Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles found in eukaryotic cells that generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. They contain a double membrane, with the inner membrane folded into cristae that contain enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria also contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes. They are thought to have originated from symbiotic bacteria and play a key role in cellular respiration by harnessing energy from the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids to produce ATP.
AS Level Biology - 1) Biological MoleculesArm Punyathorn
To understand Biology, one must first understand the basic chemistry of it - which is relatively simple as opposed to normal chemistry. All you have to know about is Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein and Water.
AS Level Biology - 1) Biological MoleculesArm Punyathorn
To understand Biology, one must first understand the basic chemistry of it - which is relatively simple as opposed to normal chemistry. All you have to know about is Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein and Water.
Information about Cell and it's structure and protein synthesisMukul panchal
It gives information about Cell how it is discovered and it's structure and also it includes information about protein synthesis, it's structure and their simple notes.
Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell: An IntroductionPrincy Agarwal
This presentation will help you to understand the introduction of Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell along with transport mechanisms across cell membrane in an easy and friendly manner along with summarised notes.
Information about Cell and it's structure and protein synthesisMukul panchal
It gives information about Cell how it is discovered and it's structure and also it includes information about protein synthesis, it's structure and their simple notes.
Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell: An IntroductionPrincy Agarwal
This presentation will help you to understand the introduction of Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell along with transport mechanisms across cell membrane in an easy and friendly manner along with summarised notes.
About how cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria, it discusses first the parts and functions of mitochondrion then the types of respiration and the 3 processes occurs in aerobic respiration.
Dr.S.KARTHIKUMAR
Associate Professor
Department of Biotechnology
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K.Vellakulam-625701, TN, India
Email: skarthikumar@gmail.com
Biochemistry serves as a fundamental discipline in the life sciences, exploring the chemical processes and biomolecules that underlie biological systems. It bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, investigating the molecular basis of life. Biochemistry delves into the study of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the intricate interactions and reactions that occur within cells. It encompasses vital topics such as metabolism, energy production, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. The field examines DNA, RNA, and gene expression to unravel the genetic information and molecular mechanisms that govern living organisms. Additionally, biochemistry explores the molecular structures, chemical bonds, and synthesis of biomolecules, as well as the diverse biochemical pathways and cellular functions they regulate. It also encompasses aspects of molecular genetics, protein synthesis, enzyme kinetics, biochemical regulation, and cell signaling. Biochemistry finds applications in various areas including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, and the study of metabolic diseases. It plays a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of life at the molecular level and holds significant implications for numerous scientific and medical advancements.
CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES, CELL FUNCTIONS.
BRIEF IDEA ABOUT CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS, COMPARTMENTALIZATION INSIDE CELL
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Introduction
• The mitochondria (Gr., mito=thread,chondrion=granule) are granular
cytoplasmic organelle
• Are present in all aerobic cells of higher animals and plants and certain
micro-organisms including algae, protozoa and fungi.
• They are absent in bacterial cells
• Vital stain Janus green stains living mitochondria greenish blue due to its
action with cytochrome oxidase
3. Historical
• The mitochondria were first observed by Kolliker in 1850
• And term coined by Benda (1897-1897)
• Altman suggested name bioblast for the mitochondria
4. Distribution or localization
• The distribution and number of mitochondria is depend on functional state
of that cell
• Typically mitochondria with many cristae are associated with mechanical
and osmotic work situations
• More demand of ATP more number of mitochondria. E.g. muscle cells
• Myocardial muscle cells have numerous large mitochondria called
sacrosomes.
• The cells of green plants contain less number of mitochondria than animals
because in plant cells the function of mitochondria is taken over by
chloroplast
5. Biogenesis
• Some theories suggests that mitochondria are originated de novo from the
simple building blocks like amino acids and lipids but there is not direct
evidence
• Fission of mitochondria leads to formation of two new mitochondria
7. Structure
a) Membrane - Mitochondria is bonded by double membrane. The outer
membrane contains many copies of transport protein called porin. Outer
membrane is permeable to all molecules. Inner membrane is impermeable
forming a series of infoldings known as cristae.
b) Oxysomes - also known as inner membrane subunits, elementary particles
F1 particles or f0-F1 particles and are meant for ATP synthesis
(phosphorylation) and also for ATP oxidation (acting as ATP synthetase
and ATPase)
c) Matrix- mitochondria matrix is homogeneous, gel-like proteinaceous
material. Matrix contains lipids, proteins, circular DNA, ribosomes and
granules
8. Chemical composition
• Mitochondria are found to contain 65-70% protein, 25-30% lipids,0.5%
RNA and small amount of DNA.
• Lipid contents of mitochondria are composed 90% phospholipids.
• The inner membrane is rich in cardiolipin (type of phospholipid) which
makes this membrane impermeable
• Mitochondria contains variety of ions like Na, K, Cl, AMP, and so on
9. Chemical composition-Enzymes
I. Enzyme of outer membrane- important enzymes of outer membrane are
monoamine oxidase, NADH-cytochrome C-reductase.
II. Enzymes of intermembrane space- adenylate kinase an nucleotide
diphosphokinase
III. Enzymes of inner membrane- ATP synthetase, cytochrome oxidase and
succinate dehydrogenase
IV. Enzymes of matrix -matrix contains hundreds of enzymes including those
required for oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids and for citric acid cycle
or Krebs cycle. Contains enzymes like malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate
dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase and so on
10. Function- ATP synthesis
• What is ATP?
• ATP- The adenine and ribose sugar collectively constitute the nucleoside
adenosine, which by having one, two or three phosphate groups forms
AMP, ADP or ATP.
• In ATP last phosphate group is linked with ADP by a special bond known
as energy rich bond. Breakage of this bond releases energy
A P-P-P = A P-P + Pi + 7300 calories
11. Function- ATP synthesis
• Oxidation of carbohydrates
a) Glycolysis- under anaerobic conditions glucose is degraded into lactic acid
by a process of glycolysis (generates 2 ATP)
b) Krebs cycle and ETS- two molecules of FADH2 and 6 molecules of NADH
produced in Krebs cycle (from 2 molecules of acetyl CoA) are oxidised by
molecular o2 in ETS and produces ATP molecules
• Oxidation of fat- during β-oxidation of two molecules of ATP are releases
and total 5 molecules of ATP are produced.
