Dry flower technology, pigments, essential oils, perfumes, edible flowers

1. DIVERSIFICATION IN VALUE
ADDITION OF FLOWERS
Dr. P. Lalitha Kameswari
Sr. Scientist(H)
Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Pandirimamidi
Dr. YSRHorticultural

2. Value addition – Why it is needed
 To increase the economic value and
consumer appeal of any floriculture
commodity.
 Add value up to 5 to 10 times and
provides quality products for the
domestic and export market.
 Farm income expands and
employment is generated.

3. DIVERSIFICATION IN VALUE ADDITION OF
FLOWERS
CUT FLOWER
LOOSE FLOWERS DRY FLOWERS & POTPOURRI
EDIBLE FLOWER
1) Essential oils.
2) Neutraceutical &
Pharmaceutical
compounds.
3)Flower dyes &
pigments
4)Value added
products
of different crops.
.
1) Flower arrangement.
2) Bouquets.
Value added services.
1) Tinting.
2) Aqua Packing.
3) Petal embedded greeting c
4) Floral arrangement.
Ikebana
Moribana.
Nageire.
Jujabane

4. Essential oils are the volatile oils of aromatic plants used in
perfumery, cosmetic, soap and other products, for flavoring food
and drink, and for scenting incense and household cleaning products
and also used in aromatherapy.
Medicinal value – For skin treatments to remedies for cancer
They contain mixtures of organic compounds such as terpenes,
phenols, phenyl propanoids etc.
Essential oils are highly concentrated, volatile substances extracted
from various parts of aromatic plants and trees, shrubs, flowers, bark,
resins, etc. Are largely responsible for its characteristic aroma.
Essential oil is a mixture (of sometimes hundreds) of different
chemical constituents, each constituent give each oil it's own unique
characteristic aroma.
ESSENTIAL OILS

5. Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades
with the popularity of aromatherapy, a branch of
alternative medicine which claims that the specific aromas
carried by essential oils have curative effects.
Oils are used in massage, diffused in the air by a
nebulizer or by heating over a candle flame, or burned as
incense.

6. Following are some of the most commonly used essential oils from flowers,
their uses, and their healing properties.
OIL NAME Used Primarily For and Effects
Geranium - Skin disorders, menopause, depression, acne, PMS,
calming, balancing, very uplifting
Jasmine - Cramps, back pain, joint and muscle pain, dermatis,
emotional suffering, fear, depression
Rose - Antiseptic, nervous heart, fever, migraine, sadness,
encouraging, patience and love
With the increasing emphasis on the naturo- therapy for
common ailments the concept of aromatherapy is widely
practised in the west.
This increasing demand for the natural fragrances from
flowers offers unique scope for India to produce these oils and
export.
The concept of aromatherapy is also gaining importance in
India as well and scope exists for diversifying into cultivation,
extraction of aromatic principles with known therapeutic values.

7. The major producers of essential oils are
Brazil, China, USA, Egypt, India, Mexico,
Guatemala and Indonesia and the major
consumers are the USA (40%), Western
Europe (30%) and Japan (7%).
The price of Essential oil range from Rs.
1,00,000/kg (rose and Jasmine oil) to Rs.
35,000/kg (marigold oil).
India is the second largest exporter of
essential oil in the world after USA.
India is the largest exporter of Jasmine
oil in the world accounting for over 40%
of total world exports in Jasmine oil.

8. Essential oil Crops
Rose
Jasmine
Tuberose
Chamomile
Clarisage
Lavender
Narcissus

9. Rose Species
Used for
Essential Oil
Extraction:
Rosa centifolia
Rosa damascena
Rosa
bourboniana
Oil content in Sub tropical regions : 0.02-0.03%
Bulgarian rose or Damask rose (Rosa
damascena ) is the source of rose oil, rose
water, rose concrete and rose absolute.

10. ROSA Sps. Flower used
(kg)
SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
(gm)
Rosa
centifolia
20
3.0
Rosa
damascena 20 3.9
Rosa
bourboniana 20 1.9
Gruss-an-
Telpliz 20 1.2
ROSE OIL YIELD

11. Jasminum sambac Jasmine grandifloru
JASMINE SPECIES for Essential oils

12. J.
auriculatum
J. officinale

13. Jasmine
250 to 350 grams of concrete
is obtained from 100 kg of
flowers.
The yield of absolute from
concrete varies from 40 to
60% depending upon the
quality of the concrete
 Methods of extraction:
1. Organic solvents
2. Steam distillation
3. Enfluerage
Jasmine

14. Tuberose oil
•Solvent extraction (petroleum
ether) is the most widely used
process for tuberose oil
extraction.
•Fresh flowers before their
petals are opened should be
used for oil extraction
•Yield : 0.08- 0.11%

15. Lavender(l.angustifolia)

16. Champak(Michelia champaka)

17. Screwpine (pandanus)

18. Helichrysum

19. The approximate prices of important essential oils
in national and international markets are indicated
Essential oil Approximate price (Rs)
Rose oil 1,00,000/kg
Jasmine oil 1,00,000/kg
Tuberose oil 75,000/kg
Geranium oil 40,000/kg
Marigold oil 35,000/kg

20. Pharmaceutical compounds
Some of the flower crops are rich sources of pharmaceutical
compounds like catharanthin, Vincristine (from Catharanthus
roseus) used for cancer treatment.
Similarly Vitamin C is isolated from rose fruits (rose hips)
and is marketed as rose hip vitamin C used for the cure of
scurvy.
It is used extensively to boost immune system to fight
diseases. India has enormous potential for the cultivation of
such crops to isolate these compounds.

21. Nutraceutical compounds
Human body is not programmed to synthesize some of the
vital nutrients like lutein which possess curative properties to
cure blindness.
Marigold and calendula flowers are some of the richest
sources of lutien.

22. PIGMENTS
Sp: Tagetus erecta & T.patula (Asteraceae) used as
source of Pigment for poultry feed.
PIGMENT- added in poultry feed to intensify
yellow colour of egg yolk & broiler skin.
Pigment is composed of esters of xanthophyll
(LUTEIN). Lutein ( from Latin luteus meaning
"yellow") is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known
naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized
only by plants.
Lutein also found in flower like Nasturtium and
Calendula.

23. NATURAL COLOURS

24. Tagetus erecta – African marigold
The pigments are also used in the food industry as natural
colour.
Marigold is commercially grown in large scale on contract
farming for the extraction of these pigments in southern India
by companies like EID Parry Ltd in Tamil Nadu, AVT McCormik

25. PIGMENT FOR POULTRY FEED – IN POWDER FORM

26. ROSE
Species & Var. for pigment extraction :
1. Rosa mosqueta (Rosa rubiginosa) - carotenoids.
2. Rosa rugosa
3. Rosa damascena
4. Rosa hybrida cv. 'Frisco‘- Carotenoids
5. Other sp. Containing anthocynins,
carotenoides & flavonoides are:
Rosa foetida (Section Luteae),
R. spinosissima (Section
Pimpinellifoliae) and R. canina, R.
corymbifera, R. azerbaidzhanica, R.
iberica, R. komarovii, R. nisami, R.
prilipkoana, R. cuspidata, R. tomentosa
and R. pulverulenta (Section Caninae).

27. 3. CALENDULA ( pot marigold)
Family : Asteraceae
Species used :
Calendula officinalis L.
Pigments : total flavonoids &
carotenoids

28. 4. BOUGAINVILLEA
Family – Nyctaginaceae
Sp. used- Bougainvillea glabra
Pigments- Betanin; Betalains;
Acyl-oligosaccharide linked
betacyanins.

29. LILIUM
Family : Liliaceae
Sp. Used : Oriental Hybrid Lily
(Lilium spp.) pink-flowered cultivar
Marrero
Pigments : Anthocyanins

30. LISIANTHUS
Family : Gentianaceae
Sp. Used : Eustoma lisianthus
Pigments : Anthocyanins

31. ORCHIDS
Family : Orchidaceae
Sp. Used : Phalaenopsis hybrids
Orchid var. such as :
‘Dawn Angel’ ,
‘San Francisco’ ,
‘Marlene’
Pigments : Anthocyanins ,
Carotenoids, ( 3’,7-di-O-
sinapylglucosyl)-3-glucosyl cyanidin,
apigenin 6-C-ribosido-7-O-glucoside,
and saponarin.

32. TECOMA
Family – Bignoniaceae
Sp. Used – Tecoma stans
Tecoma capensis
Pigments –
B-carotene, Zeaxanthin, Y-
carotene, lycopene

33. • The world market potential for food
color in 2005 was 3000 MT which
increased to 8000 MT by the year
2012.
• From Chrysanthemum and Golden
rods yellow coloured dye is extracted
for use in food products and
cosmetics
• The orange red dye is extracted
from the arils of Bixa orellana, an
ornamental plant, which contains bixin
and orelin and find uses in cosmetics
and medicine

34. Value added products of different
crops
 Value added products of Rose:
 Rose water
 Rose oil or attar
 Concrete
 Absolute
 Gulkand
 Pankhuri

35. In Rajasthan, Kamal & Company manufacture rose products including
rosewater, incense sticks, perfumes and gulkand — a mixture of roses,
honey and sugar used as a flavouring in paan.
In Ajmer, Heena Factory and Lala Mal & Sons, sell perfumes fit for a queen.
Haldighati is an important historical place is the biggest exporter of rose
products. They claim to have the world’s finest perfumes as well as gulkand,
gulab jal, sharbat, rose juice and several other products, including a special
medicine for diabetes. The area around Badshahi Bagh is now famous for
the cultivation of roses, specially “Chaitri Roses”. These roses are a breed
of pink rose, which only bloom in the month of March-April, the Hindu
month Chaitra, hence the name.
Lucknow is also a major market for roses. Some of the producing areas
supplying flowers to this market are Alamnagar, Mariyabad Road,
Pataura, Narauna and Baravan.
Rose products

36. Using roses as a culinary ingredient is nothing new.
Powdered red rose petals were a favorite method of
coloring and flavoring savoury and sweet foods.
Fragrant petals were often scattered over cherries in pies
before the top crust was added. Red rose petals were
preferred as they have a more intense bouquet, especially
when dried.
When the delightfully scented rosewater is mixed with
sugar, it makes a fragrant icing for sweet pies and was used
to bind cake mixtures.
Rosewater was always included whenever almonds were
'pounded', or ground, as it prevented the almonds from
'oiling'.
ROSE IN FOOD FLAVOURING
Rose petals
Powder

37. Rosewater
Rose wine
Even Rose flower wines were popular in 17th century England.

38. Rose petals and dried powdered rosebuds are a significant ingredient
in Middle Eastern cookery today, where they are used to flavour honey
and sweetmeats and also add an intriguing flavour to meat, poultry and
rice dishes.
Dried Rose petals
Honey flavored with Rose petals

39. Pulav decorated with Rose petals Rose gulkand

40. Rose petal jam
Rose petal jam, once very popular in Britain in the past, is a favourite in
Eastern European countries.
A delicious Polish specialty is paczki, sugar glazed doughnuts traditionally
filled with rose petal jam.

41. Crystallized rose petals and leaves make pretty decorations for cakes.
It's best to use heavily scented red or pink petals that are free from
chemicals and pesticides.
Roses bought from a florist aren't suitable. The best are from Rosa
gallica or Rosa damascena.
Remove the heel - the white part at the base (this has a bitter flavour) and
wash the flowers gently before use.
Sweets decorated with Crystallized rose petals

42. Sweets decorated with Rose petals and flower

43. Dry flower Technology
Main characters of
dry flower are:
Novelty
Longevity
Aesthetics
Flexibility
Year round
availability

44. Top ten dried flower genera
Helichrysum
Helipterum
Limonium
Nigelle
Gypsophila
Delphinium
Amaranthus
Papaver
Carthamus
Rose

45.  Demand for dried flower and attractive plant parts, dried floral
arrangements and floral crafts has increased manifold during the last
decade.
 Dry flower constitute nearly 15% of the global floriculture business.
 World import of dried flower product is about 2 million US
 United Kingdom is the biggest market for dried flora in the world.
 Principal exporters- Australia, Netherlands,
India, South Africa,China,Thailand.
Dry flower industry

46.  Dry flower constitute more than two-third of total floriculture
export
 Drying of flower is a Rs. 150 crore industry in India & has
shown an annual growth rate of 15%.
 Dry flower have great export potentiality as nearly 70% of total
export of floricultural commodities consists of dried products.
 India has a share of 10% of the total global dried flower market.
 Indian share in export of dried flowers in European market is
<1.5%.below 1% of the total world requirement.

..
Indian scenario

47.  More than 10,000 tonnes of dried flowers are exported annually from
India.
 Dried flowers are exported to SA, Israel, Hongkong, Singapore & West
European countries.
 Important dry flower material exported includes lotus pods( 10 million
per month),camellia,dahlia ,bell cups, marigold,. etc.
 Nearly 40-50% of Indian floricultural exports (Rs 305 cr) comprise dry
flowers and the main exporting units are located in Tuticorin (Tamil
Nadu) and Kolkata presently.
 Natural Export Corporation Ltd (NPEC) and Ramesh Flowers Pvt. Ltd.
are dried flower exporters in Tuticorin
 West Bengal accounts for around 70 percent of the dried flower
exports from India.
 This industry provides direct employment to around 15,000 persons and
indirect employment to around 60,000 persons.

48. A.P
• Most of the plant parts or flowers are collected from
forest areas and tribal zones of East &West Godavari,
Srikakulam and Vijayanagaram areas and are being
exported from Tuticorin and Calcutta ports after
processing.
• The lotus pod which is available in large scale in AP
constitutes major part of dry flower exports. At
present, the industry is not well organized and depends
on plant material available in forests and no systematic
growing of specialized flowers exists anywhere in the
country. The demand for dry flowers is increasing at an
impressive rate of 8-10% and therefore there is a
great scope for the entrepreneurs.

49. Dry flower production
 The processing of dried flowers involves drying,
bleaching and colouring after their collection.
 Suitable packing methods are needed for their
storage, transport and marketing.
 In India nearly 60% of the raw materials are sourced
from natural forests and plains, only 40% of the
flowers are cultivated for drying, bleaching and
coloring
 Dried flowers and foliage can be used for making
decorative floral crafts items like cards, floral
segments, wall hangings, landscapes, calendars, pot
pouris etc
 Potpouris is a major segment of dry flower
industry valued at Rs. 55 crores in India alone.

52. Drying Methods
 Air Drying
 Sun Drying
 Oven Drying
 Embedding Method (desiccants such as sand or
silica gel )
 Water Drying
 Microwave Oven Drying
 Glycerin Drying (Glycerining)
 Freeze Drying
 Press Drying

53. Hang dry flowers Sun drying
Lyoflorals TM – “Forever Memories” is a floral
preservation company, that has been established
for preserving flowers for lasting memories, by
Dr.Mahalakshmi V.Reddy, retired Professor &
Associate Dean of PJTSAU & ANGRAU.

54. Drying of flowers in freeze dryer

55. Potpouries
•Mixture of sweet smelling
leaves, dry flowers,
spices,seeds,roots & distilled
essential oil, which is filled in
pillions or sachets
•Important plants used: roses,
lilies, lavender hyacinth, lilies,
marigold, plants associated
with
perfume:geranium,daisy,sage
etc.
•The material used should be
resistant to mould, non-toxic,
free from noxious odours and
sufficiently robust to withstand
mechanical bending

56. Advanced flower arrangement

57. Floral arrangement is simply a combination of different elements which
when put together will produce a striking and appealing display. It is an
important part of the ambience for any occasion .
The Chinese were the first to put water in a container of cut flowers.
So, while the Chinese were arranging flowers aesthetically in a
container the rest of the world was braiding garlands, making wreaths
and flinging petals.
The Japanese have contributed more than any other people to the
study of flower arrangement

58. Types of Flower Arrangements -
•Floral Bouquets: Floral bouquets are simple and easier to
assemble than a formal flower arrangement. Bouquets made of
roses are the most popular, followed by carnations, gerbera
daisies and chrysanthemums.
•Table Centerpieces: Centrepieces are nothing but the normal
floral arrangements, designed to be placed on tables for
occasions like Thanksgiving day, Christmas, etc.
•Floral Baskets: Floral baskets are flower arrangements done in
baskets of varied depths. They are very popular as gifts on
special occasions like Christmas, Mother's day, etc.
•Floral Wreaths: A floral arrangement in the form of a circular
garland, usually woven of flowers and foliage, that traditionally
indicates honor or celebration. Wreaths are especially very
popular on funerals as a symbol of honoring the deceased.

59. Ikebana styles
1. Moribane (piled flowers):
 Basic upright style
 Basic slanting style
2. Nageire style
3.Jujabane(free flowers):
 Zen ei-ka (Abstract style)
 Zen ei-bana (Avantgarde)
 Morimona
 All foliage arrangements

60. Shoka
Rikka
Moribana
Free Style
Nageire

61. Ikebena- Japaneese style of flower arrangement

62. Different floral ornaments: Floral garland

63. Floral crowns

64. Hair decoration

65. Gajras
Hand wrist

66. Garlands & Veni

67. Rangoli

68. TINTING

70. Tinting of flowers
 VA technique in flower
crops where color
pigments are absent or
light and dull
 Dyes used are feulgen
stain, bromocresol
blue,bromocresol
green,eosin yellow,
ammonium purpureate
and phenol red
 Potential flowers for
tinting are white
gladiolus,different
orchid species,loose
flowers
jasmine,crossandra etc.

71. Aqua packing

72. Display in supply chain

73. Petal embedded greeting
cards/wall hanging

74. Packaging & supply chain management
in Value addition

75. .
Japanese design company Rock Paper Scissors has designed a
product that acts as both packaging and a display system for
fresh flowers

76. Called Tu-Tu RTD (Ready to Display), the product
consists of a short vase that holds a single stem, inside
a plastic tube that protects the flower in the shop and on
the way home

78. IITians turn to flower entrepreneur
 Phool is the world’s first profitable and lean solution to
the monumental ‘temple-waste’ problem. On daily basis,
nearly 8.4 tons of floral-waste from temples in Uttar
Pradesh were collected .These sacred flowers are
handcrafted into charcoal-free incense, organic
vermicompost and biodegradable packaging material
through ‘Flowercycling’ technology.
 All their products are handcrafted by women flower
cyclers, providing them with predictable and healthy
livelihoods.
 Annually, 11060 tons of flowers are recycled and 73
women are employed full time.
 They started with Rs 80,000 in hand and clocked profits
of Rs 63 lakh /year.

79. Wealth from Waste

80. Edible
flowers

81.  Fresh edible flowers of ornamental plants - A new source of
nutraceutical foods
 The content of ordinary components of edible flowers(i.e.
proteins, fats, saccharides, and vitamins) is not too
different from the composition of other plant organs
(e.g.leaves). Many of the substances described in this
study show either protective (chemoprotective) or even
curative effects and reduce the risk of the occurrence of
various diseases.
 The most interesting of them are the compounds showing
antioxidant effects, e.g. phenolic compounds, carotenoids
etc.
 Edible flowers may be used not only as decoration or a
garnish of various meals and salads, but also for other
culinary purposes (baking and the flavoring of sauces,
jellies, syrups, vinegar, honey, oils, teas, flower-scented
sugars, candied flowers, wine and flavored liqueurs).
 Even a small amount of edible flowers may often
improve the health condition of consumers.

82. Sprinkle them on soups, pasta or rice dishes, herb butters, and
salads.
Petals add a yellow tint to soups, spreads, and scrambled eggs.
Petals of calendula added to salads Tomato soup with calendula soup

83. CHRYSANTHEMUM SALAD

84. leaves can also be used to flavor vinegar and salads.
SOUP MADE WITH CHRYSANTHEMUM LEAVES

85. Good raw or steamed and also made into wine.
Young leaves taste good steamed, or tossed in salads.
When serving a rice dish use dandelion petals like confetti over the rice.
DANDELION FLOWERS PETALS FRIED DANDELION FLOWERS

86. •Tea can be made from Dandelion flowers

87. ENGLISH DAISY (Bellis perennis)
Flowers have a mildly bitter taste.
Commonly used for their looks than their
flavour.
Petals are used as a garnish and in
cakes.
DAISY PETALS AS A GARNISH
OVER CAKE

88. JASMINE (Jasminum officinale)
Flowers intensely fragrant and traditionally used for scenting
tea.
SCENTING TEA WITH JASMINE
FLOWERS

89. flower can be dried to make an exotic tea.
AGUA DE JAMAICA

90. HIBISCUS AS GARNISH IN SALAD

91. Pansy in salads

92. IMPATIENS AS A GARNISH IMPATIENS AS A
FLOAT IN DRINKS

93. Florigene Ltd. And Suntory Ltd developed a range of violet carnations by
introduction of F3’5’ H gene with a petunia DFR gene into a white carnation.
Four standard (upper) and two spray (lower) varieties are sold in USA, Australia
and Japan in the name of Moondust, Moonshadow, Moonvista, Moonacqua,
Moon lite and Moonshade.
Besides gene F3’5’H gene expression, the presence of flavone a copigment
and high vacuolar pH of 5.5 accounted for accumulation of delphinidin type of
anthocyanins.
VIOLET CARNATIONS

94. Dwarf Bougainvilleas

95. -Australian and Japanese researchers have demonstrated the application of
RNAi technology for gene replacement in plants, developing the world's only
blue rose.
• The three-gene package (pansy delphinidin, iris DFR,
anti-rose DFR) worked:
The CSIRO-under license by Florigene Ltd, a Melbourne-based biotechnology
company and part of the Japanese Suntory group of companies developed the
blue rose.
Development of blue Rose
-Roses lacks violet to blue flower varieties due to
absence of delphinidin based anthocyanins
because roses do not possess flavonoid 3’5’
hydroxylase(F3’5’H).
-Anthocyanins also change their colour with pH of
the petals. Bluer in weakly acidic or neutral pH and
redder in acidic pH.

96. THANK