The document discusses the four major categories of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on each category, including their monomers (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides), general formulas, elements, examples, and common tests used to identify each type of biomolecule. Carbohydrates include sugars such as glucose and starch, lipids are made of fatty acids and include fats and oils, proteins comprise amino acids like albumin and enzymes, and nucleic acids involve nucleotides to form structures like DNA and RNA.

2. Recognize the major categories of
biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acid.

5. - is any molecule that is produced by a living
organisms, including large macromolecules such as
proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids.
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acid
BIOMOLECULES

7. • Most common biomolecule.
• Primary energy source of our body.
• Building block/ monomer: monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES

8. • Formula: (CH₂O)ₙ where n is the
number of molecules.
• Elements : C – H - O
• Classifications :
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides

9. MONOSACCHARIDES
• Simplest sugar (C₆H₁₂O₆)
Glucose
(blood sugar)
Fructose
(fruit sugar)
Galactose
(found in milk and
glucose

10. DISACCHARIDES
• Double sugar (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)
Maltose
(malt sugar)
Lactose
(milk sugar)
Sucrose
(table sugar)

11. POLYSACCHARIDES
• Complex sugar (C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ where n is the
number of carbon atoms.
• Examples:
1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin

12. 1. Starch
• Used for energy storage in plants.
• They provide a quick form of energy for the
body.

13. 2. Glycogen
• Used for energy storage in animals.
• When the body doesn’t need glucose for
energy, it stores it in a liver and muscles in the
form of glycogen.

14. 3. Cellulose
• Found in plants, cell walls and bark of trees.
• Gives us fiber.

15. 4. Chitin
• Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and
crustaceans.

16. TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
1. Iodine Test – test used to determine the presence of
starch in materials.
• Positive result – violet to
black
• Negative result – yellow
color

17. TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
2. Benedict’s Test – test used for simple carbohydrates.
• Green – 0.1 – 0.5 % sugar in solution
• Yellow – 0.5 – 1 % sugar is present
• Orange – 1 – 1.5 % sugar is present
• Red – 1.5 – 2.0 % sugar is present
• Brick red – more than 2 % of sugar is
present.

19. PROTEINS
• Body building molecules which
will help us grow.
• Transport molecules in and out of
the cell.
• Control the speed of chemical
reactions.
• Use for growth and repair.

20. PROTEINS
• Building blocks: amino acid
• General Formula: RCH(NH₂)COOH. R is a side
chain, usually an amino acid.
• Elements: C – H – O - N
Hemoglobin
Albumin

21. PROTEINS
- Speeds up chemical
reaction.
Enzymes

22. TEST FOR PROTEINS
1. Biuret Test – a chemical test used to determine the presence
of a peptide bond in a substance.

24. NUCLEIC ACIDS
• These molecules are not
necessarily from food.
• Biomolecular components of
hereditary material are present
in DNA.
• Building blocks: nucleotides
• Elements: C – H – O – N - P

27. LIPIDS
• Energy – giving molecules, but they are more
commonly referred as the stored – energy molecules.
• They store more energy than carbohydrates and
proteins.
• Building blocks: fatty acids.
• General Formula: CH₃(CH₂)ₙ COOH

28. LIPIDS
• Elements – C – H - O
• Lipids provide mechanical
protection for the internal
organs of the body and
serve as the water proof
covering in some plants and
animals.

29. LIPIDS
• Examples: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, oils, nuts, waxes
• They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.

30. TEST FOR LIPIDS
1. Ethanol Emulsion
- ethanol is added to the
sample. Lipids are not present
if the substance remains
colorless. Lipids are present if a
layer of cloudy white
suspension forms above the
solution.

32. Activity 2
In a long bond paper, draw a box showing the picture of four categories of
biomolecules. Include a title or heading in each box. Each picture must
include color.
CARBON COMPOUNDS IN LIVING THINGS
Description
Required Elements: (35)
The poster include all required elements as well as additional information.
Graphics Relevance: (30)
All graphics are related to the topic and make it easier to understand.
Attractiveness: (35)
The poster is exceptionally attractive in terms of design, layout, and neatness.

34. Match Me Up!
Match the picture with its corresponding definition.

35. Made up of
nucleotides
Made up of fatty
acids & glycerol
Made up of simple
sugars
Made up of
amino acids
Oils RNA
Butter
Bread
Rice
Pasta
Beans
DNA