This document discusses mixed methods research designs. It defines mixed methods as procedures for collecting, analyzing, and combining both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies. The document outlines the history of mixed methods, types of designs including convergent parallel, explanatory sequential, and exploratory sequential. It also covers key characteristics, ethical issues, steps for conducting mixed methods research, and evaluation of mixed methods studies.
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods in Social Science ResearchPRAKASAM C P
Here Qualitative methods and Quantitative methods used in Social Science research is discussed. Methods such Focus groups, case studies, in-depth interviews, Questioner, Case control and other discussed. Difference in qualitative and quantitative methods
this presentation file is all about the mixed method design for the research study and for those researchers who actually want to mixed two kinds of methods at a time. i hope it will help you and for your research.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods in Social Science ResearchPRAKASAM C P
Here Qualitative methods and Quantitative methods used in Social Science research is discussed. Methods such Focus groups, case studies, in-depth interviews, Questioner, Case control and other discussed. Difference in qualitative and quantitative methods
this presentation file is all about the mixed method design for the research study and for those researchers who actually want to mixed two kinds of methods at a time. i hope it will help you and for your research.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Dr Calzada delivered a lecture regarding Mixed Methods and Triangulation as a complex way in which research combines qualitative and quantitative sequential or concurrent approach.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. Outline
CHAPTER CONTENTS
1. Definition
2. Indications
3. History
4. Types
5. Key Characteristics
6. Ethical Issues
7. Steps in conducting
8. Evaluation
9. Summary
10. Meaningful Critique
11. Application to own practice
12. Evidence of external reading
3. Definition
A Procedure for collecting, analyzing, and “mixing” both quantitative
and qualitative methods in a single study or a series of studies to
understand a research question
4. Indications
1. Better understanding – strengths of both – “powerful mix”
1. Outcomes + Process
2. One type of research not enough to address research problem
3. Alternative perspective.
4. More acceptable than “pure” qualitative study.
5. History
1. Mixing forms of Quantitative Data
2. Combining quantitative and qualitative Data (triangulation of data)
3. Questioning the integration of Worldviews and Method
1. Worldview-method argument (Paradigm Debate)
2. Pragmatism
4. Developing Procedures for Mixed Methods Studies
5. Advocating for a Distinct Design
6. Reflective Period
6.
7. Notation System for a Mixed Methods Study
Study # 1 QUAL + QUAN
Study # 2 QUAN ------> qual
Notation Used:
+ indicates the simultaneous or concurrent collection of quantitative and qualitative data
----> shows the sequential collection of quantitative collection of quantitative and qualitative data
Uppercase letters indicate a priority or increased weight for either the quantitative or qualitative data
Lowercase letters indicate a lower priority or weight for either the quantitative or qualitative data
8. Types
Step1: Identify mixed method study
• Title
• Data collection section
• Purpose statement or the research questions
Step2: Identify type of mixed methods design
• Priority or weight (quantitative vs qualitative data collection)
• Sequence of data collection
• Data analyses (combined vs separate)
• Where in study, data is “mixed”?
9. Types
Basic Designs Complex Designs
1. The convergent parallel (concurrent) design
2. The explanatory sequential design
3. The exploratory sequential design
4. The embedded design
1. The transformative design
2. The multiphase design
10. Convergent Parallel Design
The Convergent Parallel Design
Priority or weight QUAN + QUAL
Sequence of data collection Simultaneously / concurrent
Data analyses Separate
Where in study, data is “mixed”? Comparison of QUAN and QUAL results
• Discussion section (side by side)
• Merge in single table
• Transform one dataset
11. Convergent Parallel Design
The Convergent Parallel Design
Rationale: Strengths of one data collection form offset weakness of other form
MERITS DEMERITS
• Uses best features of both quantitative and
qualitative data collection
• How to merge 2 forms of data
• How to assess result that diverge
12. Explanatory Sequential Design
The Explanatory Sequential Design (Two-phase model; most popular)
Priority or weight QUAN --> qual
Sequence of data collection Sequentially in 2 phases
Data analyses Separate
Where in study, data is “mixed”? Use qual data to refine the results from QUAN data
13. Explanatory Sequential Design
The Explanatory Sequential Design (Two-phase model; most popular)
Rationale:
More analyses required to refine/extend/explain the general picture of research problem created from quantitative data
and results
MERITS DEMERITS
• Best of both
• Clearly identified 2 phases
• No integration or convergence of data
• Difficulty in determining what aspect of quantitative
results to follow up on.
• Labor intensive (expertise and time)
14. Exploratory Sequential Design
The Exploratory Sequential Design
Priority or weight QUAL quan
Sequence of data collection Sequentially in 2 phases
Data analyses Separate
Where in study, data is “mixed”? Plans on quan data to build on or explain the
initial QUAL findings
15. Exploratory Sequential Design
The Exploratory Sequential Design
Rationale:
Explore a phenomenon, identify themes, design an instrument, and subsequently test it.
MERITS DEMERITS
• Allows researcher to identify measures actually grounded
in the data obtained from the study participants
• Extensive data collection
• Time (testing instrument)
• Selection of most appropriate QUAL data
16.
17. Key Characteristics
• Provide a Rationale for the Design
• Include Collecting Quantitative and Qualitative Data
• Consider Priority
• Consider Sequence
• Match the Data Analysis to a Design
• Diagram the procedures
18. Match the Data Analysis to a Design
Basic Type of Mixed Methods Designs Examples of Analytic and Interpretive Procedures
Convergent • Quantifying qualitative data
• Qualifying quantitative data
• Comparing results
• Consolidating data
Explanatory • Following up on outliers or extreme cases
• Explaining results
• Developing a topology
• Examining multilevels
Exploratory • Locating an instrument
• Developing an instrument
• Forming categorical data
• Using extreme qualitative cases
19. Ethical Issues
Quantitative Issues • Obtaining permissions
• Protecting anonymity of respondents
• Not disrupting the sites
• Communicating the purposes for the study
Qualitative Issues • Conveying the purpose of the study
• Avoiding deceptive practices
• Respecting vulnerable populations
• Being aware of potential power issues on data collection
• Respecting indigenous cultures
• Not disclosing sensitive information
• Masking identities of participants
Design – specific issues Convergent Difference in sample size
Explanatory Some individuals may not warrant QUAN data released
21. Evaluation
1. Mixed methods - best approach to answer research question ?
2. Incorporation of both QUAN and QUAL data collection and analysis ?
3. Explicitly combines 2 datasets ?
4. Use of rigorous quantitative and persuasive qualitative procedures of data collection and analysis ?
5. Study framed within one of mixed methods study designs ?
6. Provide diagram of procedures – timing, priority and mixing within study ?
7. Signals to reader that study is using mixed methods?
23. Meaningful Critique
Missing Examples from medical education
Bias None
Applicability to own situation Applicable to medical field
Methods references Appropriate
Others Easy of comprehend language
Building of concepts from basic to complex
Rationale, merits and demerits, examples given for each design type
24. Application to own practice
• Mixed method study design can be used for Research in medical
education at my parent institute as it will help in explaining the
process as well as outcomes.