are commonly available. Adequate sanitary measures should be ensured in milk processing and use of water reservoirs. Antibiotics should be used based on their antibiogram pattern. Prudent use of antibiotics is essential and its continuous use as growth promoters should be discouraged, as this may result to failure in the treatment of Salmonella-associated diseases due to resistance. Disease surveillance programmes should be established as a means for curtailing salmonellosis.
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
Similar to Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov - Dec. 2015), PP 74-81
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10627481 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick
Embryos
Adah B. M. J.1
, Kwanashie C. N.2
, Ode J.O.3
, Madubuike S.A2
.
1
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja. 2
Department of
Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
3
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Abuja.
Abstract: The study investigated the involvement of Candida spp as pathogens responsible for dead-in-shell
chick embryos in a hatchery in Kaduna state, Nigeria. A total of two thousand dead-in-shell eggs from the
hatchery facility of the Nigerian Agricultural Production and Research Institute (NAPRI), Samaru, Zaria were
sampled over a period of 5 months to assess the prevalence of Candida species. Swabs from pooled samples
were collected aseptically and processed according to standard bacteriological methods. The samples were
cultured in Sabauraud`s Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Corn Meal Agar (CMA). A total of 15 isolates (7.5%) out of
the 200 pooled samples were identified to be yeast organisms. Six (40%) of the yeast isolates or 3% of the
pooled samples were confirmed to be Candida species based on morphological and physiological
characteristics. Speciation using API-20C AUX KIT (bioMèriux) (Lyon, France) revealed that two distinct
isolates (33.3%) from the Candida organisms belonged to Candida albicans or Candida tropicalis, while one
(16.7%) out of the remaining two Candida isolates was either Candida guilliermondii or Candida
pseudotropicalis respectively. A low level (3%) of Candida associated, dead-in-shell chick embryos was
detected in this study. The fungal organisms could be a contributory factor to low hatchability and reduced
production estimates in poultry farms. The findings underscore the need for proper awareness and adequate
biosecurity measures against fungal contamination of eggs in poultry and hatchery establishments in Nigeria.
Keywords: Dead-in-shell, Embryos, Candida, Hatchery, Characterization.
I. Introduction
The growth of poultry industry in Nigeria is constrained with numerous challenges. Fertile eggs are
produced by the breeder stock and have ensured the continuity of the progeny through the hatching process.
Basically, eggs are a major source of biologically active compounds which have found wide use in
pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries due to their nutritive and health benefits [1,2]. However, many
factors including nutritional requirements, managemental problems, inbreeding, chemical exposure, infectious
diseases, and hatchery inadequacies have presented limitations to poultry production [3] especially in our
country, Nigeria. Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Streptococcal spp. Escherichia coli and many more
virulent pathogens were incriminated in dead-in-shell embryos [4,5]. Yeast organisms specifically, Histoplasma
capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitides, Filobasidiella neoformans, Coccidioides immitis and Candida albicans
were reported as major causes of food spoilage and diverse diseases in man and animals [6].
Yeasts are microbial eukaryotes; plant-like unicellular fungi which belong to ascomycetes and could be
seen to thrive on every living organism [2]. Fungi require warmth, water, albumin or nitrogenous material and
sugars to remain alive [7]. Candida species are responsible for the most common opportunistic fungal infection,
candidaisis particularly in humans. Diseases caused by the organisms range from relatively benign infections of
the skin to oral and vaginal thrush, deep-seated mycoses and life-threatening sepsis [8]. The genus Candida
contains more than 300 species [9], and over 40 were associated with life-threatening infections in patients with
compromised immune response [10,11]. However, yeast-like organisms are part of the lower genital tract flora
in 20-50% of healthy asymptomatic women [12]. Candida species were isolated from diverse clinical specimens
in Nigeria and different parts of the world [13,14]. Some commonly encountered Candida species include C.
tropicalis, C. stellatoides, C. parapsilosis, C. albicans, guillermondi, C. pseudotropicalis, and C. krusei. C.
tropicalis and C. stellatoides are regarded as the most virulent but C. albicans is the only organism capable of
evoking fatal disease regularly [15]. Candida species were also documented to have induced reduced feed
intake, weight lose and depression in birds due to ulcerative lesions in the oral mucosa, oesophagus and crop
[16]. Fungal contamination and penetration of fertilized poultry eggs evoked deleterious effects and death of the
embryo. The ability of C. albicans to damage the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of eggs coupled with
immature effector functions of the embryonic immune system putatively contributed to mortality of chicken
embryos experimentally challenged [17]. There is dearth of information on the contribution of Candida species
to poor hatchability of chicken eggs generally in Nigeria. The study therefore sought to detect Candida
2. Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10627481 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
organisms associated with dead-in-shell chicken embryos in NAPRI, a major hatchery establishment in Zaria,
Kaduna State, Nigeria.
II. Materials And Methods
2.1. Location of the hatchery
The study was carried out with dead-in-shell chicken eggs obtained from the hatchery facility of
NAPRI, Samaru in Zaria metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. NAPRI is a research and commercial poultry
establishment with hatcheries (Funki, Hamerrun, DK 7400, Herning, Denmark). Zaria is located between
latitude 110
4 N and longitude 70
42 E, covering an area of 300 km2
. The town has a population of about
408,198. The vegetation is Northern Guinea Savannah, with rainfall ranging from 0.0-816.0 mm/month and a
temperature of 17-330
C [Mortimore, 1970]. The hatchery complex had in-built egg turning devices with a total
hatching capacity of four thousand eggs at a time.
2.2. Sample collection And Sampling Method
Dead-in-shell chicken eggs from the indeginous breed, ‘Shika brown’ were detected and selected
among fertilized eggs during candling on day 18 of incubation. A total of two thousand dead-in-shell chicken
eggs were collected from the hatchery over duration of 5 months (February-June, 2015). One hundred samples
were collected on a weekly basis and promptly transported in ice packs to the Veterinary Mycology Laboratory,
Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria. The eggs were processed using a pooled sample method with 10 eggs
per beaker to obtain a total of 200 pooled samples. All the eggs were macroscopically examined for detection
and subsequent removal of cracked or malformed ones before setting in the incubator. Fertile eggs were stored
at 8 0
C for a maximum of seven days prior to incubation at 37.6 0
C and 50-60% relative humidity.
2.3. Culture media preparation and yeast identification Kit
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) obtained from Hi Media, USA, Corn meal agar (CMA) from Oxoid®
Hampshire, England, and API-20C AUX KIT (bioMèriux, Lyon, France) were used in the study. A
concentration (0.05 mg/ml) of chloramphenicol was incorporated into each culture medium as antibiotic before
been poured into plates and bottles. The preparation of the culture media strictly followed the manufacturer’s
specifications and all tests were performed in accordance with standard procedures.
2.4. Processing of the samples and Innoculation of media
All the materials used were properly sterilized; laboratory benches were routinely disinfected using
70% alcohol, culture media and reagents were autoclaved at 121 0
C for 15 minutes. Petri dishes were sealed
with parafilm or placed in plastic bags to avoid dehydration or release of spores into the atmosphere. The
external surface of dead-in-shell eggs was first disinfected with 70% alcohol or sodium hypochlorite to remove
dirt and possible contaminants. The tip of spatula used in cracking the eggs was routinely flamed to keep it
sterile before use. The site for cracking on each egg was repeatedly cleaned with alcohol just before cracking.
The allantoic fluid from each batch of 10 sampled eggs was emptied into a sterile beaker and stirred uniformly
with a sterile glass rod for proper mixing. The stock culture of the various fungal organisms was prepared with
swab of the allantoic fluid of the sampled dead-in-shell eggs. A sterile swab stick was used for inoculation from
a pooled sample onto a labeled culture medium. Inoculated samples were incubated aerobically at ambient
temperature (26-28 0
C) for 48-72 hours.
2.5. Maintenance of culture
The discrete isolated colonies (pure cultures) was picked out purified by re-streaking on SDA plate and
maintained on slants of the same medium at 5 0
C in the refrigerator.
2.6. Characterisation of yeast strains
2.6.1. Colonial Identification: The resulting colonies were stained using lactophenol cotton blue stain and
Gram’s stain following standard procedure, as described by Ochei and Kolhatkar [18] before it was viewed
under microscope at low power objective magnification (x4 and 10) and oil immersion (x100) respectively.
2.6.2. Physiological tests: Biochemical analysis and other tests involving Germ tube test, Indian ink mount,
Incubation at varying temperatures (30, 35, 37 and 42 0
C), Assimilation and fermentation tests were carried out
on the fungal isolates following standard procedures [19]. The carbon assimilation activities of the yeast species
on carbohydrates were carried out using API-20C AUX KIT (Lyon, France) according to the method described
by Espinel et al. [20] and Moghaddas et al. [21].
3. Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10627481 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
III. Results
3.1. Prevalence and morphology of Candida isolates from sampled dead-in-shell chick embryos
Two thousand dead-in-shell poultry eggs comprising 200 pooled samples were investigated for the
presence of Candida species. A total of 150 yeast organisms from 15 pooled samples out of 200 (71-155) and
representing 7.5% infection rate were detected among the dead-in-shell chick embryos. The morphological and
vegetative characteristics of the isolated yeast strains showed, large, medium, tiny, creamy, swampy, smooth,
spherical, raised and flat colonies with grey, yellow, bron, white, or shiny appearance. Microscopically, the
vegetative cells were spherical, oval, elongated with single or multiple budding (Figures 1 and 2). Candida
organisms had a prevalence of 6 (3%) among the 2000 eggs sampled. All the Candida species grew at various
elevated temperatures of 30, 35, 37 and 42 0
C (Table 2).
3.2. Morphological and physiological charactrerisation of Candida isolates from pooled sample 72 and
128
Two (13.3%) isolates from pooled sample numbers, 72 and 128 produced creamy, waxy, smooth
colonies on SDA. The germ tube test was positive (Table 1). Spherical to ovoid clusters of blastoconidia and
chlamydospores were seen microscopically budding from the pseudohyphae. Glucose and maltose were
fermented but not sucrose or lactose and there was no hydrolysis of urea or nitrate utilisation. The isolates
assimilated glucose, maltose, sucrose, galactose, xylose, soluble starch and trehalose but did not grow on
lactose, melibiose, cellobiose, inositol, raffinose and dulcitol (Table 2). The isolates were therefore identified as
C. albicans.
3.3. Identification of Candida isolates from pooled sample 79 and 144
Two (13.3%) other isolates from pool sample numbers, 79 and 144 produced white to cream-coloured
smooth, yeast-like colonies on SDA. Germ tube test was negative (Table 1) and Indian ink preparation was also
negative showing the absence of capsule. From the culture on cornmeal and agar, the isolates produced many
long, wavy, branched pseudohyphae with numerous blastoconidia, budding off (Table 1). The two isolates
fermented glucose and maltose with acid and gas production; fermentation of sucrose was variable while lactose
was not fermented and there was no hydrolysis of urea or utilization of nitrate. However, there was assimilation
of glucose, maltose, sucrose, galactose, cellobiose, xylose, and soluble starch but not lactose, melibiose, inositol,
raffinose and ducitol (Table 2). The characteristics were typical of C. tropicalis.
3.4 Characterisation of Candida isolates from pooled sample 77 and 155
One (6.7%) out of the six isolated yeast organisms from the pooled sample number, 155 produced
large, whitish, creamy, smooth colonies on SDA. Germ tube test was negative (Table 1) and there was no
presence of capsule as indicated by a negative Indian ink preparation. Hydrolysis of urea and nitrate utilisation
was negative. Microscopically, numerous long, wavy branched pseudohyphae with dense verticils of short-
ovoid to long-ovoid, blastoconidia, which budded off singly, in pairs or chains, often in a verticillated position
were observed. The isolated yeast organisms fermented glucose, galactose, sucrose and raffinose but did not
ferment maltose, trehalose, melibiose, D-arabinose, D-glucosamine or D-gluconate. The fermentation of lactose,
cellobiose, D-ribose, and D-glucitol was variable. The isolate also assimilated glucose, but was slow on
galactose, ribitol and D-xylose while soluble starch and galactitol were not assimilated. The isolate was
identified as C. kefyr based on the characteristics.
One (6.7%) of the six isolated Candida organisms from pooled sample number 77 formed white to
cream-coloured smooth, glabrous yeast-like colonies on SDA. Germ tube test was negative (Table 1) and Indian
ink preparation was also negative. Blastoconidia appeared as spherical to subspherical budding yeast-like cells
on branched pseudohyphae microscopically. The isolate fermented glucose, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, D-
glucosamine, glycerol, D-ribose and 2-K-D-gluconate but did not ferment maltose, lactose, erythritol and D-
glucuronate. The fermentation of melibiose, cellobiose, D-arabinose, D-glucitol, D-gluconate and DL-lactate
was variable. Hydrolysis of urea was negative and nitrate utilisation was also negative. The isolate was
identified as C. guilliermondii.
4. Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10627481 www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
TABLE 1
The morphology of yeast isolates from dead–in–shell chicken embryos
Egg sample
number
Pooled
sample
number
media Colonial morphology
Conidia Germ tube Tentative
organism
701-710 71 CMA Moist, whitish, round colonies + - Yeast cell
SDA Creamy, flat, waxy colonies + -
711-720 72 CMA Moist, whitish, flat smooth colonies + + C. albicans
SDA Creamy, waxy, smooth colonies + +
721-730 73 CMA Creamy, large, round, raised colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA No growth + -
751-760 76 CMA Moist, medium, brownish colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Moist, medium, brownish colonies + -
761-770 77 CMA Large, whitish, waxy colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Large, whitish, creamy colonies + -
771-780 78 CMA Large, whitish colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Small, creamy, raised, colony + -
781-790 79 CMA Whitish, raised, moist, swampy colonies - - Yeast cells
SDA Whitish, raised, moist, swampy colonies + -
791-800 80 CMA Whitish, raised, moist, swampy colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Whitish, raised, moist, swampy colonies + -
1241-1250 125 CMA Yellow, round, flat, raised colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Yellow, round, flat, moist colonies - -
1271-1280 128 CMA Whitish, flat, smooth, moist colonies + + C. albicans
SDA Creamy, waxy, smooth colonies + +
1331-1340 134 CMA Grey-yellow, large, moist, domed colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Grey-yellow, large, moist, domed colonies + -
1341-1350 135 CMA Whitish, tiny, colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Tiny, white, colonies + -
1431-1440 144 CMA Whitish, medium, flat, smooth colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Whitish, medium, flat, smooth colonies + -
1461-1470 147 CMA Whitish, tiny, powdery colonies + - Yeast cells
SDA Whitish, tiny, powdery colonies + -
1541- 1550 155 CMA Large whitish, creamy, round, smooth colony + - Yeast cells
SDA Large whitish, creamy, round, smooth colony + -
KEY: CMA = Corn meal agar; SDA = Sabouraud`s Dextrose agar; + = present; - = absent
TABLE 2
Physiological characterization of Candida isolates from dead-in-shell chick embryos
Physiological tests Organism
identifiedFermentation with isolates from pooled samples (72 and 128) Other tests
Glucose + Lactose - Melibiose - Germ tube + Nitrate -
Maltose + Sucrose - Trehalose v Growth at 30 0
C + Urease -
DL-Lactate + D-Ribose - D-Glucosamine v Growth at 35 0
C +
N-A-D-glucosamine + D-Gluconate - D-Arabinose v Growth at 42 0
C +
DL-Lactate + Raffinose - Glycerol v
Sugar Assimilation
Glucose + Soluble starch + D-Mannitol + Melezitose v
Galactose + D-Xylose + Galactitol - Ribitol v
Maltose + Sucrose + Lactose - Ducitol- C. albicans
Fermentation with isolates from pooled samples (79 and 144) Other tests
Glucose + Lactose - D-Glucosamine v Germ tube - Nitrate -
Maltose + Melibiose - Sucrose v Growth at 30 0
C + Urease -
DL-Lactate + D-Arabinose - D-Gluconate v Growth at 35 0
C +
Galactose + Raffinose - Glycerol v Growth at 42 0
C +
Trehalose +,s D-Ribose -,s
D-Glucitol + D-Glucuronate
Sugar Assimilation
Glucose + D-Xylose + Ribitol +,s
Galactose + D-Mannitol + Galactitol -
Soluble starch + Maltose + Melezitose v C. tropicalis
Fermentation with isolates from pooled sample number 155 Other tests
Glucose + Maltose - D-Glucosamine - Germ tube - Nitrate -
Galactose +,s Trehalose - Lactose v Growth at 30 0
C + Urease -
Sucrose + Melibiose - Cellobiose v Growth at 35 0
C +
Raffinose + D-Arabinose - D-Ribose v Growth at 37 0
C +
D-Glucitol v Growth at 42 0
C +
Sugar Assimilation
5. Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10627481 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
Glucose + D-Xylose + Melezitose v
Galactose + D-Mannitol + Ribitol +,s
Soluble starch + Galactitol - C. kefyr
Fermentation with isolates from pooled sample number 77 Other tests
Glucose + Maltose - Melibiose v Germ tube - Nitrate -
Sucrose + Lactose- Cellobiose v Growth at 30 0
C + Urease -
Trehalose + Erythritol D-Arabinose v Growth at 35 0
C +
D-Glucosamine + D-Glucuronate - D- Glucitol v Growth at 37 0
C +
Glycerol + D-Gluconate v Growth at 42 0
C v
D-Ribose +
Sugar Assimilation
Glucose + Ribitol - D-Mannitol v
Galactose + Soluble starch -
D-Xylose + Galactitol v C.
guilliermondii
Key: + = Positive; - = Negative; v = Variable, s = Slow, w= Weak
TABLE 3
The percentage prevalence of Candida isolates from dead-in-shell chick embryos
Organism No. of isolates. Frequency in 200 pooled samples. Frequency among yeasts
Yeast 15 7.5% -
Candida species 6 3% 40% of yeasts
C. albicans 2 1% 33.3% of yeasts
C. tropicalis 2 1% 33.3% of yeasts
C. kefyr 1 0.5% 16.7% of yeasts
C. guilliermondii 1 0.5% 16.7% of yeasts
Figure 1: Figure 2:
Candida isolates showing spherical and oval vegetative cells with single and multiple budding
IV. Discussion
From the results, 15 yeast organisms were isolated; Candida species which formed 40% of the yeast
isolates had a prevalence of 3% (Table 3) in 2000 dead-in–shell chick embryos within the hatchery. Candida
albicans and C. tropicalis with 33.3% were the most frequently isolated yeast organisms in the samples (Tables
1 and 3). Both organisms fermented and also assimilated maltose (Table 2). The ability to ferment maltose
shows that they possess uptake mechanism that involves two systems; an energy-dependent maltose permease
(ATP ADP) which transports the maltose intact across the cellular membrane and a maltase (alpha-
glycosidase) which hydrolyses maltose internally to yield two glucose units [22]. Thus, the mechanism is
mediated genetically by three maltose utilization genes (MAL genes) which are involved in the operation of
high-affinity maltose transporter [23]. A positive assimilation reaction is usually indicated by the presence of
growth. The ability of yeast isolates to ferment sugars with production of ethanol and carbondioxide is a vital
physiological characteristic for specie identification [24]. The organisms also metabolise xylose showing that
the srains possess xylose reductase and xylitol hydrogenase genes responsible for xylose fermentation [25].
6. Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10627481 www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
The yeast isolate from pooled sample number 77 was found to be C. guilliermondii (Table, 1 and 2).
The organism utilized trehalose and this showed that the yeast cell has the gene responsible for synthesis of
trehalose enzyme because the breakdown of trehalose to glucose is mediated by trehalose enzyme and both
synthesis and degradation are regulated via cAMP [26]. Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and C. kefyr isolates did
not assimilate trehalose indicating that they lack this gene. The yeast isolates employed different sugars as their
main carbon and hence energy source.
The isolated yeast strains were able to grow at elevated temperatures slightly higher than room
temperature (Table 2). The survival of the wild yeast strains obtained in this study grown at physiological
temperatures (room temperature) and then subjected to mild heat shock (35-37) and lethal heat shock (42 0
C)
agrees with the report of Piper [27], that prior induction of heat shock responses enables cells to survive
subsequent exposure to lethal high temperatures.
Candida organisms may penetrate the deep organ tissues including the kidneys, heart, digestive tract,
lungs, eyes and brain through hematogenous and lymphatic dissemination [8]. Invasive Candida infection is
more pronounced in immunologically compromised animals with lymphatic disease, chronic diabetics, and
patients receiving prolonged cytotoxic drugs, steroids, broad-spectrum antibiotics, transplant recipients, cancer
patients, Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDs) patients, leukemia patients and others that have
undergone open-heart surgery [28]. Candidiasis could affect warm blooded animals e.g. pigs and even the
mammary gland of dairy animals. Candida species were also reported to have infected birds, producing lesions
in the oral mucosa, oesophagus and crop [16]. Affected birds exhibited decreased feed intake, delayed crop
emptying, reduced growth, depression and poor feathering. In some acute infections, mortality as high as 75%
was recorded even when clinical manifestations were absent in young chickens and turkey poults [16].
Identification and characterization of yeast species have been based on morphological, physiological
and biochemical properties [29]. Fungal infections present serious health challenges to treatment in man and
animals generally due to non-availability of a novel antifungal drug. Amphotericin B, a highly toxic agent
remains the ‘gold standard’ for treating disseminated life-threatening fungal infections [30]. Candida organisms
have been recovered from the soil, hospital environments, inanimate objects, and food. The normal residence of
C. albicans is the vagina, bowl, mouth and skin of man. C. tropicalis was obtained from seawater, sea
sediments, marine fish and algae, shrimps, mangrove plants, various fruits, faeces and soil [31].
Optimum temperature and relative humidity are critical parameters necessary for fertilized poultry eggs
to hatch. The internal temperature of the eggs is the most important physiological factor that affects the
development of the chicken embryo. The developing embryo hatches earlier if it is incubated at high
temperatures up to a maximum of 39 0
C. However, a continuous 37.5 0
C gives the best rate of embryo survival
[32]. A relative humidity of 61% often gives the correct rate of loss of water, but other variable factors such as
shell porosity, air movement and differences between strains can influence this. Fertile chicken eggs require an
optimum temperature and relative humidity to hatch at 21 day of incubation. Embryonic death in poultry eggs is
of great economic loss due to decreased productivity on hatch-day. Dead-in-shell chick embryos deprive
farmers, consumers and scientists who depend on hatcheries for supply of day–old chicks for restocking and
research purposes. Fertile eggs get infected with pathogens due to contamination. Contamination-promoting
factors include lack of hygiene in the nests, presence of eggs on the floor, incubation of dirty eggs, or eggs with
egg shell defects, and collection of dirty and clean eggs at the same time [5]. Poor fertile egg storage conditions,
poor egg disinfection and high humidity levels during incubation may also promote low hatchability. Bacterial
infection of chick embryos from egg contamination is also a major cause of reduced hatchability, early chick
mortality and production losses [33].
Two isolates of C. tropicalis were detected in pooled samples (79 and 144) of dead-in shell chick
embryos. The organism is associated with pyelonephritis, lower urinary tract infections, thrombophlebitis,
arthritis, bursitis, meningitis,multiple organ infection, pericarditis, and candidal vulvovaginitis [31]. Candida
kefyr (previously called C. pseudotropicalis) and C. guilliermondii formed a respective 16.7% of yeasts isolated
from the dead-in-shell poultry eggs (Table 3). Candida kefyr was reportedly recovered from dairy products and
clinical cases involving oesophagitis, nosocomial blood stream infections in neutropenic leukemia patients [34].
C. guilliermondii is a rare cause of invasive candidiasis, skin and soft tissue infections, onychomycosis,
osteomyelitis, nosocomial catheter-related fungemia, and haematologic malignancies [35].
Candida albicans reportedly induced injurious damage to chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of poultry
eggs leading to death of chick embryos [17]. Some bioactive components of eggs are known to ensure the
survival of the progeny. Ovalbumin, ovaglobulin G3 and ovaglobulin G2 are reported to be associated more or
less intensively with high hatchability and low mortality [36]. Transferrin transports iron to storage cells and to
protect embryo from bacterial infections [37] as well as complement the host innate immune defensive system
[38]. Most reports on the effects of yeasts in poultry were related to spoilage of fresh and processed poultry
products [39,2].However, fungal infection of poultry eggs occurs from contamination; eggs could be
contaminated in the breeder farm, during transportation or in the hatchery [40].
7. Candida Species As Potential Causes Of Dead–In–Shell Chick Embryos
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10627481 www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
Two isolates from dead-in-shell chick embryos were detected with germ tubes and were confirmed to
be C. albicans (Table 2). A germ tube is a filamentous extension from the yeast cell, about half the width and
three to four times the length of the cell. Only C. albicans produces germ tubes within three hours when
cultured. Because germ tubes develop quickly, they are used as a rapid presumptive diagnostic identification of
C. albicans, usually within 90 minutes [18]. Germ tube formation is believed to contribute to pathogenicity of
C. albicans [41]. C. albicans, as an opportunistic, dimorphic fungus, is associated with a wide variety of
disorders. These include fungal thrush, candidal enteritis, endocarditis, vulvovaginitis and urinary tract
candidiasis [42], as well as mucocutaneous and invasive candidiasis [43]. The preponderance of C. albicans in
causing a fatal disease places emphasis on early identification of the organism in clinical specimens. Certain
essential growth nutrients required for germ tube formation such as platelet-derived factor [31], haemin,
glutamine [44], and some amino acids [45] are likely to be present in sufficient amounts in human and animal
host or poultry egg.
V. Conclusion
The study found a low level (3%) of Candida incriminated dead-in-shell chick embryos within NAPRI
hatchery facility in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The infection is a contributory factor to reduced egg
hatchability and production losses in poultry farms.
VI. Recommendation
There is need for increased awareness, sound hygienic practices and efficient biosecurity measures
against fungal contamination of eggs in poultry establishments in Nigeria.
Funding Sources
The research was conducted solely with financial commitment of the authors without any form of
external sponsorship.
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely appreciate the contributions of the Laboratory staff of the Department of
Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria for their technical assistance.
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