Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. There are two main types: polyclonal antibodies which recognize multiple epitopes on an antigen and are produced through serum, and monoclonal antibodies which are derived from a single clone and recognize a single epitope. Monoclonal antibodies are important for research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Antibody engineering techniques allow modifying antibodies to make them more effective, such as humanizing mouse antibodies to reduce immunogenicity.

3.  Introduction
 Structure of antibody
 Engineering
 Anti body monocolonal and poly
colonal
 Humanizing antibody
 Refrence


4.  Your immune system makes proteins called
ANTIBODIES
 Antibodies are produced by cells called B-
lymphocytes
 B lymphocytes are produced when your immune
system detects a foreign substance that has
invaded your body

7.  Polyclonal antibody  Monoclonal antibody
› Antigens possess multiple › Derived from a single
epitopes clone, specific for a single
› Serum antibodies are epitope
heterogeneous, › For most research,
 To increase immune diagnostic, and
protection in vivo therapeutic purposes
 To reduces the efficacy of
antiserum for various in
vitro uses
› To response facilitates the
localization, phagocytosis,
and complement-
mediated lysis of antigen
› To have clear
advantages for the
organism in vivo

11. CLASSES

 IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, IgE
 SUBCLASSES
 IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

12. MONOMER PENTAMER MONOMER DIMER MONOMER
MONOMER WHEN
ACTING AS B-CELL
RECEPTOR FOR ANTIGEN

14. Light Chain
Heavy Chain
Fab
Fc

15. Mu
Mu
Human
Chimeric Antibody

20. Mouse
VL VH
Human
VL VH
Humanized Antibody with Mouse Loops
VL VH

21.  • First step - development of  hybridomas
monoclonal antibodies  – Parallel work with isolated
 – Fusion of antibody- Fab fragments in bacteria
producing B cell with  • Third step - re-engineering
myeloma for desired properties
 – Results in immortalized  – Reducing immunogenicity
monospecific Ab-producing of mouse antibodies
cell  – Tailoring size and half-life
 line for specific need
 • Second step - ability to  – Adding or removing
clone and re-express Abs functions
 – Initially done with cloned,
rearranged genes from

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Accepted August 18, 2005)
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