Modern surveying techniques provide accurate measurements for civil engineering projects. Techniques like total stations, digital levels, GPS, and data collectors allow surveyors to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as distances electronically. This improves accuracy and efficiency over traditional methods. Specific applications in civil engineering include road, tunnel, and bridge alignment, infrastructure mapping for urban planning, and construction site layout and monitoring. The summarized data can be imported into CAD software for modeling and analysis. Overall, modern surveying techniques enhance accuracy and productivity for civil engineering design and construction.

1. Modern Survey
Techniques

2. Modern Surveying Technique
Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements especially on Earth’s surface. This is being done by
finding out the spatial (relative/absolute) location of points on or near the Earth’s surface.
Objective of Surveying
1. To collect field data.
2. To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed.
3. To analyze and calculate the field parameters for setting out operation of actual engineering works
4. To set out the field parameters at the site for further engineering works.
What is Surveying
Surveyors determine the position of objects by measuring angles and distances. The factors that can affect the
accuracy of their observations are also measured. They then use this data to create vectors, bearings,
coordinates, elevations, areas, volumes, plans and maps. Measurements are often split into horizontal and
vertical components to simplify calculation. GPS and astronomic measurements also need measurement of a
time component.

3. Fundamental Techniques used for Surveying
1. EDM
2. Digital Theodites
3. GPS
4. Data collector
5. Total Station
6. Digital level
. Modern Surveying Instruments
1. Triangulation: In this technique numerous triangles are inter-connected and overlapped to measure angles from a
surveying station.
2. Trilateration: It follows the same technique as in Triangulation with additional use of Electronic Distance Meter (EDM).
3. Traverse: In this technique multiple lines of pre-measured lengths are inter-connected to measure angles and distances.
4. Leveling: In this technique the difference in heights in a terrain are measured with the help of graduated rods.
5. Radiation: In this technique radiating lines are drawn from a focal point to defined boundaries converted to a small
scale surveying sheet. Surveying finds multiple industrial applications across various domains. It is an integral part of
Civil Engineering Discipline.

4. EDM
Electronic distance measuring instrument is a surveying instrument for measuring distance electronically between two
points through electromagnetic waves.
Types of Electronic Distance Measurement Instrument
EDM instruments are classified based on the type of carrier wave as:
1. Microwave instruments
2. Infrared wave instruments
3. Light wave instruments.
Operations of Electronic Distance Measurement Instruments:
It is essential to know the fundamental principle behind EDM to work with it. The electromagnetic waves propagate
through the atmosphere based on the equation.
𝑉 =F.ℷ=(1/T.ℷ)
F=1/T;(T=Time in second)

5. WORKING:
Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a way of determining the length between two points by looking a phase
changes that occur as electronic energy waves, which travel from one end of a straight line to the other. But when
large variations occur in the terrain or when there's a great deal of obstruction, this method isn't as effective. So, this
method of measurement is avoided in difficult terrain.
FIG.ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

6. The theodolite is an instrument that can measure both horizontal and vertical angles, which allows surveyors to
“triangulate” the position of objects in a specific area. While the digital and transit theodolite have been used by
land surveyors and engineers, they can be used for other purposes as well.
Types of Theodolites
There are two different kinds of theodolites:
1. Digital and Non Digital.
2. Non digital theodolites are rarely used anymore
Digital Theodolite:
Digital theodolites consist of a telescope that is mounted on a base, as well as an electronic readout screen that is
used to display horizontal and vertical angles. Digital theodolites are convenient because the digital readouts take
the place of traditional graduated circles and this creates more accurate readings.

7. WORKING:
2. Set up the tripod. Make sure the height of the tripod allows the instrument (the theodolite) to be eye-level. The centered hole
of the mounting plate should be over the nail or stake.
1. Mark the point at which the theodolite will be set up with a surveyor’s nail or a stake. This point is the basis for measuring
angles and distances
3. Drive the tripod legs into the ground using the brackets on the sides of each leg.
4. Mount the theodolite by placing it atop the tripod, and screw it in place with the mounting knob.
5. Measure the height between the ground and the instrument. This will be used a reference to other stations.
6. Level the theodolite by adjusting the tripod legs and using the bulls-eye level. You can make slight tuning the leveling
knobs to get it just right.
7. Adjust the small sight (the vertical plummet) found on the bottom of the theodolite. The vertical plummet allows you to
do ensure the instrument remains over the nail or stake. Adjust the plummet using the knobs on the bottom.
8. Aim the crosshairs in the main scope at the point to be measured. Use the locking knobs on the side of the theodolite to
keep it aimed on the point. Record the horizontal and vertical angles using the viewing scope found on the theodolite’s side.

8. GPS - Global Positioning System
……..........................................
The (NAVSTAR) GPS is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 30+ satellites placed into
orbit. It can provide continuous three-dimensional positioning 24 hrs a day throughout the world.
⬗ Segments of GPS : There are 3 Segments of GPS, ………………………
Space segment :- It consists of all the satellites in the GPS constellation which orbit at altitudes of about
12000 miles each orbital periods of 12 hour of 3-D position. It ensures……………………
that the users will have at least 4 simultaneous satellites in view from ...................
any point at the Earth’s surface at any time. ……. ………………………..
Control segment (monitor station) :- It comprises of a master control ………………………
station and five monitor stations. The five monitor stations monitor ……………………….
the GPS satellite signals and then send that qualified information to the……………………………….
master control station where abnormalities are revised and sent back to……………………………….
the satellites through ground antennas.. ….
⬗ User segment :- It comprises of the GPS receiver, which receives the ……………………….
signals from the satellites and display location and speed information ……………………….
to the users. It is generally composed of an antenna, receiver-processors, and a highly-stable clock.

9. ⬗ Working principle of GPS :
……The working of the GPS is based on the ‘trilateration’ mathematical principle. In this process, four satellites
are used to determine the position of the user on the earth wherein, GPS receiver takes the information from the
satellite and using the method of triangulation, it calculates the distance of each satellite from user..Here, three
satellites are used to trace the location and a fourth satellite is used to confirm the target location of each of those
space vehicles. Based on the data provided by the receiver, the information is then presented as maps, latitude and
longitude specification, etc.
⬗ Applications of GPS : ……………………………..............
Surveying for Construction, Navigation in aircrafts, ships, cars, etc, Deployment of equipment, Road
constructions, Military weapons and security, Environmental monitoring, Telecommunication,
Transportation, Aviation, Emergency Services, Weather prediction.

10. DATA COLLECTORS
.....All data collectors are "electronic field books” which record and calculate points surveyed in the field. ...
Data Collection devices work not only with GPS receivers, but also robotic and manual total stations, and
digital levels..………………………….
….. Many data collectors support other surveying technologies as well, including digital leveling, static GPS
and laser scanning. Because of the sheer volume of data produced by static GPS and laser scanning methods,
this data is often stored in another memory device rather than inside the data collector, although control
information and other data may be stored in the data collector.
⬗ Modifications according to use:
….The operational parameters of GPS put new demands on portable handheld devices used as controllers.
Some of them include: no line of sight required to the base station, long distances from the base station, all-
weather operation and 24-hour surveying……………..
….The unique requirements of robotic total stations have also influenced data collection hardware.
Theoretically, the robotic total station can be effectively run by a single person. So, they combine the
interface, computer and software into one device resulting in a handheld data collector with a pole mount
that frees both of the user's hands.

11. ⬗ Recently Used:
….While most of the data collectors have screens that support a horizontal orientation, more compact data
collection devices have been introduced with vertical screens. These devices usually have a limited number
of hardware keys and are intended to be primarily operated using the touchscreen. For example, ……
the TDS Recon and the Juniper Systems Archer are widely used as platforms by third-party…………
software manufacturers.
⬗ Future Development:
Functionality can be added by plugging the following devices into card slots: GPS receivers,…………
cell phone modules, spread spectrum radios, USB ports, Bluetooth radio modules, cameras and……….
802.11 (WiFi) devices to connect to WLANs.
… As technology continues to advance, the digital level, RTK and static GPS and laser scanner…….
are now beginning to exert influence on the molding of data collectors. Other new surveying and mapping
technologies will inevitably alter data collection hardware in the future, and this dynamic progress will
continue to work in the surveyor's favor.

12. TOTAL STATION
 A total station is an optical instrument commonly used in construction, surveying and civil engineering.
 It is useful for measuring horizontal angles, vertical
angles and distance, it does this by analyzing the
slope between itself and a specific point.
 It is powered by small rechargeable batteries &
built into its memory , are a number of self
contained functions.
 It has a digital display and is total solution
for surveying work.

13. Advantages & disadvantages of total station
Advantages
 Most accurate and user friendly.
 Field work is carried very fast.
 Manual errors are eliminated.
 Calculation of coordinates is fast.
Disadvantages
 Costlier than other surveying instruments.
 Troublesome for surveyor to investigate.
 Working with TS is not easy.
 Prepare drawings using right software.

14. DIGITAL LEVEL
 Digital levels use electronic image processing to test the special bar coded staff reading, this bar-
coded pattern is converted into elevation and distance values using a digital image matching
procedure within the instrument.
 Advantages:
• Minimize human error
• User-friendly
• Automatic data storage
• Can operate in low light conditions

15. FEATURES
 They are not popular instead autolevels are more extensively used.
 The Trimble DiNi Digital level:
Determine accurate height information 60% faster than with automatic leveling.
 Eliminate errors and reduce network with digital readings.
 Transfer data to office easily.
 Measure to a field of just 30cm.

16. Applications Of Modern Techniques of Surveying
1. Vehicular Accident Reconstruction Application – These techniques are incorporated by police, officials, crime scene
investigators to take measurements of scenes and later using software, 3D models can be made.
2. Mining Applications
• For absolute location of tunnel wall, ceiling and floors and later through CAD program it can be compared to original
layout.
3. Transportation
• Alignment of road, railway track tunnel and bridges
• Measure the horizontal angle and vertical angle between two points accurately
• Determination of the direction of true north.
4. GPS provides tracking and guidance to soldiers, vehicles and artillery (including missiles).
5. Urban Planning
• Infrastructure Mapping
• Land Use Change Deduction
• Future Urban Expansion Planning

17. How are Modern Survey Techniques useful in Civil Engineering?
1. Total Station can perform the following functions:
• Distance measurement
• Angular measurement
• Data processing
• Digital display of point details
• Storing data in an electronic field book
2. Digital Level can execute the following functions:
• Measuring Elevations
• Height Difference
• Levelling of Ceiling
3. Digital Theodolite in Civil Engineering:
• Land Surveying
• Determination of horizontal and vertical angle
4.Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of determining the length between two points using electromagnetic
waves. These instruments are highly reliable and convenient pieces of surveying equipment and can be used to measure
distances of up to 100 kilometers.

18. How are Modern Survey Techniques useful in Civil Engineering?
5. Uses of GPS in Civil Engineering:
• Road construction
• Earth moving
• Fleet management
• Track the location
6. Data Collector:
• The data collector is the application that collects and delivers the metadata that is analyzed and presented in the GUI.

19. Thank You!
Vaidehi Sinha
113020
Tanaya Chinchalikar
113001
Vaidehi Satfale
113015
Saumiya
113013
Sayali Musmade
113010