The document describes a study that investigated the efficacy of a Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. Shaver brown chickens were vaccinated and monitored over time. PHA antibody titers were measured in the vaccinated chickens at various time points post-vaccination and were found to increase after primary vaccination, booster dose, and pre-challenge. Chickens that received the bivalent vaccination withstood challenge with virulent S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, demonstrating the vaccine conferred protection. The results indicate the experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine was immunogenic and provided effective protection against challenge infection in chickens.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
ABSTRACT- The objective of our study is to determine its anti-inflammatory potential of protein extracted from the
stings of honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, protein extracted from the stings of Apis mellifera using Tris HCl/ice
cold acetone and determined through Nano drop method and then determined its Da protein using SDS-PAGE. In
addition, indirect ELISA was performed using rubella vaccine as coating antigen and determined its antibody titre using
variable concentration of sting protein (15.62-250 μg) and also determined its activity on human whole blood for
determining total cellular content and proliferation against rubella vaccine antigen. The results showed that protein from
stings of Apis mellifera showed drastic declined in antibody titre at higher doses but there is slightly enhancement in
antibody titre, total cellular content and proliferations at lower concentration as compared to control and rubella vaccine
(standard).Overall, this study suggest that stings protein of Apis mellifera showed anti-inflammatory potential against
rubella vaccine antigen.
Key-words- Anti-inflammatory, Apis mellifera, Stings, Nanodrop, ELISA
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Emergence of antibiotic resistance in captive wildlifeBhoj Raj Singh
In this presentation antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) in captive wildlife has been compared with AMR in bacteria isolated from veterinary clinical cases. In captive wildlife bacteria resistant to carbapenems, all generations of cephalosporins, producing ESBL, MBL, and NDM were prevalent. In this study 36.7% bacterial isolates from captive wildlife were ESBL producers and about 45% were MDR type. In recent past not much increase in AMR in bacteria of captive wildlife was observed. Carvacrol was found to be the most effective herbal antimicrobial. About 67.5% bacteria from birds kept in zoo and >71% those from zoo carnivores had MDR. This was much more than in strains of wild herbivore origin (<30%). Herbal drugs resistance was more common in bacteria from herbivore captive wildlife in contrast to AMR for conventional antimicrobials in bacteria from carnivores. Bacteria from carnivores had higher levels of multidrug resistance than those from omnivores or herbivores. No such difference was evident in bacterial isolates from domesticated or pet herbivores and carnivores. Omnivore animals (pigs) and human isolates had almost similar levels of AMR but much higher than herbivores. Position in food chain and Food of the host play an important role in occurrence of AMR bacteria. The study revealed that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the major players in the propagation of AMR. And for maintenance or propagation of AMR Enterobacteriaceae members, wild carnivores are the major abode. The study indicated that AMR was common in bacteria of captive wildlife too as in other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. However, the level of AMR was much more aggravated than in domestic animals. It can be concluded that if we need to monitor the AMR in any locality it will be more informative to look for the AMR strains in wildlife and aquatic environment than in livestock. This might be due to the concentration of the AMR strains in wild carnivores having a specific niche in food chain. More long term studies on large number of isolates from wide variety of captive wildlife living in different geographical and climatological conditions are required for better understanding of AMR trends.
Brucellosis a negative modulator of reproductionBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellsis is an important disease of reproductive system in dairy animals and other livestock. Though it not causes any apparent illness, it causes infertility in both sexes and adult male cattle may develop orchitis, hygromas involving leg joints are a common manifestation of Brucellosis in calves. Once infected, the animal remain lifelong carrier and continue disseminate the disease to susceptible animals and humans. The pathology and pathogenesis of brucellosis though not very apparent is complex as involves modulation of several cytokines in the process of infection and disease progression. The important cytokines affected in brucellosis pathogenesis and persistence include interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. All the modulated cytokines are also associated with one or other aspect of normal reproduction physiology as increased levels of IFNγ had strong association with infertility, the TNF-α act as key regulators of endometrial IL-13 and IL-15 expression regulating endometrial immune responses and endometriosis. Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, sVCAM-1 induces infertility, the IL-1 have a role in ovulation and may be involved in several ovulation-associated dysfunctions, the IL-2 has a significant negative correlation with sperm count, motility, and morphology in males and repeated abortions in females, the increased levels of IL-4 have been associated with infertility, normalcy in serum levels of the IL-6 important for normal fertility and pregnancy maintenance and increased level of IL-10 and IFN-γ has been associated with reproductive failure.
Dr. Eric Gingerich - Salmonella enteritidis (SE) Surveillance Program: Applic...John Blue
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) Surveillance Program: Applications and Lessons Learned - Dr. Eric Gingerich, Poultry Technical Services Specialist, Diamond V, from the 2012 Annual Conference of the National Institute for Animal Agriculture, March 26 - 29, Denver, CO, USA.
More presentations at: http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-decreasing-resources-increasing-regulation-advance-animal-agriculture
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
ABSTRACT- The objective of our study is to determine its anti-inflammatory potential of protein extracted from the
stings of honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, protein extracted from the stings of Apis mellifera using Tris HCl/ice
cold acetone and determined through Nano drop method and then determined its Da protein using SDS-PAGE. In
addition, indirect ELISA was performed using rubella vaccine as coating antigen and determined its antibody titre using
variable concentration of sting protein (15.62-250 μg) and also determined its activity on human whole blood for
determining total cellular content and proliferation against rubella vaccine antigen. The results showed that protein from
stings of Apis mellifera showed drastic declined in antibody titre at higher doses but there is slightly enhancement in
antibody titre, total cellular content and proliferations at lower concentration as compared to control and rubella vaccine
(standard).Overall, this study suggest that stings protein of Apis mellifera showed anti-inflammatory potential against
rubella vaccine antigen.
Key-words- Anti-inflammatory, Apis mellifera, Stings, Nanodrop, ELISA
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Emergence of antibiotic resistance in captive wildlifeBhoj Raj Singh
In this presentation antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) in captive wildlife has been compared with AMR in bacteria isolated from veterinary clinical cases. In captive wildlife bacteria resistant to carbapenems, all generations of cephalosporins, producing ESBL, MBL, and NDM were prevalent. In this study 36.7% bacterial isolates from captive wildlife were ESBL producers and about 45% were MDR type. In recent past not much increase in AMR in bacteria of captive wildlife was observed. Carvacrol was found to be the most effective herbal antimicrobial. About 67.5% bacteria from birds kept in zoo and >71% those from zoo carnivores had MDR. This was much more than in strains of wild herbivore origin (<30%). Herbal drugs resistance was more common in bacteria from herbivore captive wildlife in contrast to AMR for conventional antimicrobials in bacteria from carnivores. Bacteria from carnivores had higher levels of multidrug resistance than those from omnivores or herbivores. No such difference was evident in bacterial isolates from domesticated or pet herbivores and carnivores. Omnivore animals (pigs) and human isolates had almost similar levels of AMR but much higher than herbivores. Position in food chain and Food of the host play an important role in occurrence of AMR bacteria. The study revealed that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the major players in the propagation of AMR. And for maintenance or propagation of AMR Enterobacteriaceae members, wild carnivores are the major abode. The study indicated that AMR was common in bacteria of captive wildlife too as in other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. However, the level of AMR was much more aggravated than in domestic animals. It can be concluded that if we need to monitor the AMR in any locality it will be more informative to look for the AMR strains in wildlife and aquatic environment than in livestock. This might be due to the concentration of the AMR strains in wild carnivores having a specific niche in food chain. More long term studies on large number of isolates from wide variety of captive wildlife living in different geographical and climatological conditions are required for better understanding of AMR trends.
Brucellosis a negative modulator of reproductionBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellsis is an important disease of reproductive system in dairy animals and other livestock. Though it not causes any apparent illness, it causes infertility in both sexes and adult male cattle may develop orchitis, hygromas involving leg joints are a common manifestation of Brucellosis in calves. Once infected, the animal remain lifelong carrier and continue disseminate the disease to susceptible animals and humans. The pathology and pathogenesis of brucellosis though not very apparent is complex as involves modulation of several cytokines in the process of infection and disease progression. The important cytokines affected in brucellosis pathogenesis and persistence include interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. All the modulated cytokines are also associated with one or other aspect of normal reproduction physiology as increased levels of IFNγ had strong association with infertility, the TNF-α act as key regulators of endometrial IL-13 and IL-15 expression regulating endometrial immune responses and endometriosis. Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, sVCAM-1 induces infertility, the IL-1 have a role in ovulation and may be involved in several ovulation-associated dysfunctions, the IL-2 has a significant negative correlation with sperm count, motility, and morphology in males and repeated abortions in females, the increased levels of IL-4 have been associated with infertility, normalcy in serum levels of the IL-6 important for normal fertility and pregnancy maintenance and increased level of IL-10 and IFN-γ has been associated with reproductive failure.
Dr. Eric Gingerich - Salmonella enteritidis (SE) Surveillance Program: Applic...John Blue
Salmonella enteritidis (SE) Surveillance Program: Applications and Lessons Learned - Dr. Eric Gingerich, Poultry Technical Services Specialist, Diamond V, from the 2012 Annual Conference of the National Institute for Animal Agriculture, March 26 - 29, Denver, CO, USA.
More presentations at: http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-decreasing-resources-increasing-regulation-advance-animal-agriculture
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
13 червня у пришкільному таборі "Соколята" (на базі ЗОШ № 16 м. Вінниці) було проведено день Енергозбереження від Проекту ЄС/ПРООН "Місцевий розвиток орієнтований на громаду - ІІІ". Біля 200 дітей прийняли участь у цьому заході - вони малювали, дивились мультики, проходили тест - квест та багато чого іншого.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Prevalence of Moraxella ovis Infection in Goats under the Ladang Angkat Progr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
Isolation and Identification of Avibacteriumparagallinarum from Layer Chicken...Dr. Md. Ehsanul Haque
An investigation was conducted for isolation, identification and determination of antibiotic sensitivity of Avibacteriumparagallinarun, the causal agent of infectious coryza, from layer chickens. A total of 21 samples with characteristic symptoms of the disease were collected from a Hatchery of Gazipur. Tissue specimens obtained aseptically from swollen infra orbital sinus and tracheal swab were processed, of which, 3 were found positive while the rest 18 were negative. Isolation of bacteria was performed by first putting the specimen in Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) enriched phosphate buffer broth, anaerobically incubated for 24 hours followed by culturing loopful of broth on Blood agar (BA) and Chocolate agar (CA) plates enriched with NAD and streaked with feeder organism of Staphylococcus. aureus. On 24 hours of anaerobic incubation (candle jar method), dew drop satellite colonies of A. paragallinarum were visible on the culture plates. Cultural characteristics of bacteria as well as their staining, morphological, motility and biochemical properties such as sugar fermentation, MR and V-P tests, Indole production and catalase tests were recorded for identification. Further, antibiogram study revealed that the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin but resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Sulphamethoxazole.
Similar to Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent Vaccine (19)
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent Vaccine
1. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 5, Issue 2 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 07-12
www.iosrjournals.org
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent Vaccine
1,2
Lipi Rani Basak1 and Md. Mansurul Amin2
Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of veterinary science, Bangladesh Agricultural University
(BAU), Bangladesh
Abstract: The work was performed to investigate the efficacy of Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing
Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum prepared at the Livestock and Poultry Vaccine Research and
Production Centre (LPVRPC) of the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU). Purity and safety test of the
vaccine was carried out as per OIE (2008). For efficacy test, vaccination was performed in Shaver brown
chicken of group A containing 10 birds while group B comprising of 10 birds was maintained as unvaccinated
control. Birds were inoculated primarily via intramuscular route at 7 weeks of age with 0.5ml (4.7 ×107 CFU/
ml) of vaccine followed by a booster dose at 35 days of primary vaccination (DPV). At 21 DPV (3 weeks), mean
PHA antibody titre of sera samples were recorded as 104.00±11.71 with S. gallinarum and 112.00±10.47 with
S. pullorum antigen whereas sera samples obtained at 35 DPV (5weeks) showed mean PHA antibody titre of
96.00±12.09 and 80.00±10.47 respectively. At 2 weeks of booster vaccination such mean PHA antibody titres
were 144.00±16.00 and 136.00±24.00. LD50 were determined to calculate the challenge dose. Prior to challenge
given at 4 weeks of booster vaccination t he mean PHA antibody titres were found to be 104.00±11.71 with both
the experimental antigens while unvaccinated control group B had ≤4.0±0.00. It was observed that the birds
vaccinated with the schedule of bivalent vaccination and exhibiting mean titres of 104.00±11.71 with either S.
gallinarum or S. pullorum antigens withstood the challenge infection given IM with 1ml containing 8.6 ×1013
CFU/ ml and 8.9×1013 CFU/ ml of virulent experimental bacterial cultures respectively. The PHA titre of group
A birds analyzed by student t-test to determine the protective capacity of vaccinated chickens against challenge
exposure. It was demonstrated that experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine conferred protection against
challenge infection and was found to be safe.
Keywords: Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella pullorum, vaccine, immunogenicity, PHA titres.
I.
Introduction
Salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases in poultry industry causing heavy
economic loss through mortality and reduced productivity (Begum et. al. 1992, Haque et. al. 1997). The disease
is most significant because the causal agents of the disease are transmitted vertically from parents to offsprings.
The importance of Salmonellosis in poultry sector has drawn increased day by day attend on throughout the
world. It is potentially responsible for various pathogenic processes in man and animals including poultry
(Freeman, 1985).
There are mainly two types of Salmonella spp. namely S. gallinarum and S. pullorum that cause fowl
typhoid and pullorum disease respectively. These two species of Salmonella are very important in poultry health
because they are responsible for massive destruction. Salmonellae may cause varieties of clinical signs from
acute systemic disease and gastrointestinal symptoms in the poultry flocks to embryonic problem in hatchery
(Gast, 1997). Pullorum disease also known as bacillary white diarrhoea (BWD)
caused by S. pullorum is
usually confined to the first 2-3 weeks of age and occasionally occurs in adults (Shivaprashad, 1997). Fowl
typhoid (FT) caused by S. gallinarum is frequently referred to as a disease of adult birds but there are also
reports of high mortality in young indistinguishable from those associated with pullorum diseases (Threlfall and
Frost, 1990). With great expansion of the poultry rearing and farming, pullorum disease and fowl typhoid have
become widespread problem in Bangladesh like other countries of the world (Rahman et al., 1979) causing
heavy economic losses in broiler, layer and breeding flocks. Such a loss occurs in both broiler and layer flocks
due to morbidity, mortality, reduced production and chick quality. Mortality may vary from negligible to 10%
and upto 80% or higher in severe outbreaks (Kumar and Kaushi, 1988, Kaura et al.1990, Kleven and Yoder,
1998). The major emphasis for preventing infections is to avoid the introduction of pathogens into the farms by
increased bio-security (Gifford et al., 1987) along with vaccination. Vaccine available is both live (usually
based on the Houghton 9R strain) and bacterins (killed / inactivated vaccine).
Salmonella vaccines of both live and killed type are imported and marketed in Bangladesh by different
commercial companies beside those of local manufacture. It is necessary to monitor sterility, purity, safety and
protective efficacy of any biologics or vaccines by respective controlling agency or an accredited agency prior
to introduce it within the country for field use. Poultry Biologics Unit (PBU) recently renamed as “Livestock
and Poultry Vaccine Research and Production Centre (LPVRPC) incorporated with its parent organization the
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2. Investigation on The Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent Vaccine
Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Mymensingh produces a
bivalent vaccine employing S. pullorum and S. gallinarum which are distributed for field use. The present work
was undertaken with the objectives of determine the efficacy along with determination of PHA titre of sera
obtained from the vaccinated birds. Hence, a thorough investigation on protective efficacy of experimentally
prepared salmonella bivalent vaccine was performed in Shaver brown chicken
II.
Materials And Methods
2.1. Experimental layout
The study included vaccination of Salmonella bivalent vaccine followed by measurement of antibody
titre by the passive haemagglutination (PHA) test, determination of lethal dose fifty (LD50) of the bacteria and
performance of challenge test in the vaccinated and control birds (figure 1).
Selection of 7 weeks aged Shaver brown chicken
Vaccinated group (n=10)
Unvaccinated control group (n=10)
Collection of blood prior to
vaccination
Primary vaccination at 7 weeks of age
Collection of blood at 7 weeks of
age of birds
Post primary vaccination bleeding at
10 weeks of age or 21 DPV
Prebooster bleeding at 12 weeks of age
of birds or 35 DPV
Bleeding at 10 weeks of age of
birds
Bleeding at 12 weeks of age of
birds
Bleeding at 14 weeks of age of
birds
Booster vaccination at 12 weeks of age
of birds or 35 DPV
Collection of sera
PHA test
Bleeding at 2 weeks post booster or 14
weeks of age of birds
Collection of sera
PHA test
Protection Assay
Fig- 1: Experimental layout
2.2. Passive haemagglutination (PHA) test
The test was used to determine the antibody titres in birds against Salmonella spp. following of
vaccination as described by Carter (1979), Tripathy et al., (1970), Chowdhury et al., (1985), Sarker et al. (1976)
and Siddque (1997) with slight modification.
2.3. Principle of the test
The sensitivity and specificity of PHA test depends on the use of soluble antigens. In this case, somatic
antigens of Salmonella spp. were coupled with chemically modified horse erythrocytes so that antigen-coated
erythrocytes readily react with specific antibodies and results in haemagglutination.
2.4. Collection and preparation of 2.5% horse red blood cells (HRBC)
Blood was collected from the right jugular vein of a normal adult horse with sterile syringe and needle
containing 5 ml of Alsever's solution per 10 ml of blood. The blood was centrifuged in graduated centrifuge tube
at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was then pipetted off and the blood cells were resuspended with
PBS and then centrifuged. The process was repeated for at least three times for washing the blood cells. During
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3. Investigation on The Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent Vaccine
last washing the cells were maintained in PBS for 15 minutes and then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes
to obtain the packed cells. The sediment blood cells were diluted with PBS to make 2.5% suspension of the
blood cells and preserved at 4 to 80C.
2.5. Tannic acid solution (1:200)
Tannic acid solution (1:200) was prepared by dissolving 1 gm of tannic acid powder in 200 ml of
distilled water in a conical flask and the solution was sterilized by autoclaving at 121 oC maintaining a pressure
of 15 lb pressure per sq. inch for 15 minutes (1 kg/Cm2) and kept at 4°C to 8°C until used. Finally, tannic
solution was prepared by mixing one ml (1:20,000) of the stock solution (1:200) with 99 ml of PBS taken in a
conical flask and mixed thoroughly (Siddique, 1997)
2.6. Inactivation and preparation of 1% normal rabbit serum diluents (NRSD)
Collected rabbit serum was inactivated at 56°C in hot water bath for 30 minutes and then one ml of the
inactivated serum was added with 99 ml of PBS (pH 7.2) in a conical flask to obtain 1% solution. The serum
solution then kept at 4 to 8oC.
2.7. Tannic acid treatment of horse red blood cells
Five milliliters of 2.5% HRBC and 5 ml of 1: 20,000 dilution of tannic acid was taken in a test tube and
mixed thoroughly. The mixture was then incubated at 37°C for 10 to 15 minutes in water bath according to the
methods of Tripathy et al., (1970). The cells were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes; the sediment was
then washed with PBS. Washed tanned HRBC was again diluted to make 2.5% suspension with PBS and used
for the test.
2.8. Preparation of somatic antigen
The isolates of S. gallinarum and S. pullorum organism were cultured on SS agar media. Incubated
overnight at 37°C and selected a smooth colony and carried out slide agglutination test to ensure that the
required somatic antigen is present. A pure culture on nutrient agar slope after incubation for 8-12 hours at 37oC
was washed off the plate by using Pasteur pipette with 2 ml of absolute alcohol. It was then transferred into a
sterile container. The antigen was left for 4-6 hours at room temperature to enable the alcohol to kill the
bacteria. The container was spined for 5 minutes at 1000 rpm. The liquid was poured off and added enough
phenol saline to make the antigen up to opacity. Standard titration was carried out with known serum to ensure
that the antigen is positive for the required factor and stored at 4°C.
2.9. Sensitization of somatic antigen with tannic acid treated horse red blood cell
Three ml of sensitized HRBC (2.5%), 1 ml of somatic antigen (1:10 dilution) and 8 m1 PBS were
mixed together. This mixture was incubated at 37°C for 20 to 30 minutes. After sensitization, the cells were
centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes, then the supernatant fluid was discarded and the sedimented HRBC was
collected and diluted with 1% normal rabbit serum diluents (NRSD) at the ratio of 1: 4. This was then mixed
thoroughly and kept at room temperature for an hour and centrifuged for 10 minutes. The cells were
resuspended in 1% NRSD to make 0.5% sensitized cells for use in microtitre plate method and stored at 4°C
until used (Tripathy et al., 1970).
2.10. Microtitre plate method
The procedure of the PHA test was followed according to the method described by Tripathy et al., (1970).
i.
An amount of 50 µl of PBS was first poured in each well up to 8th well of horizontal row of microtitre
plate. 50 µl of test serum was added in the 1st well.
ii.
Two fold dilutions of serum ranging from 1: 2 to 1: 256 were made by transferring 50 µl of the mixture
from the lst well to 2nd well and thus continuing successively up to the 8th well from where an excess
amount of 50 µl of the mixture was poured off.
iii.
A volume of 50 µl 0.5% somatic antigen sensitized hRBC was taken in each of the eight wells.
a. Control system, horizontal row of microtitre plate
9th well: equal volume of 50 µl of normal serum and PBS.
10th well: equal volume of 50 µl of sensitized tanned RBC and PBS.
iv.
The content of the wells of the test system and control were mixed by gentle agitation of the microtitre
plate and kept at room temperature for 4 to 5 hours.
v.
Agglutination resulting from mixing of test serum and somatic antigen sensitized HRBC in the test
system was observed very carefully.
vi.
Deposition of diffuse thin layer of clumping of HRBC on the bottom of the well considered as positive
and the result were recorded.
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4. Investigation on The Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent Vaccine
vii.
The PHA titre was the highest dilution of test sera were complete haemagglutination occur due to the
reaction of specific antibody and antigen sensitized tanned HRBC.
The reciprocal of the end point of highest dilution of test sera and sensitized tanned HRBC was considered as
titre of the serum. Agglutination was indicated by a flat deposition of a diffuse thin layer of clumping of RBC on
the bottom of the wells. The results were recorded after deposition of a diffuse thin layer of clumping of RBC on
the bottom of the well, which indicated HA positive, and a compact buttoning with clear zone indicated HA
negative. The reciprocal of the highest dilution of sensitized tanned HRBC was considered as titre of the serum.
III.
Results
3.1.
PHA antibody titre
The prevaccination mean PHA antibody titre with standard error (±) was ≤ 4.0±0.00 in chickens of
all groups. After three (3) weeks or 21 DPV t
he mean PHA antibody titres were 104.00±11.71 and
112.00±10.47 in groups of birds inoculated with S. gallinarum and S. pullorum respectively. At prebooster
bleeding on 35 DPV t he mean PHA antibody titres were 96 .00±12.09 in S. gallinarum and 80.00±10.47 in S.
pullorum. After two weeks of booster vaccination,
the mean PHA antibody titres were 144.00±16.00 and
136.00±24.00 in birds vaccinated with S. gallinarum and S. pullorum respectivly. Before challenge, provided
at 4 weeks of booster vaccination, the mean PHA antibody titres were 104.00±11.71 in both the groups of birds
administered with S. gallinarum and S. pullorum. The mean ± SE PHA titre of vaccinated birds and control
birds are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Mean PHA titre with standard error of sera of chickens vaccinated with Salmonella bivalent vaccine
prepared at BAU.
Weeks of
vaccination
Used antigen
S. gallinarum
S. pullorum
S. gallinarum
S. pullorum
S. gallinarum
S. pullorum
S. gallinarum
S. pullorum
10
10
12
12
14
14
16
16
Pre- vaccinated PHA titre of all
vaccinated and control birds
(Mean±SE)
<4±0.00
<4±0.00
<4±0.00
<4±0.00
<4±0.00
<4±0.00
<4±0.00
<4±0.00
Post Vaccination PHA titre of
vaccinated group
(Mean ±SE)
104.00±11.71
112.00±10.47
96.00±12.09
80.00±10.47
144.00±16.00
136.00±18.88
104.00±11.71
104.00±11.71
P value
0.0001
** means (P<0.01)
Legends: PHA=Passive haemagglutination
Mean=Geomatric mean of 10 birds, SE=Standard error
160
140
PHA titre
120
100
SP
80
SG
Control
60
40
20
0
10
12
14
16
Age of birds (Weeks)
Fig-2: Graphical representation of mean PHA titres with standard error of sera of chickens vaccinated with
Salmonella bivalent vaccine prepared at BAU.
3.2. Results of challenge infection
Challenge infection at the dose rate of 1 ml (S. pullorum: 8.9 x 1013 CFU/ml and S. gallinarum: 8.6 x
13
10 CFU/ml) was given separately to the chickens of group both A, B. All birds of the group A were resistant to
virulent challenge exposure. All birds of the group B showed sign and symptoms of infection within one day of
challenge. It was demonstrated that experimentally prepared Salmonella bivalent vaccine conferred 100%
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5. Investigation on The Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent Vaccine
protection against challenge infection given after 4 weeks of secondary (booster) vaccination when unvaccinated
control birds were found to be affected with challenge organisms.
Fig: 3 Graphical representation of post challenge infection
IV.
Discussion
In Bangladesh a good number of commercial companies import Salmonella vaccine for marketing.
Such imported vaccines are used without any field trial which should have been mandatory in terms of testing of
efficacy. In consideration of this, the efficacy of Salmonella bivalent vaccine produced at LPVRPC, BAU,
Mymensingh, was selected for the determination of the serum antibody titre by PHA test. As an essential part of
efficacy test, the LD50 of virulent Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum was also determined
individually so that protection test might be carried out without any question whatsoever. The purity (sterility)
and safety test of the concerned vaccine was carried out as per instruction of OIE (2008).
PHA test of sera from vaccinated and control birds were conducted for determination of antibody titre
as per the method described by authors mentioned earlier. The pre-vaccinated PHA titre of sera samples of all
vaccinated chickens were recorded as ≤ 4±00 which was closely related to the findings of Ferdous (2008),
Yeasmin (2010) and Jannatun (2010).
Sera collected on 21 and 35 DPV and those collected at two weeks following secondary (booster)
vaccination were subjected to PHA test. The test conducted with both Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella
pullorum
antigen revealed titre of 104.00±11.71 and 112.00±10.47 on 21 DPV and 96.00±12.09 and
80.00±10.47 on 35 DPV and 144.00±16.00 and 136.00±24.00 at two weeks and 104.00±11.71 at four weeks
of booster vaccination.
LD50 of S. gallinarum and S. pullorum was found to be containing 8.6×1013 CFU/ ml and 8 .9×1013
CFU/ ml .The experimental birds, both vaccinated and control, were exposed to protection test (challenge test)
after four weeks of booster vaccination. These results were in agreement with the statement of Rahman et.al
(2005), who found that the antibody titre reached peak at 4 weeks vaccination in chickens.
Based on the results of the study; it may be calculated that
i.
The experimental birds having vaccinated with the schedule of primary and secondary (booster) vaccine
and exhibiting mean PHA titre of 104.00±11.71 and 104.00±11.71 at four weeks of booster vaccination
were protected following challenge infections with virulent cultures of S. gallinarum and S. pullorum with
a dose of 1ml (8.6 x 1013 CFU/ml and 8.9 x 1013 CFU/ml) administered via IM.
ii.
Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing S. gallinarum and S. pullorum prepared at LPVRPC fulfilled the
criteria of safety, purity, and efficacy and appeared to be dependable for inducing satisfactory level of
immunity.
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