This document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including the three lines of defense against pathogens, primary and secondary immune organs, types of lymphocytes and immunity, immunologic disorders like hypersensitivities and their classifications, antibodies and immunologic problems involving blood transfusions and organ transplantation. Common immunologic disorders are also listed.

1. Immunology
Cell & Organs
Immune Defense & Response
Immunologic Disorders

2. 3 Lines of Body Defense
s Nonspecific surface defenses
s Non specific interior defenses
s Immune defenses (specific)
®B cell antibodies
®T-cell cytotoxicity
s Immune Recognition ----> Immune
Activation --> Immune Response

3. Organs & Vessels of Immune
System
s Primary Immune organs
® Bonemarrow - B cell differentiation
® Thymus - T cell differentiation
s Secondary Lymphoid Organs
® Lymph Nodes -Appendix
® Spleen -Peyer’s patches
® Tonsils -Adenoids
s Lymphatic circulation
® Lymph & Thoracic duct

4. Types of Lymphocytes
s B Cells - Humoral Immunity
® Effector
B Cells --Antibody production
® Plasma Cells -- mass Ab production
® Memory B Cells -- Antigen recognition
s T cells -Cellular Immunity
® T4 cells - Helper T cells -Immunoregulation
® T8 cells - Cytotoxic T cells - Killer cells
- Suppressor T cells - dampen I.R.
s Non T Non B cells
® Natural Killer celle (NK cells )

5. Types of Immunity
s Active - product of individuals own immune
system
s Passive - antibodies produced elsewhere are
given to the individual
® Naturally Acquired Active - acquired infection
® Artificially Acquired active - Vaccine
® Naturally Acquired Passive - mother to fetus
® Artificially Acquired Passive - injection from
donor

6. Common Terminologies
s Antigen Recognition
s Antigen presenting cells
s Antigen- Antibody Binding
s B-cell Activation - Lymphokines
s Reactivation
s B cell Response
s Cytotoxicity
s Immunoregulation

7. Lymphokines & its sources
s Interleukin-1 - macrophage & B cells
s Interleukin 2 - T cells, NK cells
s Interleukin 3, 4, 5 - T cells
s Interleukin 6 - T cells & macrophages
s Gamma Interferon - T cells, NK cells
s Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) -
Cytotoxic T cells

8. 5 Classes of Antibodies
s IgG - Monomer - 75 %
secondary immune response
s IgA - Monomer/dimer - 15 - 20%
prevents viral attachment
s IgM - Pentamer -5%
early Ab in primary immune response
s IgD - Monomer - < 1%
poorly understood, helps lymphocyte growth
s IgE -Monomer -< 0.01%
cell degranulation when binding to antigen

9. Immunologic disorders
s Type 1 -Anaphylactic Hypersensitivity
® Insectsting, hay fever, asthma , food allergy
® Immediate reaction within 20 minutes
® involves IgE
® Epinephrine, antihistamine (desensitization)
s Type 2 - Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
® Transfusion rxns. Rh disease, Graves disease
® variable reaction time
® involves IgG, IgM variable treatment

10. Immunologic Disorders (2)
s Type 3 - Immune Complex Hypersensitivity
® SLE, RA, farmers lung disease, serum sickness
® variable reaction time & treatment (steroids)
® involves IgG, IgM
s Type 4 - Cell Mediated hypersensitivity
® delayed type 12 hours to several weeks
® organ transplantation, poison ivy, granulomatous
infection
® no Ig involved

11. Common Immunologic
Problems
s ABO system - transfusion reaction
s Rh system - hemolytic disease of
newborn
s Crossmatch reactions
s Organ Transplantations
s Tissue Grafting & rejection
® Graftversus host
® Host versus graft

12. Types of Grafts
s Autograft - self
® skin ( no rejection)
s Isograft - same e.g. twins
® bone marrow (no rejection)
s Allograft - different
® bone marrow, kidney, heart , lung, cornea
s Xenograft - foreign
® Babboon’s heart

13. Immunologic disorders:
s Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
s x-linked Agammaglobulinemia
s DiGeorge’s syndrome
s AIDS
s Chronic granulomatous disease
s C5 dysfunction