Electric vehicles

ELECTRIC
VEHICLES:
An Alternate Urban
Commuting
Krishnakumar R V
M.E Power Engineering And Management
Anna University Chennai
CEG Campus

Why EV?
1.Pollution:
According to DOE (USA)
• Transportation accounts for one third of all energy usage.
• Use of 10% of ZEV cuts 1 million tons/year of air pollutants
• With 100% EV - CO2 emission would be cut by half
2.Capital Cost and Maintenance Cost:
• EV has a more capital cost
• But life cycle cost of EV is lesser than ICEV
6/6/2017
DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity
Chennai
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Why EV?
3.Availability of Fuel
Fast depletion of fossil fuel and dependence on
middle east countries for fuel.
4.Well to Wheel Efficiency
The EV is found to have a better WTW efficiency
than ICEV
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What is an EV?
It is a vehicle which has following features
• Portable energy source
• Traction effort provided by electric motor
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Classification of Alternative
Vehicle
• Electric Vehicle
• Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
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Components of an EV
• Battery
It powers the electric motor. Its capacity is defined in Ah.
The design of battery includes complex calculations which
determines various battery parameters
• Power convertor
The electrical energy stored in battery is fixed DC which
should be converted to either variable DC or Variable AC which
depends on the type of electric motor used for power the wheels
• Electric Motor
DC series, Induction motors were used at the earlier
stage. Now the scope has shifted towards special electrical
machines
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Components of an EV Contd.,
• Clutch
The engine must be decoupled from the
wheels to shift from low speed to high speed gears or
vice versa, this is done by the clutch.
• Transmission
The gearbox is also called as transmission
which allows transfer of power from engine to
wheels.
• Drivetrain
The combination of Electric motor, Clutch,
Gearbox is referred to as drivetrain
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Architecture of an EV
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Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• An Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) uses both a
conventional internal combustion engine and an
electric source.
• This mainly facilitates regenerative braking.
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Regenerative Braking
• A significant amount of energy is consumed by braking.
• Braking a 1500 kg vehicle from 100 km/h to zero speed
consumes about 0.16 kWh of energy.
• This energy lost in brake shoes can be utilized to charge
the battery.
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Classification of HEV
1.Based On Architecture
• Series
• Parallel
• Series – Parallel
2.Degree Of Hybridization
• Mild
• Power
• Energy
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Degree of Hybridization
It is the progression from mild to energy hybrids is
related to degree of downsizing the engine and
upsizing the electric motor.
That is the traction power provided by the IC engine
is reduced and that of the electric motor is increased
by varying the capacity of the prime movers
respectively.
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Classification of HEV contd.,
Charge Depleting:
The HEV which doesn’t have the onboard electricity
generation unit is called as charge depleting HEV.
Charge Sustaining:
The HEV which has onboard electricity generation
facility is called as charge sustaining HEV.
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HEV Architecture
Series Hybrid Drivetrain
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Contd.,
• IC engine and Battery operate in series
i. The IC engine is fueled by diesel or petrol
which acts as a prime mover to an on board
electric generator which generates electricity
and charges the battery through a power
converter.
ii. The electric energy stored in the battery is used
to drive the electric motor which provides the
full propulsion power.
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Contd.,
• Advantage
Simplicity of control algorithms used to
control the power converters and hence achieving
speed control of electric motors
• Disadvantage
Power train components has to be rated for
the full rating.
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HEV Architecture Contd.,
Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
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Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain contd.,
• IC engine and battery operate in parallel
i. Based on the rating of the IC engine and
battery, electric motor the propulsion power is
shared between the sources
ii. The battery can be charged through wheels by
increasing the power output of the IC engine by
using the control algorithm for regenerative
braking
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Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
Contd.,
• Advantage
Reduction in size of drive train components
• Disadvantage
Power blending from two sources becomes
difficult and it requires additional mechanical
equipment like planetary gear arrangement.
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HEV Architecture Contd.,
Series- Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
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Series- Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain
• It combines both the architecture to extract
respective benefits
• A power splitter is used to feed a part of IC engine
power to drive the on board electric generator
which is used to charge the battery through a
power converter when the SoC of the battery is
below the threshold value.
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• PHEVs are charge depleting HEV
• They operate in fully electric mode up to certain
distance and then as a regular hybrid vehicle for
longer distances.
• It has a large rated storage system compared to
HEVs
• It has to be plugged in for recharging the battery
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Plug In Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Contd.,
• They are designed for daily commute to work and
for longer distances the it is supplemented by the
IC engine.
• This type of PHEV is also called as range extender.
• Hence this has high potential to replace ICEV for
urban commuting.
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PHEV charging stations
• Plug and charge
• Battery swapping
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Plug and charge in USA
Level 1 (residential)
• Uses a standard 120 VAC, 15 A
• Charging equipment is typically installed on the
vehicle
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Contd.,
Level 2
• Preferred method for a battery electric vehicle
charger for both private and public facilities.
• Uses 240-VAC, single-phase, 10-40-A branch
circuit.
• The conversion from AC to DC takes place on
board.
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Level 2 Charging station by TESLA
motors
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Contd.,
Level 3 (Fast Charging)
• For commercial and public applications.
• It uses an off board charge system serviced by a
480-VAC, three-phase circuit.
• The conversion from AC to DC is done off board.
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DC Fast charging by TESLA motors
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Present scenario in India
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National Mission for Electric
Mobility (NMEM)
• Government of India approved the National
Mission on Electric Mobility in 2011.
• As part of the mission, Department of Heavy
Industries has formulated a scheme namely
FAME – India
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid &
Electric Vehicles in India.
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NMEM Contd.,
Phase-1
Proposed to be implemented in 2 year period of
2015-2017
Focus on four Major Areas
• Technology Development
• Demand Creation
• Pilot Projects
• Charging Infrastructure
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National Electric Mobility
Mission Plan 2020 (NEMMP)
• Launched in January 2013 by the then Prime
Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh under the
Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public
Enterprises.
• Aims at ensuring vehicle population of 6-7 million
electric/hybrid vehicles in India by the year 2020 .
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Current Status of NMEM
• To promote eco-friendly vehicles, the government has been offering
incentives on electric and hybrid vehicles of up to Rs.29,000 for
bikes and Rs.1.38 lakh for cars under the FAME India scheme.
• In Budget 2017-18, Rs.175 crore has been earmarked for the
FAME India scheme.
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Current Status of NMEM
On 23rd February 2017 a meeting was scheduled by
Govt., of India to discuss several factors including ,
i. Higher cost of vehicles
ii. Power outages
iii. Lack of charging infrastructure
iv. Dearth of facilities for eco-friendly disposal of
batteries to curb pollution
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BHEL: Pivoting from Power
Sector to Transportation
• On 16th February 2017 BHEL signed an agreement
with Ashok Leyland Ltd and Tata Motors Ltd for
developing a propulsion system for buses.
• It is also seeking technical collaboration to
manufacture metro rail locomotives and has
initiated separate talks with Hitachi
Transportation Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries and Škoda Transportation.
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Global leaders in terms of
total units sold
1. Renault – Nissan
2. Mitsubishi
3. General Motors
4. Toyota
5. Tesla
6. Ford
7. BYD
8. BMW
9. The Geely Group
10. Volkswagen
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Indian Scenario
Company and model Range Cost
Electric Vehicle:
Mahindra e2o 120km/full charge Rs.4.79 lakh - Rs.5.34
lakh
Mahindra e-Verito 110 km/full charge Rs.9.5 lakh – Rs.10
lakh
Hybrid Vehicle: All electric range
Toyota Prius 23 km/full charge Rs.38.1 lakh – Rs.41.87
lakh
Toyota Camry Hybrid 18km/full charge Rs.31.01 lakh -
Rs.34.67 lakh
Mahindra Scorpio
Micro Hybrid
15km/full charge Rs.9.97 lakh – Rs.14.24
lakh
BMW i8 37km/full charge Rs.2.14 Cr
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Contd.,
MOTORCYCLE
Brand And
Model
Range Max Speed Charging
time
Cost
LOHIA
Oma star
series
60km 25 km/hr 6-8 hrs Rs.26000 –
Rs.35000
Heroelectr
ic
Optima
series
70km 25km/hr 6-8 hrs Rs.38000-
Rs.55000
YO Bykes 55-60km 55km/hr 6hrs Rs.36000-
Rs.50000
BSA
motors
70km 25km/hr 6hrs Rs.25000-
Rs.36000
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Contd.,
ELECTRIC BUS
Ashok Leyland
• It has a seating capacity for 31 passengers
• It can travel for 120km on a single charge
• It costs Rs 1.50 crore to Rs 3.50 crore, which
depends on the batteries and seats.
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Ashok Leyland E-bus
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References
1. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design
Fundamentals 2nd edition by Iqbal Husain.
2. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell
Vehicles by Mehrdad Ehsani et al.
3. Energy World from Economic Times.
4. Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public
Enterprises, Govt., of India.
5. http://kseboa.org/news/bhel-looks-to-pivot-from-
power-sector-to-transportation-electric-vehicles-
17024527.html
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