The presentation describes mixing of solid, liquid and semisolid pharmaceutical dosage forms. It includes mechanisms of solid and liquid mixing, interparticle interactions-segregation, factors affecting mixing, applications of mixing and various equipments used for mixing of pharmaceuticals.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drug; (Sol...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drugs, Temperature,Nature of solvent, The boiling point of the liquids and the melting point of solids,Crystal properties:
Particle size (surface area ) of drug particles: The influence of substituent’s in molecular structures, Molecular size:
. pH :
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
objectives, applications, mechanism of size separation, the official standard of powders, sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter, elutriation tank
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Physical Pharmaceutics I , 3rd semester B.Pharm, Complexation & protein binding, Classification in detail, determination methods, application of complexes in pharmacy.
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
The presentation contains information about process of evaporation. It mainly includes definition, factors affecting rate of evaporation, classification of evaporators, construction & working of different evaporators like evaporating pan, horizontal tube evaporator, vertical tube evaporator, climbing film evaporator, falling film evaporator, multiple effect evaporator, vacuum evaporator etc.
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drug; (Sol...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drugs, Temperature,Nature of solvent, The boiling point of the liquids and the melting point of solids,Crystal properties:
Particle size (surface area ) of drug particles: The influence of substituent’s in molecular structures, Molecular size:
. pH :
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
objectives, applications, mechanism of size separation, the official standard of powders, sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter, elutriation tank
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Physical Pharmaceutics I , 3rd semester B.Pharm, Complexation & protein binding, Classification in detail, determination methods, application of complexes in pharmacy.
Fluid energy mill for pharmacy principles, construction, working, uses, meri...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
this is an slideshare for pharmacy students, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and
demerits of , fluid energy mill its for b. pharm. and M. PHARM
The presentation contains information about process of evaporation. It mainly includes definition, factors affecting rate of evaporation, classification of evaporators, construction & working of different evaporators like evaporating pan, horizontal tube evaporator, vertical tube evaporator, climbing film evaporator, falling film evaporator, multiple effect evaporator, vacuum evaporator etc.
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation focuses on the multidisciplinary and diverse nature of the environmental science. It describes definitions of an environment and environmental science, scope of environmental science, renewable and nonrenewable natural resources. It also describes various aspects of forest resources like Forest Coverage Status in India, Forest Distribution in India, Over Usage of Forests, Consumption Status of Wood in India, Causes & Solutions for Deforestation.
MICROBIAL BIOTRANSFORMATION & ITS APPLICATIONS.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation focuses on the method of microbial biotransformation and various reactions involved in the process. It also describes the various applications of microbial biotransformation.
The presentation focuses on various modes of genetic recombination in bacteria like conjugation, transduction, transformation. It describes Hfr and F- Cross, F+ and F- Cross, specialized and generalized transduction, transformation. It also an idea about plasmids and transposons with their applications.
CONCEPT OF MUTATION AND ITS CLASSIFICATION .pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation focuses on the concept of mutation and its different types of classifications.
It describes the different types of mutagens, classification of mutations based on its transmission, based on its effect on encoded protein and based on its effect on the functions of proteins.
PRINCIPLE & APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNO BLOTTING TECHNIQUES.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation focuses on the ELISA and immunoblotting techniques like southern blotting, western blotting etc.
It describes principle, method, advantages and disadvantages and applications of different types of ELISA, steps involves and applications of western blotting and southern blotting techniques.
MECHANISMS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF HYPERSENITIVITY REACTIONS.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation focuses on the various types of hypersensitivity reactions. It describes various points like definition and classification of hypersensitivity reactions, general description, symptoms, mechanisms and examples of Type-I, Type-II, Type-III and Type-IV hypersensitivity reactions.
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
The presentation includes the information about the production of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology. The slides focus on the points like monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, steps involved in hybridoma technology and its analytical, diagnostic, therapeutic and some miscellaneous applications. It also includes some marketed products of monoclonal antibodies.
The presentations describes the definition of environment and ecosystem, types of ecosystem and components of ecosystem. It also focuses on the various biotic and abiotic components, concept of food chain and food web, nutrient and energy cycles in ecosystem, trophic levels, ecological pyramids, ecological successions and productivity of ecosystem. It describes in details the forest ecosystem and desert ecosystem.
The presentation describes various aspects of the distillation process involved in pharmaceutical industry. It includes definition, applications and types of distillation process. It focuses on simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, molecular distillation vacuum distillation. It also explains boiling point composition curves, Raoult's law, Dalton's law, real solutions and ideal solutions.
The presentation describes evaluation of sterility of parenteral products. It contains principle, methods, media selection and result interpretation of sterility test. carried out for pharmaceutical sterile products.
The presentation focuses on applications of drying, bound water, unbound water, Theory of drying, EMC, CMC, drying rate curve. It also includes the construction and working of dryers like tray dryer, drum dryer, fluidized bed dryer, vacuum dryer, freeze dryer etc.
The presentation describes the general properties, morphology, structure, lytic and lysogenic life cycles, cultivation of viruses (Animal, chick embryo, cell culture), cell cultures etc.
The presentation focuses on theoretical aspect of size separation of pharmaceutical materials. It also includes the principle, construction, working, uses, advantages & disadvantages of equipments like sieves, sieve shaker, cyclone separator, air separator, bag filter etc.
The presentation focuses on the theoretical concept of the size reduction. It also includes the the principle, construction, working, uses, advantages & disadvantages of various instruments like hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill, edge runner mill, end runner mill etc. used for size reduction.
Slides describe the terms related to filtration, types of filtration, factors affecting filtration and various equipments used for filtration in pharmaceutical industries.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. Mixing of Pharmaceuticals
Mr. A.T. Sharma
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics
Nanded Pharmacy College, Nanded
2. Mixing
• Definition: A process that tends to result in a
randomization of dissimilar particles within a
system.
• Blending
• Cohesive and Non-cohesive solids
3. Difference Between Solid Mixing and Liquid Mixing
Liquid Mixing
• Flow currents are
responsible for transporting
unmixed material to the
mixing zone adjacent to
impeller.
• Truly homogeneous liquid
phase can be observed.
• Small sample size is
sufficient to study degree of
mixing.
• Mixing requires low power.
Solid Mixing
• Flow currents are not
possible.
• Product often consists of
two or more easily
identifiable phases.
• Large sample is required.
• Mixing requires high power.
4. Applications
• Wet mixing in granulation
• Dry mixing in direct compression
• Dry blending of powders
• Production of pellets
7. Interparticle Interactions - Segregation
• Particle characteristics like size, size distribution,
shape and surface influence the interparticle
interactions in a powder bed.
• Inertial Forces: Tend to hold neighbouring
particles in a fixed relative position.
- van der Waals forces
- Electrostatic forces
- Surface forces
• Gravitational Forces
8. Van der Waals forces
• Weak but general attractive or repulsive forces
between neutral atoms or molecules.
• Differ from covalent or ionic bonding
Electrostatic forces
• The attractive or repulsive force between two
electrically charged objects.
Surface/ Interface forces:
• Cohesive forces – prevent intimate mixing
• Frictional forces – lumps
• Depends on SA, surface roughness, surface polarity,
surface charge, moisture
• For effective mixing, surface to surface interactions
should be minimum – surface treatment
9. Reasons of Segregation
• Poor flow properties of powder bed
• Wide differences in particle sizes
• Differences in mobilities of individual
ingredients
• Differences in particle density and shape
• Transporting stage
• Dusting stage
10. Gravitational Forces
• Tend to improve the movement of two adjacent
particles or groups of particles.
• Tumbling action promotes inter-particulate movement
due to gravitational forces.
• Motion of particles – contact with the mixer surface
or/and from contact with one other
• These motions accelerate translational and rotational
mode of single particle or group of particles
• Particle – particle collisions: Exchange of momentum
• Continuous exchange of momentum between
translational and rotational mode necessary for
effective mixing.
11. Efficiency of momentum transfer depends upon-
• Elasticity of collisions
• Coefficient of friction
• SA of contact
• Surface roughness
• Centrifugal forces
12. Factors Affecting Mixing
• Nature of the surface
• Density of the particles
• Particle size
• Particle shape
• Particle charge
• Proportion of materials
13. Twin Shell Blender/ V Cone Blender
• V shaped shell, stainless steel or transparent plastic
• Small – 20kg/ 35rpm
• Large – 1 tonne/ 15rpm
• Loading – two hatches
• Emptying – apex port
• Material loaded – 50 to 60% of volume
• Rotation - tumbling motion
• V inverted – splitting
• Splitting and dividing repeated
• High speed – dusting/ segregation
• Low speed – poor mixing
14. Double Cone Blender
• Charged and discharged – same port
• Efficient for small amount of powders
• Speed – size, shape of tumbler, nature of
material- 30-100rpm
• Method- same as V cone blender
15. Ribbon Mixer
Principle:
• Shear mixing by ribbon shaped moving blades – breaks
lumps and aggregates
• Convective mixing
Construction:
o Non-movable horizontal cylinder trough open at top
o Two helical blades, same shaft
o Blades with right and left twist – connected to fixed
speed drive
o Top loading, bottom discharge
o Lid at top
16.
17. Sigma Blade Mixer
Principle:
• Shear mixing and kneading actions with sigma
shaped blades
• Convective mixing by cascading
Construction:
o Double trough shaped stationary bowl
o Two sigma shaped blades horizontally fitted
o Fixed speed drive
o Loading from top, unloading by tilting by rack-
and-pinion drive
18.
19. Planetary Mixer
Principle:
• Shear between a moving blade and stationary
wall
• Blade tears mass apart
• Mixing arm moves in two ways, around own
axis and around central axis – no dead spot
• Plates in blade are sloped – powder makes
upward movement - convective mixing
20. Construction
• Vertical cylindrical shell – removable
• Mixing blade at top
• Mixing shaft driven by planetary gear train
with variable speed drive
21. Liquid Mixing
• Formation of homogeneous mass
• Agitation: Induced motion of a material in a
specified way, usually in a circulatory pattern
inside a container
• Mixing: Random distribution into one another
of two or more separate phases
• Applications: Manufacture of emulsions,
suspensions, solutions, aerosols
22. Mechanism of Liquid Mixing
• Bulk transport
• Turbulent mixing
• Laminar mixing
• Molecular diffusion
24. Propellers
• Contains a no. of blades
• Right or left handed
• Deep tank – Push-pull propeller
• Small size
• Speed 8000rpm
• Uses:
- High mixing capacity
- Liquid of maximum viscosity of 2 pascals.second,
slurries
with 10% solids
- Gas-liquid dispersions, multivitamin elixirs, disinfectant
solutions
25.
26. Turbines
• A circular disc with no. of short blades
• Diameter: 30-50%
• Speed: 50-200rpm
• Blades straight, curved, pitched or vertical
• Near the turbine, zone of rapid currents, high
turbulence, and intense shear
• Diffuser ring – stationary, perforated ring
surrounding turbine – reduce swirling and
vortexing
27.
28. Paddles
• A central hub with two long flat vertical
blades
• Pitched, hemispherical with large SA
• A shaft with hub-blades rotates – 100rpm
• Radial and tangential push
• Deep tanks – several blades one above other
• Very low speed – agitation in unbaffled tank
• High speed – baffled tank
31. Silverson Mixer - Emulsifier
Principle:
• Intense shear forces and turbulence by high
speed rotors
• Liquids pass through fine interstices of
perforated metal sheets
• Circulation through head by suction in inlet at
bottom of head
• Rapid breakdown of liquid into smaller
globules
32. Construction:
• Long supporting
columns connected to
motor – support head
• Shaft at centre – one
end to motor, other to
head
• Head has turbine
blades
• Blades surrounded by
a mesh, enclosed by a
cover with openings.
33.
34. Working:
• Head dipped completely in
vessel containing liquids
• Motor started – shaft rotates
head and turbine blades with
very high speed
• Pressure difference created –
liquid sucked from bottom
• Intense mixing
• Centrifugal force expel contents
with great force through mesh
and openings of cover
• Intake and expulsion –
circulation – break down of
globules
Uses: Emulsions and creams of fine
particle size
35. Thank You…!!!
(Disclaimer: The images and diagrams in this
presentation have been downloaded from the google
source. I am grateful to all the publishers & the google.)