Mintloki

 Botanical name : Mentha sps
 Family : Labiatae
 English name : Mint
 Indian name : Pudina, Putiha (Sanskrit)
 Pudina (Hindi & Kannada)
 Putina (Tamil)
 Podina (Telugu)
MINT

Introduction
 Mentha is a small genus of aromatic perennial herbs belonging
to family Labiatae (Laminaceae) distributed mostly in
temperate and sub-temperate regions of the world.
 In this genus and the chromosome numbers vary from 2n = 20
to 120 with two basic number of n = 5 and n = 6.
 The over-ground herb (foliage), on distillation, yields essential
oils containing a large variety of aroma-chemicals in varying
composition.
Cont…

 The introduction of Japanese mint in India is a fascinating
success story. In 1952, the Regional Research Laboratory,
Jammu, obtained a few live stolons of this crop from Japan,
which laid down the foundation of a flourishing chemical
industry based upon the local cultivation.
 Credit for raising first ever commercial cultivation goes to
Drug Research Laboratory (DRL), Jammu which organised it
at its commercial farm Chakrohi (Dist. Jammu) located on
Indo-Pak border with the technical and financial support of
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP),
Lucknow.

Distribution:
 Mint is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean basin
and spread to the rest of the world by both natural and artificial
means from there.
 Among the mints, Japanese mint is cultivated on a large scale
in Brazil, Paraguay, China, Argentina, Japan, Thailand, and
India.
 Pepper mint is grown in USA, Morocco, Argentina, Australia,
France, USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland and on a
small scale in many European countries.
 USA is the major producer of pepper mint oil in the world,
Spearmint is mostly cultivated in USA.
 Bergamot mint is a native of Europe and has naturalized in
eastern USA. It grows successfully under the temperate and
subtropical regions of India.

Common name Botanical name Main constituents of mentha oil
Japanese mint
Pepper mint
Bergamot mint
Spear mint
Scotch spear mint
Garden mint
Mentha arvensis
M. Piperita
M.citrata
M. Spicata
M. cardiaca
M. viridis
Menthol (70-80 %)
Menthol (35-50 %)
Linalool and linalyl acetate (45 %)
Carvone (60-95%)
Carvone (53-68 %)
Carvone (very less)
Cultivated mint species and their main constituents

Japanese mint (M.arvensis):
 is a hybrid between M. arvensis x M. aquatica and grows wild all
over wet lands in China and Japan.
 Japanese mint is a primary source of menthol. The fresh leaves
contain 0.4-6.0 per cent oil. The main constituents of the oil are
menthol (65-75%), menthone (7-10%) and menthyl acetate (12-
15%) and terpenes (pipene, limonene and comphene). The menthol
content of the oil varies depending on the climatic conditions.
Generally it is higher in tropical regions.
 Menthol is used in the flavouring of large number of pharmaceutical
and oral preparations like tooth pastes, dental creams, a number of
confectionery, beverages and other items like tobacco, cigarettes,
pan masala etc.
 Menthol itself finds extensive use in medicine (usually in
combination with eucalyptus oil) in the treatment of nasal and
bronchial catarrh; it is also occasionally employed as a carminative,
and as an analgestic in the treatment of neuralgia and rheumatism.

Pepper mint (M.piperita):
 Is also of hybrid origin, a cross between M. spicata and
M.,aquailtica.
 The fresh herb contains essential oils ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 per
cent. The constituents of peppermint oil are almost similar as
Japanese mint oil. However, menthol content is lower in pepper mint
oil and varies between 35-50 per cent.
 The other constituents are menthyl acetate (14-15%), menthone (9-
25%) menthofuran and terpenes like pinene and limonene.
 Peppermint oil is one of the most popular and widely used essential
oils.
 It is usually considered arvensis type of oil and is much used in the
flavouring of pharmaceuticals and oral preparations like tooth
pastes, dental creams, mouth washes, in cough drops, chewing
gums, confectionery and alcholic liquers.
 Medicinally, it is an excellent carminative and gastric stimulant.
Applied externally it acts as a mild analgesic.

Bergamot mint (M.citrata)
(Mentha citrata Linn.) is a hybrid between M. aquatica x V.
viridis. Linalool and linalyl acetate are the main constituents of
Bergamot mint oil. The oil is used directly in perfumes and cosmetics.
Cosmetic preparations like scents, soaps, after shave lotions, colognes
etc. contain this oil.
Spearmint (M.spicata)
The principle constituent of spearmint oil is carvone (57.71%)
and other minor constituents are phellandrene, limonene, -pinene
and cineole. The oil is used mostly as a flavour in tooth pastes and as
a food flavour in pickles and spices, chewing gums and confectionery,
soaps and sauces.

• Medium to fertile deep soil
• Soil should be having good water holding capacity but water logging
should be avoided
• A pH range of 6-7.5 is ideal.
SOIL:
Season:
In the plain, planting is done during winter months, whereas in
temperate climate, planting is done in autumn or spring from last week of
December to 1st week of March or from 1st week of January to 3rd week of
February. Late planting always gives poor yield.

 Japanese mint can be grown in all tropical and subtropical areas under
irrigation. However, it does not tolerate damp winters which cause root rot.
 A temperature of 20-25OC promotes vegetative growth but the essential oil
and menthol are reported to increase at higher temperature of 30OC or alone
under Indian conditions.
 Pepper mint and spear mint cannot be grown profitably in tropical and
subtropical areas, specially with very high summer temperature (41OC) and the
ideal yield is obtained only in humid and temperate conditions like Kashmir
and hills of UP and HP.
 Bergamot mint can be grown even in temperate climate.
 Open sunny situations without excessive rains during the growing period are
congenial for good growth and development of the oil.
CLIMATE

JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis)
 M.arvensis (Japanese mint) is a downy perennial herb
spreading by root-stocks which creep along the ground or
just under the surface and root at the nodes. They have
rigid branches, pubescent, 60-90 cm tall.
 The leaves are lanceolate to oblong, 3.7-10 cm long,
sharply toothed, or shortly petiolated and hariy.
 Flowers arranged in cyme which are usually sessile or
rarely pedunculate.
 Flowers are purplish, minute. Calyx 2.5-3.0 mm long
deltoid acuminate, corolla white to purple, 4-5 mm long.
Oil yield -0.5 -1%.

Japanese mint:
1. Shivalik
2.EC-41911
3. Himalaya(MAS-1)
4. Kalka(Hyb-77)
5. Koshi
6. Saksham
7. Gomati
8. Sambhav
9. Kushal
10. MAS-2

1. SHIVALIK
• It is a introduction from China and released by Central Institute
of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow.
• The plant has compact bushy growth with thick leathery leaves.
• It compares very favorably with other cultures in high herb, oil
yield and menthol content in the oil.

2. EC-41911
• This is a progeny selection of interspecific cross between
M.arvensis X M.piperita in USSR.
• It is less affected by rain, root-rot and aphids.
• High herb with high oil content (0.8-1.0 %)
• It is reported to yield 236.5 q/ha of herbage and 12.2 kg/ha of
oil with a menthol content of 70-80 per cent (YSPHU Solan).

3. Himalaya (MAS-1):
• It is a selection from Thai bud sport released by the Central Institute
of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow.
• Yields fresh herb of 37.2 t/ha in two cuttings, with high leaf/stem
ratio, matures 10-15 days early.
• It contains 0.8 to 1.0 per cent oil (FWB), with 81-83 per cent menthol
content.
• This variety is highly resistant to rust, leaf spot and powdery mildew
diseases

4. MAS-2:
It is a selection from Thai bud sport released by the Central
Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow.
Fresh herb yield of 69 t/ha and oil yield of 348 kg/ha (CIMAP).

5. Kalka (Hyb-77) :
• It is a tall vigorous compact growing hybrid evolved by Central
Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow through a
cross between MAS-1 X MAS-2.
• It produces 78.2 t/ha fresh herb and 486 kg oil per hectare
containing 81.5 per cent menthol(CIMAP).
• It is highly resistant to leaf spot, powdery mildew and rust
diseases.

6. Koshi (sel.3) :
• This is a recently released variety from Central Institute of
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow
• It has high leaf density, moderately broad and light green leaves,
wide and globular plant canopy, very synchronous growth habit,
high biomass.
• Early maturing habit, high oil yield and high menthol content .
• Resistant to diseases like leaf spot, rust and powdery mildew

7. Saksham:
• High menthol variety of Mentha arvensis
• It has stability in quality during unfavorable conditions during
harvesting stage (US patent PP 13,279).
8. Gomati:
• It is an early variety released from Central Institute of
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow for higher yield and
menthol content.

9. Sambhav:
Spilarctia obliqua insect tolerant plant of Mentha arvensis with
vigorous growth and high total yield of menthol. (US Patent PP
14,538).
10. Kushal :of Mentha arvesnis for transplanted mints suitable for
late planting between Rabi and Kharif crops (US patent filed
NF/552/2002).

PEPPER MINT (Mentha piperita)
M.piperata spreads by a system of branching, under
ground root-stocks and grows to a height of 45 to 90 cm.
The square, branching stems are of dark-green to deep
purple colour and bear opposite, broadly lance-shaped,
slightly toothed leaves of deep-green colour, 2.5 to 5 cm (1
to 2 in) long.
 Small purplish flowers are borne in terminal spikes on the
main stem and branches from June to September.
Oil yield is 0.3-07 %.

Pepper mint :
1.Kukrail
2. Pranjal
3. CIM Madhuras
4. CIM Indus
5. Tushar

1. Kukrail :
This is an high yielding variety developed and released by
Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP),
Lucknow.
2. Pranjal:
A peppermint plant with high yield of menthol rich essential
oil and tolerant to the pest Spilarctia oblique (US Patent PP
14,090).

3. CIM-Indus:
It yields high menthoferan to meet industrial demand in
perfumery and pharma sector (US Patent filed NF 449/2002).
4. CIM – Madhuras:
• A sweet smelling genotype of peppermint.
• Used in food additives, flavors and pharmaceutical
formulations.

SPEAR MINT ( Mentha spicata)
Perennial herb
Height of 90 cm tall
 Oil yield 0.6 %
 High carvone content

Spearmint
1. CIMAP-MSS-1
2. CIMAP-MSS-5
3. CIMAP-MSS-98
4. Punjab spearmint-1
5. Ganga
6. Neerkalka

1. MSS-1
• This is a selection from the spearmint cultivars introduced
from USA.
• This variety is released CIMAP, Lucknow.
• It gives a fresh herbage of 535 q and yield 253 kg of oil per
hectare in 3 cuttings containing 60 per cent carvone.

2. MSS-5
• It is a selection from MSS-1 made at CIMAP,
Lucknow.
• This variety has an yield potential of 600 q fresh herb
and 349 kg/ha of oil from 3 cuttings.
• The carvone percentage in the oil is 70.

3. Punjab spearmint-1
• This variety is a clonal selection made at CIMAP,
Lucknow.
• This variety has a erect growth habit with
quadrangular purple green hairy stem.
• It produces 209 q/ha of herb having 0.57 per cent oil
and can yield 119.29 t/ha oil with 68 per cent carvone.

4. Ganga
A multipurpose culinary variety of Mentha spicata
var. Viridis leading to number of products like
disinfectant antimicrobials (NF 135/2000 US patent
filed).
5. Neerkalka
Inter-specific hybrid between Mentha arvensis
and Mentha spicata with novel oil quality of use in
oral / dental care (US Patent PP 12,030).

BERGAMOT MINT (M.citrata)
Branching, perennial herb
 60 cm tall
 oil content 0.4-0.5%
 oil emits lemon like smell

Kiran:
• This is a mutant selection developed by mutation
through gamma irradiation at CIMAP, Lucknow.
• It has high oil content and quality.
• This variety can yield 239 kg of oil per hectare with
48 per cent linalool over 172 kg and 39% linalool
over parent cultures.

 Mints are propagated through the creeping stolons or suckers.
 In case of pepper mint and bergamot mint, sometimes even runners
are planted.
 Stolons are obtained from the previous years plantings. A hectare of
well-established mint on an average provides enough planting material
for ten hectares.
 On an average about 400 kg stolons are required for planting one
hectare of land.
 The best time for obtaining stolons is during the months of
December-January.
PROPAGATION :

Land preparation
 Mints require thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the
stubbles of weeds should be removed before the crop is planted.
 Manuring may be done at the time of land preparation by adding
FYM @ 25 to 30 t/ha.
 Green manuring may also be done before the mint is planted. Sun
hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is an ideal green manure crop.
 Mints are planted on flat land or ridges. Hence, flat beds of
convenient sizes or ridges are made according to the spacing
recommended.

PLANTING:
 In the plains, planting is done during winter months, whereas in
temperate climate, plating is done in autumn or spring from last week of
December to 1st week of March or from 1st week of January to 3rd week of
February.
Mints require thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the stubbles of
weeds should be removed before the crop is planted.
The stolons are cut into small pieces (7-10 cm) and planted in shallow
furrows of about 7-10 cm deep at a distance of 45-60 cm from row to row
manually or mechanically. Stolons are planted half way down on inner side
of the ridges.
Salim et al. (2014) studied on the effect of spacing and seasonal
variation on growth, yield and oil content of mint. They concluded that
plants at 20 cm row spacing resulted in the highest growth parameters viz.,
plant height, number of leaves and herb production, while wider row
spacing (30 and 40 cm) promoted branching without changes in oil
content.

Fertilizer application:
 Mint responds very well to heavy application of nitrogenous
fertilizers.
 Generally nitrogenous fertilizers @ 80-120 kg phosphorus,
potassium at 50 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O per hectare is required for a
good crop of mint.
 Vinod kumar et al. (2011) studied on the effect of transplanting time,
spacing and fertilizers on herbage and oil yield of Mentha piperita L.
They concluded that the plants spaced at 30x45 cm given maximum
plant height (36.52 cm), herb yield (143.46 q/ha), oil content (0.24%)
and oil yield (36.05 kg/ha).
 This coupled with the use of NPK (120:50:40 kg/ha) fertilizer gave
maximum values for all the parameters like plant height (43.22 cm),
herb yield (204.42 q/ha), oil content (0.36%) and oil yield (62.57
kg/ha).

 However, in M.arvensis increase up to 160 kg N/ha and in
M.piperata 125 kg N/ha has given increased fresh herbage and
essential oil yield.
 Split application of 75 kg N/ha in combination with phosphorus at 60
kg P2O5/ha is recommend under Kodaikanal conditions.
 Potassium application has no significant effect on herb and oil yield.
In M.spicata maximum herb yield is obtained with the application of
100-120 kg N/hectare.
 Nitrogen may be applied in three split doses at 1 1/2-2 and 3
months after planting and the third dose after the first harvest of the
crop.
 Kumar et al. (2010) found that application of recommended NPK
(150:60:40 kg/ha) +Zn (25 kg/ha) + S (20 kg/ ha) resulted in
significant increase in herbage yield, total oil yield and total menthol
yield in Mentha arvensis.

• Abbass (2009) studied on the effect of nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers
of the properties on the vegetative growth and oil yield of local mint
(Mentha Spicata L.)
• The results showed that the nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers have
improved the plant height (64.26 cm), herbage yield (10.44 ton/ha) and
total chlorophyll content (7.01 mg/100 g fresh weight) in leaves.
• The Oil yield (53.72 kg /ha) increased significantly at 100 kg N/ha + 150
kg P2O5/ha compare to non-fertilized plants.

Deficiency of different nutrients in mints
Nitrogen :
Nitrogen deficiency is manifested as chlorosis
beginning in the older leaves and progressing to
the entire plant.
Stunted growth and red leaves are also observed
with inadequate N supplies.
High rate of plant growth can be achieved only
when sufficient quantities of nitrogen are ready

Phosphorus:
Symptoms of low P supplies include
increased purple pigmentation on the leaves
and stems. The stunted plants may also have
unusually dark green leaves that are smaller
than normal.
Phosphorus is important component which
stimulates the photosynthesis and enters into
the compos ition of rich energy compounds and
strengthens roots of the plant.
This leads finally to increase vegetation
growth and chlorophyll content of the leaves.

Potassium
Low K supplies may be exhibited with stunted
plants that have bronzing on the leaf margins, with
interveinal chlorosis commonly observed.
In case of severe K deficiency, the accumulation
of amine groups (like putrescine) may occur in
leaves, resulting in characteristic symptoms.

Sulphur
Symptoms of low soil S are stunted plants that
have chlorosis, beginning with the younger leaves.
It also causes a strong shift in the balance between
the soluble and insoluble nitrogen towards the
soluble fraction (mainly glutamine and asparagine).
Sulfur deficiency is characterized by arginine and
amide accumulation, as protein synthesis is arrested

Objective: To find the Effect of Zinc and Sulphur along with different NPK levels.
on herb, oil yield and quality of Mentholmint (Mentha arvensis L.) var. Kosi

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Treatment Details:
Three levels of N.P.K viz.
70%of the recommended N.P.K, recommended N.P.K (150:60:40)
 130 % of recommended N.P.K. along with sulphur (20kg/ha),
 zinc (5.625 kg/ha applied through ZnSO4.7H2O @ 25 kg/ha)
 zinc plus sulphur (@ 25 kg ZnSO4.7H2O / ha and 20 kg S/ha)
one control (13 treatments)

Table-1 Growth parameters of M arvensis var. Kosi as influenced by zinc and
sulphur treatments.

Table 2: Herbage and essential oil yield of M arvensis var. Kosi as influenced
by zinc and sulphur treatments.

Tables 3 : Oil content, menthol content, total menthol yield of M arvensis var. Kosi
as influenced by zinc and sulphur treatments

IRRIGATION AND INTERCULTURE:
• Water requirement of mints is very high. Depending on soil and climatic
conditions the crop is irrigated 6-9 times before the first monsoon.
• The crop requires three irrigations after monsoon.
• Japanese mints require fifteen irrigations require getting maximum yield.
• Weed growth causes about 60 per cent reduction in herb and oil yield. Hence,
mints require weeding at regular intervals in the early stages of crop growth.
• Sinbar is effective as a post-emergence weedicide. Spray @ 1 kg per hectare.
• Organic mulch with combination of 0.5 kg oxyfluorfen herbicide per hectare
and weeding or Pendimethion herbicide at 1 kg per hectare and weeding has
been found to give excellent weed control throughout the crop growth.

Major diseases : Rust, powdery mildew and stolon rot
Major insects : Leaf roller, hairy caterpillar and termites
PLANT PROTECTION

3. Rust (Puccinia Menthae)
• Golden brown spots are observed on the leaves and twigs. The leaves turn
yellow and fall off.
• Control : Spraying the crop with 0.3% Copper fungicides
immediately on the appearance of the disease is recommended.
Early harvest of the crop during May is suggested so as to
decrease the losses due to falling of leaves.
4. Powdery Mildew (Erysiphae Cichoracearum)

Mint Diseases
1. Stolon Rot (Macrophomina Phaseoli)
• The disease causes rotting of the underground stem and death of the entire
plant. One of the main damages caused by the disease is the reduction in
the production and rotting of the stolons by the end of the cropping season.
• Control : The disease can be controlled by proper crop rotation.
Mint should not be planted continuously in those areas where
attack of stolon-rot is observed. It is better to follow 3-year-crop
rotation with rice, wheat and mint.
• It is safer to discard all the diseased stolons while planting and
treat the stolons with 0.25% solution of Captan or 0.1% Benlate.
2. Root Rot (Thielavia Basicola; Rhizoctonia)
• Numerous dark brown necrotic spots appear on stolons and roots.
• Control : It is safer to discard all the diseased stolons while
planting. The stolons should be pretreated with 0.25% solution
of Captan or 0.1% Benlate.
• Powdery white patches on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves and
stems are observed.
• Under favourable conditions, the disease causes severe loss due to

Mint Pests
1. Mint Leaf Roller (Syngamia Abrupatalis)
The caterpillar folds the leaf in the form of a roll and feed inside the leaf tissue.
The edges of the leaves are held together with silk-like filaments. Leaves get
rolled in August September.
Control : Chlorpyriphos @1.5ml/litre of water should be sprayed at weekly
intervals. Two-three sprayings are sufficient to control the pest.
2. Red Pumpkin Beetle (Aulocophora Fovicollis)
Leaves and buds are eaten away.
Control : Malathion spray @1ml/litre of water is effective.
3. Cutworms (Agrotis Flammatra)
Pest damages the young plants at the collar region during spring season.
Control : Soil treatment with Phorate 10G before planting the crop is
recommended.
4. Hairy Caterpillar (Diacrisia Obliqua)
The caterpillar starts eating the under-surface of the leaves. And the leaves are
damaged. Control : Spraying of Malathion @1.7ml/ litre of water is
recommended as control.

• Generally the crop is harvested 100-120 days after planting
when the lower leaves start turning yellow. Further, harvesting
should be done in bright sunny weather.
• Harvesting consists of cutting the green herb by means of
sickle 2-3 cm above the ground.
• A second harvest is obtained 80 days after the first harvest
and the third after about another 80 days.
• The first crop is ready by the end of June and the second in
September or October.
However, the average yield from three cuttings is 20,000 to
25,000 kg which in turn may yield about 50-70 kg oil per
hectare.
HARVESTING AND YIELD

EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION:
• Harvested herb may be wilted in shade for a few hours
• Both fresh and dry herb used for distillation
• To get better result herbage should be shade dried for a day
before it is distilled
• Steam distillation usually prepared and duration of distillation is
1.5-2 hours
• Impurities present in oil can removed by filtration
• Moisture present oil can be removed by application of
anhydrous sodium sulphate
• GI or aluminium containers are suitable for long time storage

REFERENCES
• Abbas, J.A., 2009, Effect of nitrogenous and phosphate
fertilizers of the properties on the vegetative growth and oil
yield of local mint (Mentha Spicata L.)., Am.-Eurasian J.
Sustain. Agric., 3(2): 262-265.
• Kumar, A., Patro, H. K. and Kewalanand., 2010, Effect of zinc
and sulphur on herb, oil yield and quality of Menthol mint
(Mentha arvensis L)., var. Kosi. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2(4):
642-648.
• Salim, E.A., Hassan, G.M.E. and Khalid, H.E.S., 2014, Effect
of Spacing and seasonal variation on growth parameters yield
and Oil Content of Mint Plants., J. Forest Products &
Industries., 3(2): 71-74.

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