Vaccination and lab monitoring Defense System of Chickens against Infections Basics of Vaccination in Poultry

1. The Role of Vaccination &
Lab Monitoring in The
Control of Poultry Diseases.

2. Vaccination & Lab MonitoringVaccination & Lab Monitoring
All-in All-out
Management
Feed
Hygiene
Cleaning /
Disinfection
Flock management
Vaccination
Control of
Rodents &
Insects
Lab. Monitoring

3. Health is a balance
Disease agents:
- Deficiencies
- Toxins
- Viruses
- bacteria
- Parasites
Resistance:
- Good feed
- intestinal flora
- Immunity
* Local
* Systemic

4. Defense System of Chickens against InfectionsDefense System of Chickens against Infections
Specific Immune SystemSpecific Immune System

5. Defense System of Chickens against InfectionsDefense System of Chickens against Infections
Specific Immune SystemSpecific Immune System
 Primary OrgansPrimary Organs
– Thymus glandThymus gland
» T-cell systemT-cell system
cell-mediated immunitycell-mediated immunity
– Bursa of FabriciusBursa of Fabricius
» B-cell systemB-cell system
humoral immunityhumoral immunity
– Bone marrowBone marrow
» Precursor blood cellsPrecursor blood cells
– Yolk sacYolk sac
» Maternal immunityMaternal immunity
 Peripheral lymphoidPeripheral lymphoid
tissuetissue
– Harderian glandHarderian gland
– Caecal tonsillesCaecal tonsilles
– SpleenSpleen
– GALTGALT

6. GOOD
VACCINATION
PROGRAM
DESIGN
Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry
Elements of a Vaccination ProgramElements of a Vaccination Program
Interval between
Subsequent
Vaccinations
Route of
Vaccination
Age of the
First Vaccination
Type of
Vaccines
Number of
Vaccinations
1. Stimulation & Maintenance of Protective Immunity
2. Development of Immunologic Memmory

7. GOOD
IMMUNE
RESPONSE
Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry
Requirements for Good Immune ResponseRequirements for Good Immune Response
No
Immune
Suppression
Healthy Birds
Good
Administration
Technique
Correct
Vaccination
Programme
Good Nutrition Correct
Vaccine
Storage
Correct Vaccine
No Stress

8. Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry
Possible Reasons ofPossible Reasons of Vaccination FailuresVaccination Failures
 Administration of a sub-optimal dose of vaccine.Administration of a sub-optimal dose of vaccine.
 Poor vaccine quality (rare).Poor vaccine quality (rare).
 Improper handling of the vaccine during transport and storage.Improper handling of the vaccine during transport and storage.
 Errors in the vaccination technique.Errors in the vaccination technique.
 Immune suppression.Immune suppression.
 Immune suppressive viral infections.Immune suppressive viral infections.
 Stress.Stress.
 Mycotoxines.Mycotoxines.
 High levels of maternal antibodies.High levels of maternal antibodies.
 Strong field challenge.Strong field challenge.

9. Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry
Possible Reasons ofPossible Reasons of Vaccination FailuresVaccination Failures
 The causative agent is not covered by the used vaccine (e.g. IBVThe causative agent is not covered by the used vaccine (e.g. IBV
variants, AIV subtypes, E. coli serotypes).variants, AIV subtypes, E. coli serotypes).
 Vaccination is too late.Vaccination is too late.
 Birds are already infected at time of vaccination.Birds are already infected at time of vaccination.
 Field infection occurs before development of vaccinalField infection occurs before development of vaccinal
immunity.immunity.
 Weaning of vaccinal immunity after time.Weaning of vaccinal immunity after time.

10. Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry
Live VaccinesLive Vaccines
 AdvantagesAdvantages
– Create complex immunityCreate complex immunity
» Humoral + cell-Humoral + cell-
mediated.mediated.
» Different classes ofDifferent classes of
antibodies.antibodies.
– Rapid onset of vaccinalRapid onset of vaccinal
protection.protection.
– Easy mass application.Easy mass application.
– No adjuvans needed.No adjuvans needed.
– No hypersensitivityNo hypersensitivity
reactions.reactions.
– Production in bigProduction in big
quantities.quantities.
 DisadvantagesDisadvantages
– Vaccine agent is presentVaccine agent is present
in poultry population.in poultry population.
– Possibility of shedding ofPossibility of shedding of
the vaccine agent.the vaccine agent.
– Post vaccinal reactionsPost vaccinal reactions
are possible.are possible.

11. Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry
Inactivated VaccinesInactivated Vaccines
 AdvantagesAdvantages
– No introduction of aNo introduction of a ““newnew
living agentliving agent””..
– No shedding of theNo shedding of the
vaccine agent.vaccine agent.
– No post vaccinalNo post vaccinal
reactions.reactions.
– Accurate individualAccurate individual
vaccination.vaccination.
 DisadvantagesDisadvantages
– Reactions ofReactions of
hypersensitivity possible.hypersensitivity possible.
– Slow onset of protection.Slow onset of protection.
– Humoral immunity only.Humoral immunity only.
– High labour costs forHigh labour costs for
application.application.
– Expensive production ofExpensive production of
high quality vaccines.high quality vaccines.

12. Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry
Methods of Vaccine-ApplicationMethods of Vaccine-Application
 Individual Applications:Individual Applications:
– Eye drop vaccinationEye drop vaccination
 Very efficient.Very efficient.
 Highly labour intensive; use only specific diluent.Highly labour intensive; use only specific diluent.
– Wing web, i.m. & s.c. injectionWing web, i.m. & s.c. injection
 Very efficient.Very efficient.
 Highly labour intensive; use only sterile equipment andHighly labour intensive; use only sterile equipment and
specific diluent for live vaccines.specific diluent for live vaccines.

13. Basics of Vaccination in PoultryBasics of Vaccination in Poultry
Methods of Vaccine-ApplicationMethods of Vaccine-Application
 Mass-Applications:Mass-Applications:
– Drinking water vaccinationDrinking water vaccination
 Rapid, easy, very economical, safe.Rapid, easy, very economical, safe.
 No disinfectants; control water quality; control waterNo disinfectants; control water quality; control water
system and drinker.system and drinker.
– Spray vaccinationSpray vaccination
 Rapid, good immune response.Rapid, good immune response.
 Post vaccinal reactions possible (esp. in Mg+); usePost vaccinal reactions possible (esp. in Mg+); use
distilled water only; large drops for young chicken anddistilled water only; large drops for young chicken and
small drops for old chicken; control correct function ofsmall drops for old chicken; control correct function of
equipment.equipment.

14. Lab Monitoring

15. Main Tasks For Veterinary Labs (Poultry Dept.):
- Organized disease control program.
- Early Warning System (EWS).
Corrective Action can be taken before
disease / production losses.
- Measuring of Vaccination Performance.
(Performing Q C on Vaccine quality, Vaccine
application &Vaccination method).
-Diagnostic Services.
- Research on infections.

16. Example for Organized Monitoring Program
Breeders / Layers
AgeAge SampleSample TestTest
Day 1Day 1 -Transfer box paperTransfer box paper
- SerumSerum
- Salmonella.Salmonella.
- MG – IBD – SE-SP/G - AIMG – IBD – SE-SP/G - AI
Week 9Week 9 - Cloaca swabsCloaca swabs
- SerumSerum
-SalmonellaSalmonella
- ND – IBV - etcND – IBV - etc
Week 16Week 16 - DroppingsDroppings
- SerumSerum
-SalmonellaSalmonella
- Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etcSe/St- MG –ND – AI -etc
Week 22Week 22 - DroppingsDroppings
- SerumSerum
-SalmonellaSalmonella
- SP/G-ND – AI – MG -etcSP/G-ND – AI – MG -etc
Week 45Week 45 - DroppingsDroppings
- SerumSerum
-SalmonellaSalmonella
- Se/St- MG –ND – AI -etcSe/St- MG –ND – AI -etc
Week 62Week 62 - DroppingsDroppings
- SerumSerum
-SalmonellaSalmonella
- Se/St- MG –ND- AI -etcSe/St- MG –ND- AI -etc

17. Example for Organized Monitoring Program
Broilers
AgeAge SampleSample TestTest
Day 1Day 1 -Transfer box paperTransfer box paper
- SerumSerum
- Salmonella.Salmonella.
- MG – IBD - AIMG – IBD - AI
- 10 days before exit- 10 days before exit - DroppingsDroppings - SalmonellaSalmonella
- Marketing Age- Marketing Age - SerumSerum - ND – IBV – AI - IBDND – IBV – AI - IBD

18. Example for Organized Monitoring Program
Slaughter house
TimeTime SampleSample TestTest
EntranceEntrance Caecal ContentCaecal Content - Salmonella.Salmonella.
- CampylobacterCampylobacter
ExitExit Neck SkinNeck Skin - SalmonellaSalmonella

19. Most Important serological tests
1- Hemagglutination Inhibition test (HI).
2- ELISA (indirect).
3- Rapid plate agglutination test (RPA).
4- Agar gel precipitation test (AGPT).
Serological Monitoring

20. When Conducting Serological monitoring has to
know 2 basically things:-
1- Must know what result to expect prior to testing
(Set Standards for Successful Vaccination)
2- Must know what action to take if results are not
according expectation.

21. Interpretation of vaccination results by ELISA is
usually done by evaluating the 3 main key
components of immune response after vaccination,
which are:-

22. 1- Intensity of Response:-
As indicated by the Mean Titer.
Do the birds develop sufficient titers levels that are in
the expected range for the vaccine used? These
expected titers following vaccination are often called
“ Baseline Titers” these Baseline titer values may
vary according to type of bird , age , vaccine type ,
vaccination program, and other factors. Therefore,
one should make their own baselines for there own
vaccination programs and local conditions.

23. 2- Uniformity of Response:-
As indicated by the % CV.
Is the vaccine actually getting to the all birds or not.
The general guidelines for % CV following
vaccination are as follows:-
% CV% CV UniformityUniformity
Less than 30 %Less than 30 % ExcellentExcellent
From 30-50 %From 30-50 % GoodGood
Greater than 50 %Greater than 50 % Need to ImproveNeed to Improve

24. Persistency of Response:-
As indicated by Mean Titer response over Time
Do titers persist long enough over time, or is
another vaccination needed to boost titers above
minimum protective levels.

25. Examples of Vaccination Baselines Titers in Broiler:-
TestTest Vaccine TypeVaccine Type Mean titer rangeMean titer range
at 35 - 40 Dat 35 - 40 D
Suspect TiterSuspect Titer
InfectionInfection
NDVNDV -Live, 2x D.W-Live, 2x D.W 2000 – 50002000 – 5000 More than 7000More than 7000
-Live, 2x Spray-Live, 2x Spray 4000 – 80004000 – 8000 More than 10000More than 10000
IBVIBV -Live, 1x (H120)-Live, 1x (H120) 800 – 1500800 – 1500 More than 3000More than 3000
-Live, 2x (H120)-Live, 2x (H120) 2000 – 40002000 – 4000 More than 6000More than 6000
IBDIBD -Live, 1x (intmed.)-Live, 1x (intmed.) 2500 – 45002500 – 4500 More than 7000More than 7000
-Live, 2x (intmed.)-Live, 2x (intmed.) 3000 – 65003000 – 6500 More than 9000More than 9000

26. Examples of Vaccination Baselines Titers in layers or
Breeders:-
TestTest Vaccine TypeVaccine Type Mean titer rangeMean titer range Wks after Vac.Wks after Vac.
To testTo test
NDVNDV -Live (Lasota)-Live (Lasota) 2000 – 80002000 – 8000 2 – 3 wks2 – 3 wks
-Inact.-Inact. 10000 – 1500010000 – 15000 4 – 7 wks4 – 7 wks
IBVIBV -Live (H120)-Live (H120) 2000 – 40002000 – 4000 3 – 5 wks3 – 5 wks
-Inact.-Inact. 6000 – 170006000 – 17000 5 – 7 wks5 – 7 wks
IBDIBD -Live (intmed.)-Live (intmed.) 2500 – 70002500 – 7000 3 –5 wks3 –5 wks
-Inact.-Inact. 7000 – 120007000 – 12000 4 – 7 wks4 – 7 wks

27. Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
-Hatcheries need a continuous program to
monitor the microbial populations in the
hatchery.
-Monitoring the hatchery at least every
6 -8 weeks.

28. Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
-Take samples from every area in the hatchery and
equipments.
- Some of more important area to be monitored
include:
- Air intake & outlets, Setters, Hatchers, Air in chick
holding and egg storage room, Tray wash area,
water, and vaccination equipment.

29. Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
Samples Required:
- Swab method for counting
- Air Samples.
- Egg shell monitoring by rolling method.
- Fluff
samples (Bacterial count – Salmonella )
- Stamping with plate
count agar (Rodac method) - Sterility testing for
vaccine equipments.

30. Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
- Interpretation:
- Swab counting method.
- Swab from a tow inch square area:
- Less than 10 colonie Good.
- 10 –30 colonie Moderate.
- Above 30 colonie Heavy Contamination

31. Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
- Interpretation:
- Air Samples Count (Salder, 1975).
Bacterial Colony CountBacterial Colony Count
ScoreScoreSettersSetters RoomsRooms
0 – 100 – 10 0 - 150 - 15 1- Excellent1- Excellent
11 – 2511 – 25 16 - 3616 - 36 2- Good2- Good
26 - 4626 - 46 37 – 5737 – 57 3- Average3- Average
47 – 6647 – 66 58 – 7658 – 76 4- Poor4- Poor
67 or more67 or more 77 or more77 or more 5- Bad5- Bad

32. Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
- Interpretation:
- Fluff samples (Microbial counts /gram).
(Magwood . - 1962)
Bacterial Colony CountBacterial Colony Count ScoreScore
-25,000 Excellent
- 50,000 Good
- 100,000 Fair
100,000 + Poor

33. Microbiological Monitoring of Hatchery
- Interpretation:
- Stamping with plate count agar (Rodac method)
. (Stinson and Tiwari, 1978).
Bacterial Colony CountBacterial Colony Count ScoreScore
0 – 5 Excellent
6 – 15 Good
16 – 30 Fair
31 – 50 Poor
50 + Unacceptable

34. Conclusion
Vaccination & Laboratory MonitoringVaccination & Laboratory Monitoring
a very effective tools to control infectious diseasesa very effective tools to control infectious diseases
in poultry.in poultry.

35. Thanks for your Attention