The document discusses the history, botany, production, and uses of tomatoes. Tomatoes originated in South America and were introduced to Europe in the 16th century. Scientifically known as Solanum lycopersicum, tomatoes are a rich source of vitamins and minerals. They have a taproot system and grow as erect or prostate plants up to 4 meters tall. Tomatoes require warm temperatures between 21-23 degrees Celsius and well-drained soil for optimal growth. Pests that affect tomatoes include fruit worms, whiteflies, and aphids. Tomatoes are self-fertile but require cross-pollination to produce fruits. They are widely cultivated and consumed globally for their nutritional and culinary benefits.

1. Tomato
Submitted to:
Dr. Ijaz Rassol Noorka
Submitted by:
Sobia kanwal
BAGF12MO10

2. Botanical Desciption
Scientific Name:
Solanum lycopersicum L.
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Solanaceae

3. History and Origion
Tomato has its origin in the South
American Andes. The cultivated tomato
was brought to Europe by the Spanish in
the sixteenth century and later introduced
from Europe to southern and eastern Asia,
Africa and the Middle East. More recently,
wild tomato has been distributed into other
parts of South America and Mexico.

4. Common Names
• Tomate (Spain, France)
• Tomat (Indonesia)
• Faan ke’e (China)
• Tomati (West Africa)
• Jitomate (Mexico)
• Pomodoro (Italy)

5. Nutrients in tomatoes
• Tomatoes contribute to a healthy, well-
balanced diet.
• They are rich in minerals, vitamins,
essential amino acids, sugars and dietary
fibres.
• Tomato contains much vitamin B and C,
iron and phosphorus.

6. Botanical Description
Roots:
Tap root system having depth of 50cm or
more.
Stem:
Growth habit is erect to prostate.Plant height is
2-4 m. The stem is solid, coarse, hairy and glandular.
Leaf:
Spirally arranged, 15-50 cm long and 10-30cm
wide. Leaflets are ovate to oblong, covered with
glandular hairs.

7. Flowers:
Bisexual, 1.5-2 cm in diameter.
Fruits:
Fleshy berry, globular to oblate in shape and
2-15 cm in diameter.The immature fruit is green and
hairy. Ripe fruits range from yellow,orange to red. It
is usually round, smooth.
Seeds:
Numerous, kidney or pear shaped. They are
hairy, light brown 3-5mm long and 2-4 mm wide.

8. Production technology
Climate:
Day neutral plant,grow best in warm
season because frost cause demage.Crop grows well
Under optimum temperature of 21C-23C.
Soils:
It grows well in all kinds of soil. Well drained
light soils are good for early crop whereas heavy
yields are obtained when grown in silt loam or clay
loam. The pH should be 7-8.

9. Seed rate:
For nursery 300-400 g/ha.
Time of planting:
Tomato can be grown in any
season as it is a day neutral plant. Three crops
are taken in areas which are not affected by
frost.
Kharif crop transplanted in July, Rabi in
October- November months and Zaid in
February.

10. Seed treatment:
Seed is treated with carbendazin 2g/kg of
seed.
Nursery bed preparation:
The seedbed should be 60-120 cm
wide and 20-25 cm high. The length depends on
the number of seedlings wanted. Cover the
seeds with fine sand and straw. Water the
seedbeds twice a day to ensure sufficient
moisture for germination.

11. Raising seedlings:
Seeds are sown one month
before transplanting time. After the seeds are
sown mulching should be done with green
leaves.Mulch should be removed immediately
after transplanting.
Land preparation:
4-5 ploughings are done for
preparing the land with sufficient interval between
two consecutive ploughings along with the
incorporation of sufficient quantity of FYM.

12. Method of transplanting:
In light soils seedlings
are transplanted in furrows and in case of heavy
soils in ridges.PXP=50cm RXR=75-100cm
Irrigations:
In summer irrigation is given at 5-7
days interval and in winters it should be 8-12 days.
During fruiting stage water stress can be
destructive for the tomato crop.
Weed control:
Weeds are controlled effectively by
the application of pre-emergence weedicides and
by frequent weed picking by hand hoeing.

13. Tomato Insects
• Tomato fruit worm
• White fly
• Aphid
• Root knot nematode

14. Tomato fruit
worm:
caterpillars cut holes
in tomato fruit. Bacillus
thuringienisis var
Kurstaki @ 0.5kg/ha is
sprayed to control the
insect.
White fly:
Effect the
leaves and cause their
shriveling and curling
up. The insect can be
controlled by spraying
Rogor in early stage of
crop.

15. Aphid:
Photosynthetic
activity is altered.
Plant got stunted
and leaves turn
yellow. Insect can
be controlled by
spraying Rogor in
early stage of
crop.

16. Disease management
• Damping off
• Leaf curl
• Early blight
• Late blight
• Tomato mosaic
• Bacterial wilt

17. Breeding behaviour
Tomato is a self- fertile. But it’s not self-
pollinating because it can’t
pollinate on its own.The pest pollinator for
tomato flower is a bee that Buzz and
pollinate the flower. Or artificially hand
shaking or the use of some brush may
serve the purpose.

19. Cross pollination
• Emasculation
• Pollination
• Tagging

21. Breeding Objectives
• Early and high yielding varieties
• Resistent varieties
• Development of such varieties which can
withstand prolonged storage and
transportation
• Such varieties that are more appropriate
for processing.

22. Present status of tomato
According to 2011 statistics
• China rank no.1 for tomato production with
48.6 million tones
• India 2nd
with 16.8 million tones
• USA 3rd
with 12.6 million tones
• Whereas Pakistan exported 5692 tons of
tomato crop during the year 2009-10 and
earned 77 million rupees.

23. REGISTERED VARIETIES OF
TOMATO IN PAKISTAN
• Ajax
• Cardinal
• Desiree
• Diamant
• Faisalabad white
• Faisalabad red
• Laale Faisal
• Multa
• Pars 70
• Patrones
• Sialkot sufaid

24. Uses of tomato
• Tomato is a fruit that is also considered a vegetable and
is extensively used in making a wide variety of dishes.
• It is used in vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian dishes
all over the world and also for snacks.
• It is famous for being used in pizzas, sandwiches and
cocktails too.
• This widely used fruit has many nutritional benefits in
addition to its preference in many cultures.

25. Health Benefits Of Tomatoes
• Filling Food
• Vitamins and Nutritional Content
• Controls Heart Rate
• Prevents Eye Diseases
• High Blood Pressure
• Good for Bones and Teeth
• Protects from Free Radicals
• Anti Cancerous