He presents an option for the rapid diagnosis of the microorganisms that they can find in a biological assault, similar to the antrax, vibrium cholerae, etc...

1. Biodefense
project
A.D.N.
ARTIFICIAL DOG NOSE

2. Terrorism and biodefense

3. ARTIFICIAL DOG NOSE
• Could we imagine the possibility of
detecting only one molecule?

4. ARTIFICIAL DOG NOSE

5. ARTIFICIAL DOG NOSE
• Narcotics
• Explosives

6. ACTUAL SOLUTIONS

7. ACTUAL SOLUTIONS
Narcotics and explosives

8. ACTUAL SOLUTIONS
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES

9. ACTUAL SOLUTIONS
• Up to 40 explosives
• Most frequent narcotics
• Up to 8 microorganisms
• Viruses
• This requires quantities in
NANOGRAMS

10. IDEA
• MOLECULE, smallest AMOUNT
• TO IDENTIFY ONE MOLECULE
• BIOLOGICAL RECEPTOR
– BIOLOGICAL
– NON BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
ANTIBODY

11. Inmunology concept
Clonal selection theory: MacFarlane Burnet 1957
1.Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor of unique specificity.
2.Antigen interaction leads to lymphocyte activation.
3.Daughter cells bear identical antigen specificity to the parent cell.
1010

12. 1.RECEPTOR CONSTRUCTION
• Antibodies are a class of proteins secreted
by B-Cells in response to the presence of a
foreign substance or Antigen.
• Antigen: foreign substances which can
combine with TCR or BCR or Ab and have
the potential of inducing immune response
(>10,000Dlt).
– binding interactions are: van der Waals forces,
hydrophobic interactions, and H-bonds

13. ORGANICS RECEPTORS
• Hapten: substances which can combine
with Ab, but cannot induce immune
response independently. In another word,
hapten only possess immunoreactivity.
• Carrier: enhance the immunogenicity of
hapten, can be a protein, bacteria, cell...
ASPIRIN

14. ORGANICS RECEPTORS
• Hapten needs:
–Covalent union
with a large
protein.
–Cell’s surface
(eritrocytes).
–MO’s surface.

15. Mechanism of Hapten-Carrier
• Hapten recognized by Ig receptor on B cell
• Hapten-carrier endocytosed by B & APC
• Carrier processed and presented on class II
MHC to Th cell
• Activated Th & APC cell produces cytokines
• Cytokines enable B cell to be activated to
produce anti-hapten antibodies

16. The three main types of armed effector T cell
produce distinct sets of effector molecules.
THYMUS-DEPENDENT
THYMUS-INDEPENDENT
CYTOKINES

17. A second signal is required for B-cell activation either by
thymus-dependent or by thymus-independent antigens.
B CELL
T CELL
2º INTERACTION
CYTOKINES

18. ...or by thymus-independent antigens
APC
2º INTERACTION
HAPTEN
CARRIER

19. • Th, and APC cells recognize
carrier, B cells recognize hapten
• Th, APC & B cells cooperate by
interacting
• Interactions are class II self-MHC
restricted
T Cell-B Cell Interactions
(hapten-carrier effect)

20. CD40
Immunoglobulin
receptor
MHC II
B7B7 CD28
TCRTCRT helper
cell
Antigen
1. Antigen presentation to
Th cell
2. B7 expressed
3. Th cell is
activated
and expresses
CD40 ligand,
Cytokines
secreted
CD40
ligand
Cytokine
Cytokine
receptor
B
cell
B
cell
B
cell
T helper
cell
4. Cytokine
binds to
cytokine
receptor,
CD40 ligand
binds to CD40
B
cell
B
cell
B
cell
5. B cell activated
6. B cells proliferate, differentiate, secrete Ig

21. Class II MHC
APC
Class II MHC
APCTh cell B
cell
Th cell
B
cell
B
cell
B cell takes up and
presents antigen
Th cell Th cell
B
cell
Th cells are primed by antigen-
presenting cell
B-T cell cooperation
B cells receive signals from T cells
B cells divide
B
cell
B
cell
B
cell
B
cell
Antibody forming
cell
Antibody forming
cell
Antibody forming
cell
B
memory
cell

22. ORGANIC RECEPTORS
• Hapten needs:

23. ORGANIC RECEPTORS
• Hapten needs:
CRYSTALCRYSTAL
APC
APC

24. ORGANIC RECEPTORS
• Hapten needs:
COCAINE HEROIN
ATROPINE HEPARINE

25. ORGANIC RECEPTORS
PENICILLIN
TNT
WHY NOT?
TNT

26. ORGANIC RECEPTORS

27. ORGANIC RECEPTORS

28. Artificial-carrier
PROBABLY, THE SMALLEST INTELLIGENT CARRIER POSIBLE
ONE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE FOR SMALL HAPTENS

29. THEORICAL PROCESS
CONTACT LENS

30. 1.RECEPTOR CONSTRUCTION
• MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

31. Inmunization
Specific Ag
Inmunization
Specific Ag
Antibiotics
Animal serum
hipoxantine
Antibiotics
Animal serum
hipoxantine
Isolation of
monoclonal antibodies
Isolation of
monoclonal antibodies
Nourishing stratusNourishing stratus
*Hammerling, o. J.; u. Hámmerling; j. F. Kearny (editores): monoclonal antibodies and t-cell hybridomas.Perspectives and
tk(hnical advances. Research monog. In lmmunology vol. 3, amsterdam, elsevier/north holland biomed press, 1981
Mouse tumorMouse tumor
HAT mediumHAT medium

32. Ab

33. summary
• ANTIBODIES = MOLECULAR
RECEPTORS
• HAPTENS BECAME INUNOGENICS
• NATURAL SELECTIONS OF
ANTIGENICS STRUCTURES
• THERE IS NOT HISTOCOMPATIBILITY
PROBLEMS

34. • FACED WITH…. EXPLOSIVES
• WITH TOXICS
• WITH BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
• WITH A WIDE RANGE OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
• QUANTITIES OF
• 10 12
TIMES MORE SENSITIVE
• OF NANOGRAMS 10 -9
gr
• ZEPTO O YOCTO GRAMOS 10 -23
ANTIBODIES TYPES

35. Biochips
• Micromatrix of biologic macterial.
• Massive obtention of information.
• Classification
• design
• Clustering/data mining

36. Ab’s Microarrays

37. TYPES
Fluorescence image of SAM-Biotin capture
membrane subsequent to antibody treatment
SAM-Membrane was incubated with FITC-labelled monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine
antibody PT-66 (Sigma, Order# F3145) (dilution 1:1000 in TBS) for 150 min followed
by washings (5 times) with TBS-buffer. Fluorescence image was generated using
FLA 3000 reader (Fuji, excitation at 473 nm, fluorescence filter 520 nm).

38. Chemoluminescence
Comparison of a microarray experiment. The red dots represent transcripts found
with AB's microarray that are either absent or not detectable on Affymetrix whole
genome microarrays.

39. CHEMOLUMINISCENCE
• This micrograph of the Germanium detector shows an
active area about 30 µm wide, sandwiched between two
interdigitated electrodes on top of a silicon dioxide base.
• optical micrograph of an array of GeOI photodetectors. The detectors at
the top of the photograph are 100 µm wide, while those at the bottom
measure just 10 µm

40. Ab’s Microarrays

41. Scanner molecular

42. ARTIFICIAL DOG NOSE

43. ARTIFICIAL DOG NOSE

44. ARTIFICIAL DOG NOSE
• Molecular sensitivity
• High specificity
• Up to 360 different molecules at one
time
• Independently
– Explosives
– Toxics
– Bacteria
– viruses

45. ARTIFICIAL DOG NOSE
• LIMITATIONS
– EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
– HIGH COST R and D
– DIAGNOSIS TIME TOO LONG

46. “Dreams come true,
without that possibility,
nature would not incite us to have them”
John Updike

47. ORGANICS RECEPTORS