Mixed method research involves using both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study. There are four basic designs: convergent parallel design, explanatory sequential design, exploratory sequential design, and embedded design. The convergent design collects both types of data simultaneously and merges the results, while the sequential designs implement the methods in phases to build on each other. The embedded design incorporates one method within a study using the other method predominantly. Key decisions in choosing a design are the level of interaction between methods, priority, timing, and mixing strategies.

1. MIXED METHOD
Dr Khairul Shafee Kalid
UniversitiTeknologi PETRONAS
Computer and Information Science Department
Source: Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research
JohnW. Creswell,Vicki L. Plano Clark ,
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=YcdlPWPJRBcC&source=gbs_navli
nks_s
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2. Introduction
• What is mixed method research?
- Involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single
study.
- This design involves research that uses mixed data (numbers and text)
and additional means (statistics and text analysis).
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3. Introduction
- Qualitative
- Developing a holistic picture and analysis of the phenomenon being
studied with an emphasis on ‘thick’ rather than ‘selective’ description.
• Quantitative
• Observation and interviewing, prominent instruments used in qualitative
research, are also commonly found in quantitative studies.
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4. Quantitative Strand and Qualitative
Strand in Mixed Method Design
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5. Key Decisions in Choosing a Mixed
Method Design
• The level of interaction is the extent to which the two strands are
kept independent or interact with each other.
• When the study is independent, the researcher only mixes the two
strands when drawing conclusions during the overall interpretation at
the end of the study.
• Priority refers to the relative importance or weighting of the
quantitative and qualitative methods for answering the study’s
questions
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6. Key Decisions in Choosing a Mixed
Method Design• Timing (also referred to as pacing and implementation) refers to the
temporal relationship between the quantitative and qualitative strands
within a study.
• Concurrent, sequential, multiphase.
• Mixing is the explicit interrelating of the study’s quantitative and
qualitative strands.
• Two concepts are useful for understanding when and how mixing occurs: the
point of interface and mixing strategies.
• During interpretation, data analysis, data collection, design level
• Mixing strategies are
• (1) merging the two data sets,
• (2) connecting from the analysis of one set of data to the collection of a second set of
data,
• (3) embedding of one form of data within a larger design or procedure, and
• (4) using a framework to bind together the data sets.
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7. Why Mixed Methods
• Clarify and explain relationships found to exist between variables.
• Explore relationships between variables IN DEPTH.
• Mixed method studies can help to confirm or cross-validate
relationships discovered between variables, as when quantitative
and qualitative methods are compared to see if they converge on a
single interpretation of a phenomenon.
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8. Drawbacks of Mixed Methods
• Extremely time-consuming and expensive to carry out.
• Many researchers are only experienced in only one type of research
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9. Basic Designs of Mixed Method
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10. Convergent Parallel Design
• The most well-known approach to mixing methods is the
convergent design.
• The convergent design occurs when the researcher
• collects and analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data during the
same phase of the research process
• AND then merges the two sets of results into an overall interpretation.
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11. Why Convergent Parallel Design?
• to obtain different but complementary data on the same topic”
(Morse, 1991, p. 122)
• This design is used when the researcher wants to triangulate the
methods.
• Compare and contrast the results of both for corroborating and
validating purposes.
• illustrating quantitative results with qualitative findings,
synthesizing complementary quantitative and qualitative results to
develop a more complete understanding of a phenomenon.
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12. Convergent Parallel Design
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13. Explanatory Sequential Design
• The explanatory design is a mixed methods design in which the
researcher begins by conducting a quantitative phase and follows
up on specific results with a second phase
• The second, qualitative phase is implemented for the purposes of
explaining the initial results in more depth.
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14. Why Explanatory Sequential
Design
• The overall purpose of this design is to use a qualitative strand to
explain initial quantitative results (Creswell, PlanoClark, et al.,
2003).
• Researcher wants to form groups based on quantitative results and
follow up with the groups through subsequent qualitative research
• Use quantitative results about participant characteristics to guide
purposeful sampling for a qualitative phase (Creswell, Plano Clark,
et al., 2003; Morgan,1998;Tashakkori &Teddlie, 1998).
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15. Explanatory Sequential Design
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16. Exploratory Sequential Design
• The exploratory design is also a two-phase sequential design
• Recognized because the researcher starts by qualitatively exploring
a topic before building to a second, quantitative phase.
• The intent of the two-phase exploratory design is that the results of
the first, qualitative method can help develop or inform the second,
quantitative method (Greene et al., 1989).
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17. Why Exploratory Sequential
Design
• The primary purpose of the exploratory design is to generalize
qualitative findings based on a few individuals from the first phase
to a larger sample gathered during the second phase.
• This design is based on the premise that an exploration is needed
for one of several reasons:
• (1) measures or instruments are not available,
• (2) the variables are unknown, or
• (3) there is no guiding framework or theory
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18. Exploratory Sequential Design
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19. The Embedded Design
• The embedded design is a mixed methods approach where the
researcher combines the collection and analysis of both
quantitative and qualitative data within a traditional quantitative
research design or qualitative research design (Caracelli & Greene,
1997; Greene, 2007).
• The collection and analysis of the second data set may occur
before, during, and/or after the implementation of the data
collection and analysis procedures traditionally associated with the
larger design.
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20. Why Embedded Design
• The premises of this design are that a single data set is not
sufficient, that different questions need to be answered, and that
each type of question requires different types of data.
• In the case of the embedded experimental mixed methods design,
researchers use it when they need to include qualitative data to
answer a secondary research question within the predominantly
quantitative study.
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21. Embedded Design
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22. Summary
• What is mixed method research design?Why we use it?
Advantages, drawbacks?
• What are the key decisions in choosing a mixed method research
design?
• The four basic design of mixed method
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23. References
• Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research edited by
JohnW. Creswell,Vicki L. Plano Clark
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